Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class and Foods Studied tor Psychoactive Effects

Drug and class Trade name(s)

CNS stimulants amphetamine Benzedrine® deanol Deaner® dextroamphetamine (D-amphetamine) Dexedrine® dextroamphetamine/amphetamine" Adderall® levoamphetamine (L-amphetamine) Cydril® methamphetamine Desoxyn® methylphenidate Ritalin® pemoline Cylert® Neuroleptics (antipsychotics, "major tranquilizers") Phenothiazines chlorpromazine Largactil®, Thorazine® ftuphenazine (decanoate) Prolixin®, Modecate® mesoridazine Serentil® peracetazine Quide® pericyazine Neulactil® perphenazine Trilafon® pipothiazine palrnitate Piportil® prochlorperazine Compazine®, Stemetil® promazine Sparine® thioridazine Mellaril® triftuoperazine Stelazine® Thioxanthenes chlorprothixene Taractan®, Tarasan® ftupenthixol (decanoate) Depixol® thiothixene Navane® Benzisothiazolyl piperazines ziprasidone Zeldox®

Practitioner's Guide to Psychoactive Drugs for Children and Adolescents (Second Edition), Werry and Aman, eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1999.

471 472 Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class

Drug and class Trade name(s)

Neuroleptics (antipsychotics, "major tranquilizers") (cont.) Benzisoxazoles risperidone Risperdal® Butyrophenones droperidol Droleptan® haloperidol Haldol®, Serenace® pipamperon Dipiperon® Dibenzothiazepines quetiapine Seroquel® Dibenzoxazepines loxapine Loxitane® Dihydroindolones molindone Moban® Diphenylbutylpiperidines pimozide Orap® Dibenzodiazepines clozapine Clozaril®, Leponex® Thienobenzodiazepines olanzapine Zypexa® sertindole Serlect® Antiparkinson drugsb amantadine Symrnetrel® benztropine Cogentin® biperiden Akineton® diphenhydramine Benadryl® ethopropazine Parsidol® procyclidine Kemadrin® trihexyphenidyl Artane® Antidepressant drugs Tricyclies amitriptyline Elavil®, Amitril®, Endep® clomipramine Anafranil desipramine Norpramin®, Pertofrane® doxepin Sinequan®, Adapin® imipramine Tofranil®, Janimine®, Dumex® nortriptyline Pamelor®, Aventyl®, Allegron® protriptyline Vivactil®, Concordin® trimipramine Surmontil® Atypical antidepressants amoxapine Asendin® bupropion Wellbutrin® maprotiline Ludiomil® Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine Prozac® fluvoxarnine Luvox® paroxetine Paxil® sertraline Zoloft® Serotonin agonists and antagonists nefazadone Serzone® trazodone Desyrel® Serotonin-norepinephrine dual reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine Effexor® Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) isocarboxazid Marplan® moclobemide Aurorix® Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class 473

Drug and c1ass Trade name(s)

Antidepressant drugs (cont.) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (cont.) phenelzine Nardil® selegiline Deprenyl® tranylcypromine Parnate® Novel antidepressants mirtazapine Remeron® Other hypericum extract (active ingredient in St. John's wort) Kira® Mood stabilizers (antimanics) carbamazepinec Tegretol® c10nazepamc Klonopin®, Rivotril® lithium carbonate Eskalith®, Lithane®, Lithobid®, Lithonate®, Lithotab® lithium citrate Cibalith-S® valproic acidc Depakote®, Depakene®, Epilim® Antiepileptics (anticonvulsants) Barbiturates mephobarbital Mebaral® phenobarbital Gardenal®, Luminal® primidone Mysoline® Hydantoins ethotoin Peganone® mephenytoin Mesantoin® phenytoin Dilantin® Succinimides ethosuximide Zarontin® methsuximide Celontin® phensuximide Milontin® Benzodiazepines c10nazepamc Klonopin®, Rivotril® clorazepateC Tranxene® diazepamc Valium® lorazepamc Ativan® GABA agonists tiagabine Gabitril®, Tiabex® valproic acidldivalproex Depakene®, Depakote®, Epilim® vigabatrin (-y-vinyl GABA) Sabril® Membrane-acting or multiple mechanisms carbamazepine Tegretol® felbamate Felbatol® gabapentin Neurotin® lamotrigine Lamictal® topiramate Topamax® New/under development c10bazam flunarizine Sibelium® GW 534 10rec1ezole oxcarbazepine progabide Gabren® remacemide rufinamide stiripentol zonisamide 474 Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class

Drug and class Trade name(s)

Sedative-hypnotics Antihistamines diphenhydramine Benadryl® hydroxyzine Atarax®, Vistaril® promethazine Phenergan® trimeprazine Temaril®, Vallergan® Benzodiazepines ("minor tranquilizers") alprazolam Xanax® chlordiazepoxide Librium® clonazepamc Klonopin®, Rivotril® clorazepateC Tranxene® diazepamc Valium® flurazepam Dalmane® lorazepamc Ativan® nitrazepam Mogadon® oxazepam Serax®, Serapax® prazepam Verstran® temazepam Restoril®, Euhypnos® triazolam Halcion® Benzodiazepine analogues zopiclone Imovane® Atypical anxiolytics buspirone BuSpar® Other alcohol chloral hydrate Noctec® melatonin Melatonex®, Somniset® meprobamate Equanil®, Miltown® secobarbital Seconal®

Cl2-adrenergic agonists clonidine Catapres®, Combipres® guanfacine Tenex® Opiate blockers naloxone Narcan® naltrexone Trexan® ß blockers acebutolol Sectral® atenolol Tenoretic®, Tenormin® bisoprolol Zebeta® esmolol Brevibloc® labetolol Normodyne® metoprolol LopressorllP, Toprol® nadolol Corgard® oxprenolol Oxanol®, TrasicorIIP penbutolol Levatol® propranolol Inderal®, Inderide® sotalol Betapace®, SotacorllP, Sotalex® timolol Blocadren®, Timoptic® Nootropics aniracetam Draganon®, Reset®, Sarpul® etiracetam nefiracetam oxiracetam Neuromet®, Neuractiv® piracetam Avigilen®, Nootropil®, Nootropyl®, othersd pramiracetam Neupramif®, Remen® rolziracetam Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug elass 475

Drug and class Trade name( s)

Miseellaneous Fenflurarnine (serotoninolytie agent) (withdrawn from the Pondimin®, Ponderax® market) 5-Hydroxytryptophan (serotonin preeursor) L-tryptophan (serotonin preeursor) (off the market in the United States) Foods and and substanees present in food Foods/derivatives aspartame Equal®, NutraSweet® eaffeine ehocolate eholine sugar tryptophan tyrosine Food additives benzoie aeid monosodium glutamate tartrazine Vitamins/minerals iron vitamin B6 zine aDextroamphetamine saccharate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate. bDrug belongs to more !han one clinical group. cPrequently used 10 !real extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleplic drugs; seldom used as psychotropic drugs. dCerebroforte®, Cerebrospan®, Cetam®, Dinagen®, Encefalux®, Encetrop®, Euvifor®, Gabacet®, Genogris®, Memo-Puren®, Nootron®, Nootrop®, Normabrain®, Norzetam®, Pirroxil®, Psycoton®, Stimucortex®. Major Psychoactive Medications Ordered by Trade ame

Trade name Generic name Class

Adapin® doxepin Antidepressant Adderall® dextroamphetamine/amphetamine CNS stimulant Akineton® biperiden Antiparkinson Allegron® nortriptyline Antidepressant Amitril® amitriptyline Antidepressant Anafranil® c10mipramine Antidepressant Artane® trihexyphenidyl Antiparkinson Asendin® amoxapine Antidepressant AtaraxiII> hydroxyzine Sedative-hypnotic Ativan® lorazepam Sedative-hypnotic, antiepileptic Aurorix® mocIobemide Antidepressant Aventyl® nortriptyline Antidepressant Avigilen® piracetam Nootropic Benadryl® diphenhydramine Sedative-hypnotic, antiparkinson Benzedrine® amphetamine CNS stimulant Betapace® sotalol ß-Blocker Blocadren® timolol ß-Blocker Brevibloc® esmolol ß-Blocker BuSpar® buspirone Sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) Catapres® c10nidine Antihypertensive, Ot2-adrenergic agonist Celontin® methsuximide Antiepileptic Cerebroforte® piracetam Nootropic Cerebrospan® piracetam Nootropic Cetam® piracetam Nootropic Cibalith-S® lithium citrate Mood stabilizer/antimanic Clozaril® c10zapine Neuroleptic Cogentin® benztropine Antiparkinson Combipres® c10nidine Antihypertensive, Ot2-adrenergic agonist Compazine® prochlorperazine Neuroleptic Concordin® protriptyline Antidepressant Corgard® nadolol ß-Blocker Cydril® levoamphetamine CNS stimulant Cylert® pemoline CNS stimulant Dalmane® flurazepam Sedative-hypnotic Deaner® deanol CNS stimulant Practitioner s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs for Children and Adolescents (Second Edition), Werry and Aman, eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1999.

477 478 Major Psychoactive Medications Ordered by Trade Name

Trade name Generic name Class

Depakene® valproic acid Antiepileptic, mood stabilizer/antimanic Depakote® valproic acid Antiepileptic, mood stabilizer/antimanic Depixol® flupenthixol (decanoate) Neuroleptic Deprenyl® selegiline Antidepressant Desoxyn® methamphetamine CNS stimulant Desyrel® trazodone Antidepressant Dexedrine® dextroamphetarnine (D-amphetamine) CNS stimulant Dilantin® phenytoin Antiepileptic Dinagen® piracetam Nootropic Dipiperon® pipamperon N euroleptic Draganon® aniracetam Nootropic Droleptan® droperidol Neuroleptic Dumex® imipramine Antidepressant Elavil® amitriptyline Antidepressant Encefalux® piracetam Nootropic Encetrop® piracetam Nootropic Endep® amitriptyline Antidepressant Epilim® valproic acid Antiepileptic, mood stabilizer/antimanic Equanil® meprobamate Sedati ve-hypnotic Eskalith® lithium carbonate Mood stabilizer/antimanic Euhypnos® temazepam Sedative-hypnotic Euvifor® piracetam Nootropic Felbatol® felbamate Antiepileptic Gabacet® piracetam Nootropic Gabitril® tiagabine Antiepileptic Gabren® progabide Antiepileptic Gardenal® phenobarbital Antiepileptic Genogris® piracetam Nootropic Halcion® triazolam sedative-hypnotic Haldol® haloperidol Neuroleptic Imovane® zopiclone Sedative-hypnotic Inderal® propranolol ß-Blocker Inderide® propranolol ß-Blocker Janimine® imipramine Antidepressant Kemadrin® procyclidine Antiparkinson Klonopin® clonazepam Antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic, mood stabilizerl antimanie Larnictal® lamotrigine Antiepileptic Largactil® chlorpromazine Neuroleptic Leponex® clozapine Neuroleptic Levatol® penbutolol ß-Blocker Librium® chlordiazepoxide Sedative-hypnotic Lithane® lithium carbonate Mood stabilizer/antimanic Lithobid® lithium carbonate Mood stabilizer/antimanic Lithonate® lithium carbonate Mood stabilizer/antimanic Lithotab® lithium carbonate Mood stabilizer/antimanic Lopressor® metoprolol ß-Blocker Loxitane® loxapine Neuroleptic LudiOlnil® maprotiline Antidepressant Luminal® phenobarbital Antiepileptic Luvox® fluvoxamine Antidepressant Marplan® isocarboxazid Antidepressant Mebaral® mephobarbital Antiepileptic Melatonex® melatonin Sedative-hypnotic Mellaril® thioridazine Neuroleptic Memo-Puren® piracetam Nootropic Major Psychoactive Medications Ordered by Trade Name 479

Trade name Generic name Class

Mesantoin® mephenytoin Antiepileptic Milontin® phensuximide Antiepileptic Miltown® meprobamate Sedative-hypnotic Moban® molindone Neuroleptic Modecate® fluphenazine (decanoate) Neuroleptic Mogadon® nitrazepam Sedative-hypnotic Mysoline® primidone Antiepileptic Narcan® naloxone Opiate blocker Nardil phenelzine Antidepressant Navane® thiothixene Neuroleptic Neulactil® pericyazine Neuroleptic Neupramir® pramiracetam Nootropic Neuractiv® oxiracetam Nootropic Neuromet® oxiracetam Nootropic Neurotin® gabapentin Antiepileptic Noctec® chloral hydrate Sedative-hypnotic Nootron® piracetam Nootropic Nootrop® piracetam Nootropic Nootropil® piracetam Nootropic Nootropyl® piracetam Nootropic Normabrain® piracetam Nootropic Normodyne® labetolol ß-Blocker Norpramin® desipramine Antidepressant Norzetam® piracetam Nootropic Orap® pimozide Neuroleptic Oxanol® oxprenolol ß-Blocker Pamelor® nortriptyline Antidepressant Parnate® tranyJcypromine Antidepressant Parsidol® ethopropazine Antiparkinson Paxil® paroxetine Antidepressant Peganone® ethotoin Antiepileptic Pertofrane® desipramine Antidepressant Phenergan® promethazine Sedative-hypnotic Piportil® pipothiazine palmitate Neuroleptic Pirroxil® piracetam Nootropic Ponderax® fenfluramine Serotoninolytic agent Pondimin® fenfluramine Serotoninolytic agent Prolixin® fluphenazine (decanoate) Neuroleptic Prozac® fluoxetine Antidepressant Psycoton® piracetam Nootropic Quide® peracetazine Neuroleptic Remen® pramiracetam Nootropic Remeron® mirtazapine Antidepressant Reset® aniracetam Nootropic Restoril® temazepam Sedative-hypnotic Risperdal® risperidone Neuroleptic Ritalin® methylphenidate CNS stimulant Rivotril® cJonazepam Antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic, mood stabilizer/ antimanic Sabril® vigabatrin (-y5-vinyl GABA) Antiepileptic Sarpul® aniracetam Nootropic Seconal® secobarbital Sedative-hypnotic Sectral® acebutolol ß-Blocker Serapax® oxazepam Sedative-hypnotic Serax® oxazepam Sedative-hypnotic Serenace® haloperidol Neuroleptic 480 Major Psychoactive Medications Ordered by Trade Name

Trade name Generic name Class

Serentil® mesoridazine Neuroleptic Serlect® sertindole Neuroleptic Seroquel® quetiapine Neuroleptic Serzone® nefazadone Antidepressant Sibelium® ftunarizine Antiepileptic Sinequan® doxepin Antidepressant Somniset® melatonin Sedative-hypnotic sotacor® sotalol ß-Blocker Sotalex® sotalol ß-Blocker Sparine® promazine Neuroleptic Stelazine® triftuoperazine neuroleptic Stemetil® prochlorperazine Neuroleptic Stimucortex® piracetam Nootropic Surmontil® trimipramine Antidepressant Symmetrel® amantadine Antiparkinson Taractan® chlorprothixene Neuroleptic Tarasan® chlorprothixene Neuroleptic Tegretol® carbamazepine Antiepileptic, mood stabilizer/antimanic Temaril® trimeprazine Sedative-hypnotic Tenex® guanfacine 0l2-Adrenergic agent Tenoretic® atenolol ß-Blocker Tenormin® atenolol ß-Blocker Thorazine® chlorpromazine Neuroleptic Tiabex® tiagabine Antiepileptic Timoptic® timolol ß-Blocker Tofranil® imipramine Antidepressant Topamax® topiramate Antiepileptic Toprol® metoprolol ß-Blocker Tranxene® clorazepate Sedative-hypnotic,antiepileptic Trasicor® clorazepate ß-Blocker Trexan® naltrexone Opiate blocker Trilafon® perphenazine Neuroleptic Valium® diazepam Sedative-hypnotic, antiepileptic Vallergan® trimeprazine Sedative-hypnotic Verstran® prazepam Sedative-hypnotic Vistaril® hydroxyzine Sedative-hypnotic Vivactil® protripty line Antidepressant Wellbutrin® bupropion Antidepressant Xanax® alprazolam Antidepressant, sedative-hypnotic Zarontin® ethosuximide Antiepileptic Zebeta® bisoprolol ß-Blocker Zeldox® ziprasidone Neuroleptic Zoloft® sertraline Antidepressant Zypexa olanzapine Neuroleptic

Not all drugs Iisted are approved for use in children or in a11 countries. ndex

Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), I I I, I 12, 137, ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) 139 (cont. ) Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS), prevalenee of drug use in, 53-55, 64 87,314 rating sc ales for, 109-110, 113-1 17 Abuse: see Drug abuse; Substance abuse self-rating scales for, 1 16 ACE inhibitors: see Angiotensin-converting enzyme situation-specifie seal es for, I 16-1 17 inhibitors stimulant drugs in, 2 I 3-24 I Acebutol, 474; see also ß-Blockers and sugar, 4 I 6-4 I 8 Acetaminophen, and antidepressants, 254 teacher rating seal es for, 109, 113, 115-116 Acetazolamide, psychotropic side effects, 404 and zinc, 423 Acetylcholine, see also Anticholinergics ADHD Rating Scale, 109-110, 113-115, 117 and antidepressants, 252 ADHD School Observation Code (ADHD SOC), and neuroleptics, 308 143 ACTeRS rating scale: see ADDH Comprehensive ADHD Self Report Sc ale, I 16 Teacher Rating Scale Adherence, 19-20 Adapin: see Doxepin Adolescent, adolescence, see also Child ADD: see ADHD definition, 4 AdderaIl®: see Dextroamphetamine depression, 258 Additives: see Food additives drug effects on sexual function, 265, 3 I 7 ADDH Comprehensive Teacher Rating Scale medical responsibility for, 4--5 (ACTeRS), 110, 113, 117 mood disorders, 258, 280 ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) oral contraceptives, psychotropic effects, 409

u 2-adrenergic agonists in, 447-448 psychiatrie diagnosis in, 102 antipsychotics in, 306-307 Reynolds Depression Scale, I I I

associated conditions, 228-229 u 2-Adrenergic agonists, 474 behavior observations in, 143 Adrenalin: see Noradrenalin behavior rating scales for, Advertising and drugs, 13 biochemical correlates, 139 Aerosol abuse, 340 caffeine in, 419 Affective disorders: see Mood disorders clonidine in, 447-448 Aggression, I 17 and diet, 4 I 6-428 antidepressants in, 260--26 I diagnostic features of, 185 and antiepileptic drugs, 278 direct observation of, 143 behavior observations in, 143-144 drug prevalence in, 53-55 benzodiazepines in, 439-440 duration oftreatment for, 54--55 ß-adrenergic blockers in, 460 etiological hypotheses, 186-187 biochemical correlates, 202-203 fenfluramine in, 457 biochemistry of, 202-203 and food, 4 I 6-428 c1inical features, 202 lithium in, 257 c10nidine in, 448-449 MAOIs in, 265 and conduct disorder, 187 methylphenidate in, 54--55, 2 I 6-22 I direct observation of, 143 neuroleptics in, 306-307 informant scales for, I 17-I 20 parent rating scales for, I 16-1 17 inpatient rating seal es for, 118-120 pharmacotherapy of, 185-186 lithium in, 281

481 482 Index

Aggression (cont.) Anorexia nervosa, see also eating disorders neuroleptic drugs in, 303 diagnostic features, 193 pharrnacotherapy of, 202-203 melatonin in, 453 self-ratings for, 120 pharrnacotherapy, 193 serotonin in, 202-203 Atarax®: see Hydroxyzine types of, 202 Atenolol, 474; see also ß-Blockers AIDS, stimulants in, 229 Antibiotics, psychotropic side effects: see Medical AIMS: see Abnormal Involuntary Movement drugs Scale Antiasthma drugs, psychotropic side effects; see Akineton®: see Biperiden, 472, 477 Medical drugs Alcohol,9 Anticholinergics, 443-444; see also Antiparkinson abuse 337-339; see also CNS depressants drugs, Antihistamines effects of, 337-338 neuroleptics and, 313 pharrnacology, 337 psychotropic side effects, 398, 403 tolerance and dependence, 338 sleep disorders. 401-402 treatment of abuse, 33&-339 Anticholinesterases,404 Allegron®: see Nortriptyline Anticonvulsants: see Antiepileptics Alprazolam, 436-438, 440, 474; see also Anxiolyt­ Antidepressants, 249-276, 472, see also Antimanies ics; Sedative-hypnotics clinical effects, 264 Aluminum hydroxide, psychotropic side effects, contraindications, 265-266 401 definitions and classes, 263 Amantadine, 472; see also Antiparkinson drugs, and diet, 264, 266 dopaminergic drugs indications, 264-265 u 2-adrenergic agonists, 446-452 interactions, 261 clinical indications, 447-449 and hypertensive crisis, 266 dosage, 446-447 overdosage,266-267 and drug interactions, 450 pharrnacolog~264 interactions, 450 and serotonin syndrome, 266 management of overdose, 450 side effects, 265-266 pharrnacokinetics, 446-447 toxicity, 265-267 side effects, 450 combinations of, 274-275 systemic effects, 449 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) ADHD in, 186 and ADHD, 265 psychotropic side effects, 398, 400-40 I and affective disorders, 265 Amfebutamone, psychotropic side effects, 401 plasma levels, 252-254 Amfepramone, psychotropic side effects, 401 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Aminocaproic acid, 402 266-267 Amitril®: see Amitriptyline and ADHD, 270 Amitriptyline, 251-255, 258, 472; see also Tricyclic and affective disorders, 26&-270 Antidepressants, 250-263 and anxiety disorders, 270 Amylase, 95 and autism, 270 Amoxapine, 251-253, 255. 472; see also Tricyclic clinical effects, 268 Antidepressants, 250-263 combinations,275 Amphetamines, 471; see also CNS Stimulants contraindications,271-273 abuse, 341 definition, 267 pharrnacology,214-215 indications for, 26&-271 prescribing and titrating, 232-234 interactions, 270-273 Anabolic steroids, psychotropic side effects, 403 overdose, 273 Anafranil®: see Clomipramine pharrnacolog~267-268 Analgesics,psychotropic side effects, 402, 404 side effects, 269-271 Analogue classroom tests, 147; see also Perfor- and serotonin receptors, 268 mance tests and serotonin syndrome, 271-274 Anesthetic agents, psychotropic side effects, 308, and stimulants, 275 309,434 and tricyclic antidepressants, 275 Angel dust: see PCP withdrawal effects, 271-274 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, stimulants with, 275 psychotropic side effects, 406 tricyclic and heterocyclic Aniracetam, 415, 474; see also Nootropics and ADHD, 259 Index 483

Antidepressants (cont.) Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (anticonvulsants) (cont.) tricyclic and heterocyclic (cont.) summary table of, 359 and aggression, 260 topiramate, 364, 378 and anxiety disorder, 260 types, names, 359 and autism, 261 unintended psychoactive effects, 371-379 behavioral and emotional effects, 254-255 usual dose ranges, 359 blood levels, 254 valproate/valproic acid, 284-285 cellular actions, 250 valproic acid, 359, 363, 375-376, 381 cognitive and leaming effects, 255 vigabatrin, 365, 378--379 combinations, 274-275 Antihistamines, 443-444, 473 definition and classes, 25~25 I antiparkinson effects. 3 12-313 drug interactions, 26 I and extrapyramidal effects, 312-3 13 ECG and, 256-257 and MAOI drugs, 266 and enuresis, 259-260 psychotropic effects of, 395, 402, 406 indications and contraindications, 258--26 I in sleep disorders, 443-444 names of, 25 I Antihypertensives, psychotropic side effects, 395, overdosage,261-263 398, 402, 406; see also Medical drugs in panic disorder, 132 Antiinflammatory drugs, psychotropic side effects, pharmacology, 25~254 404; see also Medical drugs relative potency, 252 Antimalarials, psychotropic side effects, 399; see sedative potencies, 255 also Medical drugs side effects, 255--258 Antimanics, 276-287; see also Lithium, and SSRIs, 275 Antiepileptics and stimulants, 238, 275 carbamazepine, 282-284 sudden death and, 256 c1onazepam, 285--286 toxicity, 261-263 lithium, 277-282 types of, 250 summary, 286-287 withdrawal effects, 258 valproate, 284-285 types, 249 Antineoplastics, psychotropic side effects of: see Antidysthymic drugs: see Antidepressants; Medical drugs Antimanics Antiinfective drugs, psychotropic side effects: see Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (anticonvulsants), 473; Medical drugs see also Anxiolytics; CNS Depressants; Antiinflammatory drugs, psychotropic side effects: Antimanics see Medical drugs barbiturates, 36~361, 372-373, 376, 381-382 Antiparkinson drugs behavioral effects, 366-37 I and extrapyramidal effects, 313-314 benzodiazepines. 363 and neuroleptics, 313-314 bromides, 360 psychotropic side effects, 398, 402-404 carbamazepine, 362-363, 374-375, 38~381 Antipsychotics: see Neuroleptics clonazepam, 285--286 Antitussive preparations, 349 cognitive effects, 366-372 psychotropic side effects, 398 dose schedule, 359 Anxiety and anxiety disorders in epilepsy, 355--359 antidepressants and, 196-199,260, 270 felbamate, 363, 376-377 assessment of, 127-134 gabapentin, 364, 377 ß-adrenergic blockers in, 460-461 half-lives, 359 behavior observations in, 144 hydantoins, 361-362, 373-374, 381-382 behavior rating scales for, 128--132 indications, 359 benzodiazepines in, 437-438 lamotrigine, 364, 377, 378 buspirone in, 445 in manic disorders, 283 clonidine in, 449 new drugs, 365 direct observation of, 144 and organic anxiety syndrome, 406 informant scales for, 133 and organic delusional syndrome, 40 I organic causes of, 70 pharmacology, 36~365 personality scales for, 132-133 prevalence of use, 58--59 pharmacotherapy of, 196-199 psychotropic effects, 379-382 self-rating scales for, 129-131 side effects, 401 , 404 specific disorders, 13\-\32 succinimides, 362 structured interviews in, \33 484 Index

Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS), 13:>- Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI), 111, 138 134 Behavior Evaluation Rating Scale (BeERS), 138 Anxiolytics, 443-446; see also Benzodiazepines, Behavior rating scales, 102-141 Antihistamines, Buspirone forADHD, 109-110, 113, 115-117 abuse of, 339-340 advantages and limitations, 103, 105 CNS depressants, 434 for anxiety disorders, 111, 127, 134 atypical, 444--445 for bipolar disorder, 111, 126--127 definitions, 433 customized,105-106 indications, 444--445 fordepression, 111, 121-126 in manic disorders, 285-286 general purpose, 105-108, 110 pharmacology, 434--435 for mental retardation, 111, 137-138 side effects, 445 obsessivtH:ompulsive disorder, I11 uses,435 for oppositional, conduct, and aggressive prob­ Appetite lems, 110, 117-120 stimulants and, 217, 233 for pervasive developmental disorders, 112, 139- suppressants, psychotropic side effects of, 404 140 Aprinidine, 40 I, 402 for presehool children, 112, 14(}-141 Arentyl®: see Nortriptyline recommended,II(}-112 Artane®: see Trihexyphenidyl for schizophrenia, 134--135 Artificial colors, 424--426 for tic and Tourette disorders, 111, 135-137 Asendin®: see Amoxapine Behavioral Avoidance Test, 144 Aspartame, 418-419, 475; see also Foods and sub­ Behavioral pediatrics, 4--6 stances present in Food; Sweeteners Behavioral toxicity and neuroleptics, 312 and phenylketonuria (PKU), 418 Behavioral rebound, 225 Asperger's Disorder: see Pervasive developmental Behavioural Screening Questionnaire (BSQ), 112, disorder 14(}-141 Aspirin: see Antiinflammatory drugs Behaviour Check List, 112, 141 Assent to treatment: see Informed consent Behaviour Disturbance Scale, 138 Asthma drugs, psychotropic side effects, 395, 403, 406 Bellevue Index ofDepression (BIO), 111, 124--126 Atarax®, see also Hydroxyzine Benadryl®: see Diphenhydramine psychotropic side effects, 398 Benzedrine®: see Amphetamines sleep disorders, 408 Benzene, 340 Atenolol, 459; see also ß-adrenergic blockers Benzisothiazolyl piperazines, 471; see also Ativan®: see Lorazepam Neurolepties Atropine: see Anticholinergics Benzodiazepines, 363, 473; see also Antiepileptics, Atypical antidepressants, 472 Antimanics, Drugs of Abuse, Sedative­ psychotropic effects, 408 hypnoties Atypieal anxiolyties, 474 absorption, 435-436 Attention Checklist, 111, 138 body systems effects, 442 Attention problems: see ADHD, Stimulants central nervous system effects, 440-442 c1inical features, 203 in combination with other drugs, 442 defieit symptoms, 185 cognitive effects, 441-442 pharmacotherapy in, 185-187 dose, 436-437 Aurorix®: see Moclobemide and drug interactions, 443 Autism: see Pervasive developmental disorder duration of treatment, 437 Automated measures ofactivity level, 148; see also half-lives, 435-436 Performance tests indications Aventyl®: see Nortriptyline in aggression, 439-440 Avigilen®: see Piracetam in anxiety disorders, 436-438 Avoidant disorder, 197; see also Social Phobia in epilepsy, 359, 363 benzodiazepines in, 438 in excited states, 439-440 diagnostie features, 197 in manie disorders, 285-286, 439 pharmacotherapy of, 197 intravenous administration, 435 and management of overdose, 443 Baclofen, psychotropic side effects, 401-403,406 and memory impairment, 442 Barbiturates, 435, 473; see also Antiepileptics; metabolites, 436 Anxiolytics pharmacokinetics, 435-436 pharmaeology of, 36(}-361 pharmacology of, 363 Index 485

Benzodiazepines (cont. ) Brain potencies, 435-436 blood tlow, 94 prescribing guidelines, 440 imaging, 94-95 psychoactive effects in seizure disorders, 376 injury and stimulants, 229 and rebound symptoms, 442 Brevibloc®: see Esmolol route of administration, 436 Bromides, 360; see also Antiepileptics side effects, 442-443 pharmacology, 360 in sleep disorders, 438-439 side effects, 360, 403 Benzoic acid, 424-426, 475; see also Foods & sub­ Bromocriptine stances present in food psychotropic side effects, 400-402, 406; see also Benztropine, 444, 472; see also Antiparkinson Dopaminergics; Neuroleptic malignant drugs syndrome Betapace®: see Sotolol Bronchodilators, psychotropic side effects, 406 ß-adrenergic blockers, 459-452 Butlomedil, 404 and akathisia, 462 psychotropic side effects, 406 clinical indications, 460-461 Bulimia, see also Eating disorders contraindications, 461 biochemical correlates, 194-195 dosage, 461 diagnostic features, 194 interactions, 461 melatonin in, 453 management of overdose, 461 pharmacotherapy of, 194-195 medical use-medical side effects, 398, 404 Bupropion, 232, 251-256, 259, 472; see also Anti­ pharmacology, 459-460 depressants; Tricyclic antidepressants side effects, 461 BuSpar®: see Buspirone ß-adrenergic drugs, psychotropic side effects, 406 Buspirone, 435, 444-445, 474; see also Anxiolyt­ ß-blockers, 474 ics Bioavailability, 26 Butyrophenones: see Neuroleptics Biochemical correlates of disorders, 185-204 aspects of pharmacology, 23-50 Cadmium, 424 Biperiden, 472; see also Antiparkinson drugs Caffeine, 33,186,206,475; see also Foods and sub- Bipolar (mood) disorder: see Depression stances present in food antimanics in, 276-287 in ADHD, 186 assessment of, 126-127 chocolate containing, 420 benzodiazepines in, 285-286 effects on biotransformation, 33 biochemical correlates, 189--190 in hypericin, 453-454 diagnostic features, 189 psychotropic side effects, 406 epidemiology, 277 Calan®: see Verapamil instruments for assessing, 126-127 California Test of Anxiety, 132 and L-tryptophan, 455 Cancellation tasks, 146; see also Performance tests medical drugs causing, 402-406 Cannabis: see Cannabinols neuroleptics in, 302 Cannabinols, 345-346, 401 pharmacotherapy, 189,276-287 CAP Sca1e: see Childhood Attention Problems Scale Bismuth saits, psychotropic side effects, 406 Carbamazepine, 277, 282-284, 473; see also Bisoprolol, 474; see also ß-blockers Antiepileptics; Mood stabi1iz­ Blocadren®: see Timolol ers/ Antimanies Blood in aggression, 283 dyscrasias and neuroleptics, 317-318 as antimanie, 282-284 levels, 91, see also pharmacology behavioral effects, 282-283 and antiepileptics, 358 blood levels, 283 and antidepressants, 252-254 in bipolar disorder, 282-283 and clonazepam, 286 in epilepsy, 362-363 general concepts, 36-37 overdosage, 284 and lithium, 281 pharmacolog~282-283,359,362-363 and neuroleptics, 310-311 in psychiatrie disorders, 282-283, 286-287 and stimulants, 215-216 psychomotor effects in seizure disorders, 374-375 tests, 79, 91-93 psychotropic effects, 380-381 Blood--brain barrier, 28 side effects, 283-284, 359, 362-363 Blood pressure, levels in children, 256; see also Hy­ usual doses, 359 pertensive Cardiac arrest: see Cardiotoxicity 486 Index

Cardiotoxicity Chlorprothixene, 471; see also Neuroleptics and antipsychotics, 316 Chocolate, 420, 475; see also Foods and substances ECG (EKG) in prevention, 90 present in food system assessment for, 76, 90--91 Choline, 420--421, 475; see also Foods and sub- tricyclic antidepressants and, 255-257 stances present in food Cardiovascular and hypertensive drugs: see Medical Chromosome tests, 93-94 drugs Cibalith-S®: see Lithium citrate Cardiovascular function in stimulants, 217-218, 227, Cimetidine 237 interactions, 34, 311 Carmustine, psychotropic side effects, 399 psychotropic side effects, 398, 403-404 CAT (CT) scan, 94 Cisplatin, psychotropic side effects, 399 Catapres®: see Clonidine Classification Catecholamine and enzyme assays, 92-93 ofdrugs, 8-10 Cathinone, psychotropic side effects, 40 I ofpsychiatric disorders, 5-7, 183-204 Cattell Seal es, 133 Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), 104-105, Celontin®: see Methsuximide 110, 111, 112, 132 Central nervous system depressants, 434-443; see Clinical Global Impressions-Mania Index, 127 also Anxiolytics; Antiepileptics; Drug Clobazam, 473; see also Antiepileptics abuse Clomipramine, 251-256, 260, 261, 265, 275, 276; Central nervous system drugs: see Medical drugs see also Antidepressants Cephalosporins, psychotropic side effects, 409 Clonazepam, 277, 285-286, 363, 435, 437--438, 439, Cerebroforte®: see Piracetam 440, 441; see also Antiepileptics; Cerebrospan®: see Piracetam Antimanics; Anxiolytics, Benzodiazepines Cetam®: see Piracetam in anxiety disorders, 194, 196--199 Child Anxiety Frequency Checklist (CAFC), 110 clinical effects, 359 Child Depression Scale: see Reynolds' Child De- in epilepsy, 359, 363 pression Scale in manic disorder, 285-286 Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 106--107, 110, pharmacolog~359,360--365 112,118,120, 140--141 in psychiatrie disorders, 285-286, 392-396 Child Behavior Checklist/2-3 (CBCL/2-3), 112, psychomotor effects, 371-379 140 psychotropic effects, 379--382 Child Symptom Inventory-4, 134 side effects, 286, 359 Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CA SI), I 10, withdrawal syndrome and, 286; see also Chapter 129--130, 134 15 Childhood Anxiety Frequency Checklist (CAFC), Clonidine, 442, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 464; 129--130 see also u-2 Adrenergic agonists; Childhood Attention Problems (CAP) Scale, 113, Antihypertensives 115,117 in combination with methylphenidate, 451 Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), 110, 121- indications and usage, 447--449 122,124 pharmacology, 446 Short form, 122 and stimulants, 238 Children's Depression Scale-Revised, 122-123, 124 transdermal patch, 446--447 Children's Depression Scale (CDS), 110, 122-123, in treattnent of opiate abuse, 348 124 Clorazepate, 363, 473; see also Anxiolytics; Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised, 110, Antiepileptics; Sedative-hypnotics 125-126 Clorgyline, 264, 265 see Antidepressant drugs Children's Global Assessment Scale, 132 Clozapine, 299, 301, 302, 308, 31 1,313,317,318, Children's Inventory of Anger, 110, 120 472; see also Neuroleptics Children's Psychiatrie Rating Scale (CPRS), 112, blood effects, 318 139--140 interactions with SSRIs, 31 Chloral hydrate, 9,435, see also Anxiolytics, Seda­ special considerations in, 318 tive-hypnotics superiority in schizophrenia, 30 I Chlordiazepoxide, 435, 440, 474; see also Anxiolyt­ toxicity, 318 ics, Sedative-hypnotics Clozaril®: see Clozapine Chlorpromazine, 239, 298, 302, 306, 307, 308, 309-- CNS Stimulants, 471 310,311,317; see also Neuroleptics Cocaine, 341; see also Substance abuse discovery of, 5 Code for Observing Social Activity (COSA), 143 dose equivalents, 300 Codeine: see Opiates Index 487

Cogentin®: see Benztropine Conners' ADHD Index, 107, 110, 112, 117 Cognition and Leaming Conners' Rating Scales-Revised, 107-108 and antiepileptics, 371-379 Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised (CTRS-R), and benzodiazepines, 441 108,110, 113, II~ II~ 120 and foods, 413--428 Conners---Wells' Adolescent Self-Rating Scale and lithium, 278 (CASS), 108, 110, 116, 120 and neuroleptics, 307 Consent to treatment: see Informed consent and phenobarbital, 372-373 Continuous Performance Task (CPT), 145-146; see and stimulants, 219, 220--221 also Performance tests and tricyclic antidepressants, 255 Contraceptives, oral, psychotropie side effects, 405; and valproic acid/valproate, 375-376 see also Corticosteroids Combipres®: see Clonidine Corgard®: see Nadolol Cognitive toxicity, 225 Corticosteroids, psychotropic side effects, 393, 403- Communication, patient-doctor, 17, 19-20 404 Combinations of drugs: see Polypharmacy; individ- Cough medicines ual drugs abuse, 315 Comorbidity psychotropic side effects, 398 in anorexia and bulimia, 194 Crack: see Cocaine conduct disorder with ADHD, 187 Custody and Consent to Treatment, 175-176 in substance abuse, 200 Creatine phosphokinase, and neuroleptic malignant Compazine®: see Prochlorperazine syndrome, 93 Competency, see also Informed consent Cyclobenzaprine, psychotropic side effects, 402- developmental aspects, 171 403 in informed consent, 168-169 Cyclopentolate, psyehotropic side effects, 40 I Compliance, 19-20 Cycloserine, psychotropie side effects, 406 monitoring for, 89 Cyclosporine, psychotropic side effects, 403 Computer testing of psychomotor functioning, 148- Cydril®: see Levoamphetamine 151 Cylert®: see Magnesium pemoline advantages and disadvantages of, 148-149 Cyproheptadine Fe Psy ("Iron Psych") Test System, 150--151 in eating disorders, 193 Gordon Diagnostic System, 149-150 psychotropic side effects, 40 I, 404 Test ofYariables of Attention (TOYA), ISO Cytardine, psychotropic side effects, 399 Concordin®: see Protriptyline Cytochrome P450 enzymes, 31-35 Conduct disorder, and problems; see also Aggres- drugs affeeting, 33 sion foods affeeting, 33 assessment, I 17 and neuroleptics, 310 behavior observations in, 143-144 and smoking, 33 benzodiazepines in, 439 SSRls, 269, 272-273 biochemical correlates, 187, 202 a-adrenergic blockers in, 460 Dalmane®: see Flurazepam carbamazepine in, 283 Dantrium®: see Dantrolene; see also Neuroleptic diagnostic features, 187 malignant syndrome direct observation of, 143 Datura, 444 informant seal es for, 117-120 psychotropic side effects, 406 inpatient seales for, 118-120 Deaner®: see Deanol lithium in, 281 Deanol, 471; see also CNS Stimulants neurolepties in, 303, 305 Deet, psychotropic side effects, 398, 403 pharmacotherapy of, 187,202 Delay task, 147; see also Performance tests self-rating scales for, 120 Delirium stimulants in, 229, 238 diagnosis and features, 397 Confidentiality, 176--177 drugs causing, 398 Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire management, 399 (CASQ), 109 and medical drugs, 397--400 Conners' ADHD/DSM-IY Scales (CA OS), 108, 109, Demerol®: see Meperidine 110,112,116,117,139 Depakene®: see Yalproate Conners' Continuous Performance Task, 110, 146 Depakote®: see Yalproate Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R), Depixol®: see Flupenthixol 108, 11 0, 116, 117, 118, 120 Deprenyl®: see Selegiline 488 Index

Depression, 121 Diltiazem antidepressants in, 258-259, 265, 268-270 as antimanie, 277 behavior observations in, 144 psychotropic side effects, 398, 403 biochemical correlates, 189 Dimensions of psychopathology diagnostic features, 188, 249-250 aggression, 202 direct observation of, 144 attention, 203 drug prevalence in, 60--61 Dinagen®; see Piracetam and dysthymia, 121 Diphenhydramine, 444, 472; see also Antiparkinson and hypericin (SI. John 's Wort), 454-455 drugs informant rating scales for assessing, 124--125 overdose, 40 I instruments for assessing, 121-126 Diphenoxylate, psychotropic side effects, 404 interview forms for assessing, 125-126 Dipiperon®; see Pipamperon lithium in, 281 Direct observations of behavior, 142-144 and L-tryptophan, 455 methods, 142-143 masked (depression), 121 in assessment of ADHD, 143 and medical drugs, 403-406 Direct Observation Form, 107 melatonin in, 453 Disopyramide, psychotropic side effects, 398 neuroleptics in, 302 Disorders (psychiatrie) pharmacotherapy, 188,258-259,265,268-270 biochemical correlates, 185-204 selfrating scales for assessing, 121-124 classification, 5-7,183-204 Desipramine, 52, 232, 251-256, 260, 275, 472; see diagnostic features, 183-204 also Antidepressant drugs and foods, 4 I 3-428 and cardiotoxicity, 255-257 medical drugs causing, 394-407 Depressive Self-Rating Scale, 123, 124 pharmacotherapy of, 183-204 Depressive symptoms; see Depression Disruptive behavior disorders, pharmacotherapy of, Desmopressin (DDAVP), 260 185-188; see also ADHD; Conduct; psychotropic side effects, 40 I Oppositional defiant disorder Desoxyn®; see Methamphetamine Dissociative agents, abuse of, 344--345 Desyrel®; see Trazodone Disulfiram, psychotropic side effects, 404 Developmental disorders, see also Mental retarda­ Diuretics, and lithium, 282, 405 tion; Pervasive developmental disorders Doctor, how to choose, 4--5, 20-21 classification, 192 Dopamine,214 pharmacotherapy of, 191-193 and antidepressants, 26&-251 Developmental Behaviour Checklist, 111, 112, 138 and ADHD, 18&-187 Dexamethasone suppression test, 91 and aggression, 202 Dexedrine®; see Dextroamphetamine and bipolar disorder, 190 Dexfenfluramine, 458 and effect of sugar, 4 I 7 Dextroamphetamine, 214, 215, 217, 218, 232, 234, and lithium, 277 471; see also CNS Stimulants and pervasive developmental disorder, 193 Diagnostic indications for pharrnacotherapy, 183-204 and schizophrenia, 191 Diagnostic interview, 101-102, 125-126, 133 and Tourette's Disorder, 200 Diagnostic Interview fOT Children (D1CA), 101, 126, Dopaminergic drugs, 186 127, 132, 133, 134 in ADHD, 186 Diagnostic Assessment of the Severely Handicapped psychotropic side effects, 398, 400 (DASH) Scale, 138 Dose; see individual drugs Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (D1SC), and blood levels, 91 101,126, 132, 134 causes of excessive, 1&-17 Diagnostic Interview for Depression in Children and intervals, 37-38 Adolescents (DIDCA), 126 multiple and steady-state, 38 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor­ Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symptom ders, 4th Ed; see DSM-IV Scale (DOTES), 83 Diazepam, 363,435,436, 437,439, 440, 473; see Down Syndrome, 94 also Antiepileptics; Sedative-hypnotics and 5-hydroxytryptophan, 455 Diet, see also Foods and behavior Doxepin, 251-255, 472; see also Antidepressant drug elimination and, 34 drugs effects on behavior, 413-428 Draganon®; see Aniracetam Dihydroindolones, 472; see also Neuroleptics Droleptan®; see Droperidol Dilantin®; see Phenytoin Dronabinol, psychotropic side effects, 40 I, 406 Index 489

Droperidol, 472; see also Neuroleptics Drug abu se (cont.) Drug(s), see also Pharmacology and CNS depressants, 337-341 abuse, 329-352 and comorbid psychiatrie conditions, 344 action, 42-49 definition, 329 administration routes, 26--27 diagnosis of, 333-335 binding to plasma proteins, 28-29 and dissociative agents, 344-345 biotransformation, 30-35 epidemiology, 330-331 classification, 8-10 etiology, 332-333 clearance,36--37 frequency and type, 330-331 companies, 13-14 and genetic factors, 332 and cytochrome P450 enzymes, 31-35 and hallucinogens, 345-347 definition, 3-4, 23 health problems and mortality in, 334-335 diagnostic indications fOT pharmacotherapy, 183- history taking, 333-334 204 and inhalants, 340-341 and diet, 34 and miscellaneous agents, 349 dependence disorder, 330 motor vehicle accidents, 333 distribution and fate in body, 23-42 and natural history, 333 dose-response curve, 44-45 and opiates, 347-349 efficacy, 45 patterns in, 333 elimination, 29-35 and personality traits, 332 evaluation of, 10-11 and pharmacotherapy, 351 fate in body, 23-35 principles of treatment, 349-351 and foods, 34 risk factors, 331 generic name definition, 10 and sedative hypnotics, 339-340 half-life,37 and social factors, 335 herbal, 454-455 and stimulants, 341-343 history of, 5-6,10 substances abused, 335, 337, 349 interactions, 34-35; see also individual drugs tobacco abuse, 343-344 list of, 471-475, 477-480 toxicology screens in, 335, 336 look-alike, 10 treatment outcome, 352 medical causing psychotropic effects, 387-409 treatment programs for, 350-351 and messengers, 47-49 Drug treatment: see Pharmacotherapy naming, 8-10 DSM-IV, 100. 101, 127, 132, 134 pharmacodynamics, 42-49 critique, 12 pharmacokinetics, 35-42 disorders, 183-204 pharmacolog~23-50 impact of, 6 physical effects monitoring, 80-89 DSM-IV Symptoms Subscale, 109 and physical preexaminations, 69-80 Dumex®: see Imipramine and plasma proteins, 28-29 Dyskinesias, 168; see also Extrapyramidal effects; potency,45 Tardive dyskinesia principles ofuse, 14-20 diagnosis, 87-89 receptors, 43-49 and neuroleptics, 313-314 and sudden death: see cardiotoxicity Dysthymic disorder: see Depression steady-state concentrations, 37-39 Dystonic reaction, 312-313 time course of effect, 39-41 and behavior, 416-421 trade names definition, 8 Eating disorders, 193-195 list of, 477-480 ECG: see Electrocardiogram transfer across membranes, 24-26 EEG: see Electroencephalography treatment patterns, 52 Effexor®: see Venlafaxine types and names, 9, 471-475, 477-480 EKG: see Electrocardiogram withdrawal, 330 Elavil®: see Amitriptyline Drug abuse, see also Substance abuse Elective mutism, 197 and alcohol, 337-339 Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG), 90-91,257,316; see and anti histamines, 444 also Individual drugs, Side effects monitoring and anxiolytics, 339, 340 Electroeneephalography (EEG) and biochemical systems, 333 and anxiolytics, 441 and cannabinols, 345-346 and epilepsy, 356 490 Index

Eleetroeneephalography (EEG) (cont.) Feingold hypothesis, 424 indieations for, 92 Felbamate, 363, 474; see also Antiepileptics and neurolepties, 315 pharmacology, 363 speetral tomography, 94 psyehomotor effects, 376-377 and stimulants, 218 Felbatol®: see Felbamate Elimination disorders, 20 I; see also Eneopresis; Fenfluramine, 456, 459, 474 Enuresis dose, 457-458 Emotional Disorders Rating Seale (EDRS), 111, indications and usage, 456-457 125,127 management of overdose, 458-459 for Developmental Disabilities (EDRS-DD), 138 pharmacology, 456 Emotional Problems Seal es, 138 side effects, 458 Eneefalux®: see Piraeetam toxicity, 458 Eneetrop®: see Piraeetam Fen-phen: see Fenfluramine, phentermine Eneopresis Fe Psy ("Iron Psych") Test System, 150-151; see diagnostie features, 20 I also Computer testing pharmaeotherapy of, 20 I First-pass effect, 26 Endep®: see Amitriptyline Five (5); see underfirst letter (e.g., "5-HT" under "H'J Enuresis Flunarizine, 473; see also Antiepileptics antidepressants and, 259--260 5-Fluorouracil, psychotropic side effects, 399 biochemical correlates, 20 I Fluoxetine, 251-256, 260, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271,272- diagnostic features, 20 I 273,275,472; see also Antidepressant drugs pharmaeotherapy of, 20 I Flupenthixol, 471; see also Neuroleptics prevalence of drug treatment in, 61 Fluphenazine: see Neuroleptics Epilepsy: see Seizure disorders Flurazepam, 474; see also Sedative-hypnotics Epilim®: see Valproate Fluvoxamine, 251-253, 255, 268, 269, 272-273, Equal®: see Aspartame 472; see also Antidepressant drugs Equanil®: see Meprobamate Food additives, 475 Ergot alkaloid and learning, 416 Foods and behavior, 413-428 Eskalith®: see Lithium carbonate additives, 424--426 Esmolol, 474; see also ß-Blockers caffeine, 419 Ethanol: see Alcohol chocolate, 420 Ether: see anxiolytics choline,420 Ethopropazine, 472; see also Antiparkinson drugs clinical considerations, 426-427 Ethosuximide, 473; see also Antiepileptics essential metabolie substance, 420-421 indications, 362 heavy metals, 424 pharmacology, 362 minerals, 423 side effects, 359, 362 nootropics, 414--416 Ethotoin, 362, 473; see also Antiepileptics precursors, 420-421 Etiraeetam, 415, 474; see also Nootropics sweeteners, 416-419 Euhypn'os®: see Temazepam trace metals, 423 Eutonyl®: see Pargyline tryptophan, 420 Euvifor®: see Piracetam tyrosine, 420-421 Excited states vitamins, 421-423 benzodiazepines in, 439--440 Foods and substances present in food, 475 caused by medical drugs, 394--407 Foods/derivatives, 475 foods and, 413-428; see also bipolar, schizo- Fragile X Syndrome, 94 phrenie, panic and autism, 94 Expectancy effect: see Placebo folie acid in, 423 Explosiveness: see Aggression; Excited states Freebase: see Cocaine Extrapyramidal effects, 87 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 150-151 Gabapentin, see also Antiepileptics measuring, 84-89 usual dose, 359 and neuroleptics, 312-315 pharmacolog~364 Eye complications, 317 psychomotor effects, 377 side effects, 359 FaUy acids: see Nootropics GABA (r-amino butyrie acid), 473 Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC­ in anxiety disorders, 198-199 R1 111, 128, 129, 132 and valproate, 284 Index 491

Gabacet®: see Tiagabine 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 455-456, 475; see also Mis­ Gabapentin, 473; see also Antiepileptics cellaneous Gabitril®: see Tiagabine Hydroxyzine, 444, 473; see also Antihistamines, Gabren®: see Piracetam Anxiolytics, Sedative-hypnotics y-Vinyl-GABA: see Vigabatrin Hyoscine; see anticholinergics, scopolamine G-proteins, 47 Hyperactivity: see ADHD Gardenal®: see Phenobarbital and history, 6 Gasoline, as substance of abuse, 340 in PDD, 193 Gender identity disorder, 195 Hyperkinetic disorder: see ADHD General alarm reaction, ß-adrenergic blockers in, Hypericin (S!. John's wort), 454--455 459 Hypertensive crisis Generalized anxiety disorder: (formerly Overanxious and MAOI antidepressants, 266

disorder) Hypertension, u 2 adrenergic agents in, 449 generic forms of drugs, 234 Hypnotic, 434; see also Anxiolytics diagnostic features, 196 pharmacotherapy of, 196 ICD-9: see International Classification of Diseases Genetic and chromosome tests, 93-94 ICD-IO, 184; see also International Classification of Gentamicin, 399 Diseases Glue: see Inhalants Imipramine, 232, 251-255, 258, 472; see also Gordon Diagnostic System, 146, 147, 149--150; see Tricyclic antidepressants also Computer testing Imovane®: see Zopiclone Grapefruit juice, effect on drug metabolism, 34 Impulsivity, see also ADHD, Cognition Grass: see Cannabis and serotonin, 202 Growth Inderal®: see Propranolol measuring, 7&-79 Inderide®: see Propranolol and neuroleptics, 317 Indomethacin, psychotropic side effects, 395, 399 stimulants and, 217, 227 Infantile autism: see Pervasive developmental disor- Guanfacine, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451; 474; see also der

u 2 adrenergic agonists Informed consent, 166-173 assent in, 172 Halcion®: see Triazolam authority ofchildren in, 170-171 Haldol®: see Haloperidol competency in, 168-169, 171 Half-life,37 custody and consent in, 175-176 Hallucinations: see Delirium; Drugs ofabuse; Medi­ definition, 166 cal drugs; Psychosis; Schizophrenia documentation of, 173 Hallucinogens, 345-347 elements of, 166-169 Haloperidol, 298, 30 I, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, and emancipated minors, 171 307, 308, 310, 319, 472; see also Neuro­ exceptions, 169--170 leptics informational requirements, 167-168 Halperin Continuous Performance Task, 110 parental authority in, 170 Hashish: see Cannabinols procedures for obtaining, 172-173 Heavy metals, 34, 424 voluntariness in, 168 Height: see Growth Inhalant abuse, 9, 340-341; see also CNS depres- HerbaI remedies, 454--455; see also foods and be­ sants havior Insomnia: see Sleep disorders Heroin: see Opiates Interactions: see Drug, also Individual drugs

Histamine (H 2) blockers, 398, 40 I; see also medical Interferon, psychotropic side effects, 395, 396 drugs Interviews, 101-102, 133 HIV: see AIDS Intoxication, see also Substance abuse Holistic medicine, 454--455 definition, 329 Horne Situations Questionnaire (HSQ), 116-117 drugs causing, 395-397 Horse: see Heroin diagnosis and general features, 394 Hydantoins, 361-362, 473; see also Antiepileptic management, 397 drugs (AEDs) medical drugs causing, 394-397 pharmacology of, 361-362 International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and side effects, 361-362 10), 100, 134, 184, 299 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA), 93 Interview for Childhood Disorders and Schizophre­ 5-Hydroxytryptamine: see Serotonin nia (ICDS), 134 492 Index

Interview Schedule for Children ([SC), 101, 133, Leaming, see Cognition. individual drugs 134 and antidepressants, 255 [on channels, 46-47, 49 and lecithin, 416 [OWA Conners Teacher Rating Scale, 115--116, 118, and lithium, 278 120 and stimulants, 219, 220, 225 [Q,144 Leaming disorders, 192 and antineoplastics, 397 Lecithin, and leaming, 416 and neuroleptics, 396 Leponex®: see Clozapine [ron and behavior, 423, 475; see also Foods and sub­ Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, stances present in food 455 [rritability: see Aggression, Side effects of individ­ Leukemia, 398 ual drugs Levatol®: see Penbutolol Isle ofWight Parent and Child Interviews, 101 Levoamphetamine, 471; see also CNS Stimulants Isocarboxazid, 9, 472; see also MAOI Antidepres­ Levodopa: see Antiparkinson drugs sant drugs in ADHD, 186 Isoniazid, 251, 263; see also MAOI Antidepressant psychotropic side effects, 398-40 I drugs Leyton Obsessional Inventory Child, 11 I, 131 psychotropic side effects, 402-403 Librium®: see Chlordiazepoxide Isoproterenol, 406 Ligand,46-47 Isoptin®: see Verapamil Lithane®: see Lithium carbonate Isosafrole, psychotropic side effects, 40 I Lithium, 237, 277-282; see also Antimanics and ADHD, 281 Janimine®: see Imipramine and aggression, 28 I Jaundice, 317 behavioral and emotional effects, 278 Jurisdiction, definition of, 165--166 and bipolar disorder, 280-281 and blood levels, 278, 281 Karyotyping, 94 cellular actions, 277 Kemadrin®: see Procyc\idine cognitive and leaming effects, 278 Ketamine, 399 contraindications, 282 Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Sc ale, 134 and depression, 281 Kiddie Positive and Negative Symptom Sc ales for dose, 281 Children and Adolescents, 134 drug interactions, 237, 282 Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizo­ indications, 280-281, 286-287 phrenia (K-SADS), 101, 126, 127, 132, medical workup for, 280 133, \34 overdosage, 282 Kidney function, 95 pharmacolog~277-278 and lithium, 95, 279 side effects, 278-279 Kira: see Hypericin (St. John's Wort) toxicity, 282 Kira®: see Hypericum (active ingredient in St. John's Lithium carbonate, 473; see also Mood stabilizers Wort) (antimanics) Klinefelter's syndrome, 94 Lithium citrate, 473; see also Mood stabilizers Klonopin®: see Clonazepam (antimanics) Lithobid®: see Lithium carbonate Labetolol, 474; see also ß-Blockers Lithonate®: see Lithium carbonate Laboratory measures, 90-95; see also Side effects Lopressor®: see Metoprolol monitoring Lorazepam, 435, 436, 439, 440, 473; see also Laboratory tests, 90-95 Anxiolytics, Antiepileptics, Sedative­ Lamictal®: see Lamotrigine hypnotics Lamotrigine, 364, 473; see also Antiepileptics Loreclezole, 473; see also Antiepileptics pharmacology, 364 Louisville Behavior Check List, 133 psychomotor effects, 377-378 Louisville Fear Survey for Children, 111, 133 side effects, 359 Loxapine, 298, 301, 308, 472; see also Neuroleptics Language: see Speech and language Loxitane®: see Loxapine Largactil®: see Chlorpromazine LSD: see Hallucinogens Law, definition of, 165 L-Tryptophan, 420, 455-456, 475 L-Asparaginase, psychotropic side effects, 399 Ludiomil®: see Maprotiline L-DOPA: see Levodopa Lumbar puncture, 93 Lead,93,424 Luminal®: see Phenobarbital Index 493

Luvox®: see Fluvoxamine Medieal drugs (cont.) Lysergide, 346 psychoaetive effects, 387--409 psychotic reactions, 401--402 Magnesium pemoline, 214, 215, 216, 218, 226, 231, summary, 409 232, 234, 471; see also CNS Stimulants types of psyehotropic reactions, 394 indications and usage, 232-234 withdrawal reactions, 397 pharmacology, 214, 215, 216 Medical examination, 78-79, 88 side effects, 226, 236 Medical history taking, 69--78 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 94 outline of, 72 Major depression: Major depressive disorder: see Medieal malpractice, 177-179 Depression and off-label use ofmedieation, 179 Maladaptive Behavior Scale (MABS), 105-106, 111, Medical specialities, 3-5 138 Medical tests, 79, 90--95 Malpractice, 177-179 Megavitamin therapy, 422--423; see also Vitamins Mania Rating Scale, 111 Melatonin, 451--453 Manie disorder, see also Bipolar disorder indications, 453 benzodiazepines in, 439 pharmacology of, 452--453 biochemical correlates, 190 physiological effects, 452 diagnosis, 189, 280 side effects, 453 epidemiology, 277 Melatonex®: see Melatonin medieal drugs causing, 402--403 Melatonin, 474; see also Sedative-hypnotics pharmacotherapy, 188, 189--190, 280--281, 282- Mellaril®: see Thioridazine 283,284 Membrane-acting or multiple mechanism, 473 Manic-depressive disorder: see Bipolar disorder; Memo-Puren®: see Piraeetam Manie disorder Mental retardation, 7; see also Developmental dis- Manic-State Rating Scale, 111, 127 abilities MAOls (monoamine oxidase inhibitors): see MAOI benzodiazepines in, 439 antidepressants biochemical correlates, 192 Maprotiline, 251-253, 255, 472; see also Antide- diagnostic features, 191 pressant drugs drug prevalence ofuse in, 56-58 Marijuana: see Cannabinols fenfluramine in, 457 Marplan®: see Isocarboxazid neuroleptics in, 305-306 Matching Familiar Figures (MFF) task, 146; see also pharmacotherapy, 191 Performance tests rating scales for assessing, 137-138 MDMA: see Hallucinogens stimulants in, 228 Measurement, 100--152; see also Behavior rating Mepacrine, psyehotropic side effects, 40 I scales; Performance tests: Direct observa­ Meperidine: see Opiates tions; Physical; Laboratory Mephenytoin, 362,473; see also Antiepileptics Mebaral®, see also Mephobarbital Mephobarbital, 361,473; see also Antiepileptics psychotropic side effects, 404 pharmacology, 361 Mebeverine, 404 Meprobamate, 435, 474; see also Anxiolyties, Seda- Meclizine, 404 tive-hypnotics Media and prescribing, 18 Merital®: see Nomifensine Medical drugs Mesantoin®: see Mephenytoin anxiety reactions, 406--407 Mescaline: see Hallucinogens delirium, 397--400 Messengers: see Reeeptors delusional syndromes, 400--40 I Mesoridazine, 471; see also Neurolepties depressive reaction, 403--406 Mesulergine, 404 developmental aspects, 407--408 Metaproterenol, psyehotropie side effeets, 396 drugs causing reactions, 398, 40 I, 402, 403, 404 Methamphetamine, 471; see also CNS Stimulants hallucinosis, 401--402 Methantheline, psyehotropic side effeets, 40 I implications of, 408--409 Methodone, 348-349 intoxication, 394-397 Methaqualone, psyehotropic side effects, 339 lists of drugs causing reactions: see Drugs causing Methotrexate, psychotropie side effects, 399 management of, 392-394 Methsuximide, 362, 473; see also Antiepileptics manic reaetions, 402--403 Methylphenidate, 471; see also CNS Stimulants mood reactions, 402--406 abuse of, 227, 341 prevalence of, 388-392 in ADHD, 185-186,228-241 494 Index

Methylphenidate (cont.) Narcan®: see Naloxone in autism, 193 Narcotic analgesics: see Opiates dose, 220--221 Nardil®: see Phenelzine indications for, 22&--231 Natural remedies, critique of, 413-414, 454-455 monitoring response, 235-236 Navane®: see Thiothixene and organic delusional syndrome, 401 Nefazadone, 9; 251-253, 255; see Tricyclic antide- in PDD, 193 pressants pharmacology, 214-216 Nefiracetam, 415, 474; see also Nootropics side effects, 222-227 Neulactil®: see Pericyazine sustained release form, 216, 234 Neupramir®: see Pramiracetam usage, 229-235 Neuractiv®: see Oxiracetam Methysergide, psychotropic side effects, 402 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS), see also Metoclopramide, psychotropic side effects, 398, 403 Serotonin hypermetabolic crisis Metoprolol, 459, 474; see also ß-adrenergic blockers diagnosis, 92-93, 316 Metrizamide, psychotropic side effects, 40 I, 403, 406 differentiation from Serotonin Syndrome, 274 Milontin®: see Phensuximide treatment, 316 Miltown®: see Meprobamate Neuroleptics (antipsychotics), 297-320 Minerals, 423 and ADI-ID, 300--307 Mirtazapine, 250, 251,253,472; see also Antide­ atypical, 308 pressant drugs and bipolar disorder, 302 Moban®: see Dihydroindolones molindone blood levels, 310 Moclobemide, 251, 263-265, 276, 472; see also and conduct disorder, 303 MAO) antidepressant drugs chlorpromazine dose equivalents, 300 Modecate®: see Fluphenazine clinical indications, 29&--307 Modified Mania Rating Scale (MMRS), 127 clozapine, special considerations, 318 Mogadon®: see Nitrazepam and cognition, 306-307 Molindone, 298, 304, 308 definition and classes, 297-298 Monitoring drug response, 235-236, 237 delirium from, 400 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOls), 237, 472 depot preparations, 310 Mood disorders: see Depression; Manic disorder; Bi- depression and, 302 polar (mood) disorder dose, 29&--300 diagnosis, 18&--190 drug interactions, 310--311 medical drugs causing, 402-406 medical drugs, side effects, 397-403 pharmacotherapy, 18&--190 and mental retardation, 306-307 types of, 18&--190 names, 298 Mood stabilizers: see Antimanics neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 92-93 Monosodium glutamate, 475; see also Foods and overdosage and management, 31 &--319 substances present in food and PDD, 303-304 Morphine: see Opiates pharmacology, 307-310 Motion sickness drugs, psychotropic side effects, 395 pretreatment screening, 300 Motor Tic, Obsessions and Compulsions, Vocal Tic receptor affinities, 308 Evaluation Survey: see MOVES schizophrenia and, 300--302 Multidisciplinary team, 4 and seizures, 3 15 MOVES, 111, 135-136 side effects, 311-318 Mysoline®: see Primidone sudden death and, 316 summary, 319-320 Nadolol, 459, 460, 474; see also ß-adrenergic system effects, 311-319 blockers and tardive dyskinesia, 313-315 Nail polish remover: see Inhalants and tardive dystonia, 314-315 Nalidixid acid, psychotropic side effects, 399 and Tourette's syndrome, 305 Naloxone, 348, 462, 463, 474; see also Opiate types, 298 blockers withdrawal symptoms, 315 Naltrexone, 348, 462, 463, 474; see also Opiate Neurological examination, 79-88 blockers Physical and Neurological Exam for Soft Signs Name(s) (PANESS), 88 brand: see trade New York Teacher Rating Scale (NYTRS), 110, 117, generic, 10,471-475,477-480 120 trade, 10,471-475,477-480 Neuromet®: see Oxiracetam Index 495

Neurotin®: see Gabapentin Opiate blockers (cant.) Nicotine: see Tobacco indications, 462-463 Nifedipine, 9, 266, 277 management of overdose, 464 Night terrors, 200 pharmacology, 462 benzodiazepines in, 439 side effects, 464 Niridazole, psychotropic side effects, 403 in treatment of opiate abuse, 348-349 Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form, 111, 112, Oppositional defiant disorder; see Aggression; Con- 137, 139 duct disorder Nitrazepam, 436, 474; see also Anxiolytics, Seda- assessment, 117 tive-hypnotics diagnostic features, 187-188 Nitrous oxide, 340; see also Inhalants pharmacotherapy, 188 Noctec®: see Chloral hydrate Oral contraceptives: see Contraceptives; Nomifensine, 9; 253; see also Antidepressants Corticosteroids Noncompliance: see Compliance Orap®: see Pimozide Nonsteroidal antiintlammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Organic anxiety syndrome, 406 psychotropic side effects, 398, 40 I causes of psychosis, 71 Nootron®: see Piracetam psychiatric disorders: see Medical drugs Nootrop®: see Piracetam Organ imaging, tests in assessment, 94-95 Nootropil®: see Piracetam Over-the-counter drugs: see HerbaI remedies Nootropyl®: see Piracetam Overanxious disorder, see also Generalized Anxiety Nootropics, 414-416, 474 Disorder Noradrenalin, see also individual drugs; Cellular ac- benzodiazepines in, 438 tion pharmacotherapy of, 196 in ADHD, 186-187 Overdosage ofmedication, treatment of: see Individ- in anxiety disorders, 199 ual drugs in eating disorders, 194-195 Over-prescribing, 51 in enuresis, 20 I Overt Aggression Scale, 118 in mood disorders, 189-190 Oxalamine, psychotropic side effects, 398 and tricyclic antidepressants, 242 Oxanol®: see Oxprenolol Norepinephrine, 214 Oxazepam, 435, 436, 474; see also Anxiolytics Sed- Norephedrine, psychotropic side effects. 40 I ative-hypnotics Normabrain®: see Piracetam Oxcarbazepine, 473; see also AntiepiIeptics Normodyne®: see Labetolol Oxiracetam, 474; see also Nootropics Norpramin®: see Desipramine Oxyprenolol, 459, 474; see also ß-blockers Nortriptyline, 251-255, 258, 472; see also Antide­ pressant drugs Paired associate leaming, 147; see also Performance nursing,4 tests Novel Antidepressants, 472 Pamelor®: see Nortriptyline Norzetam®: see Piracetam Panie disorder, 197 NutraSweet®: see Aspartame benzodiazepines in, 438 instruments for assessing, 132 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Paraldehyde, 9, 435; see also Anxiolytics, CNS de- antidepressants in, 260, 270 pressants benzodiazepines in, 438 Pargyline, 265; see MAOI antidepressants biochemical correlates, 199 Parkinsonian side effects, 313 diagnostic features, 198 Pamate®: see Tranylcypromine instruments for assessing, 131-132 Paroxetine, 251-253, 255, 256, 268, 269, 272-273, pharmacotherapy of, 198 472; see also SSRI antidepressant drugs Occupational therapy, 4 Parsidol®: see Ethopropazine Off-label use of medication, 179 Paxil®: see Paroxetine Olanzapine, 9, 299, 301, 308,471; see also PCP, 344 Neuroleptics Pediatric(s) Opiates behavioral,4-5 abuse of, 347-349 definition, 4 psychotropic side effects, 401-406 neurology, 4 Opiate blockers, 462-464 Peer Contlict Scale, 110, 118, 119, 120 contraindications, 464 Peer Nomination Inventory ofDepression (PIND), dose, 462-463 125,126 496 Index

Peganone®: see Ethotoin Pharmacotherapy, see also individual disorders Pemoline, 471; see also Magnesium pemoline; CNS and diagnosis, 183-204 Stimulants of disorders and symptoms, 183-204 Penbutolol, 474; see also ß-Blockers DSM-I1I and, 183-184 Penicillin, psychotropic side effects, 399 foods as, 413--428 Penbutolol, 459 of seizure disorders, 355-386 Peracetazine, 471; see also Neuroleptics Phencyc1idine, 344--345, 399 Performance tests, 144--148 Phenelzine, 9, 251, 263, 264, 472; see also MAOI Pergolide, psychotropic side effects, 401--402 antidepressant drugs Pericyazine, 471; see also Neuroleptics Phenergan®: see Promethazine Perphenazine, 471; see also Neuroleptics Phenobarbital, 441, 473; see also Antiepileptics; Personality Inventory for Children, 133 Anxiolytics Personality pharmacology, 360-361 dimensions, 202-203; see also Rating scales psychomotor effects, 372-373 disorders, 201-202 psychotropic effects, 381-382 scales, 132-133 side effects, 359-361 Pertofrane®: see Desipramine usual dose, 359 Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) (and au- Phenothiazines, 471; see also Neuroleptics ti sm) Phensuximide, 362, 473; see also Antiepileptics antidepressants and, 261 Phentermine, 458 biochemical correlates, 193 Phenylephrine, and MAOI antidepressants, 266 clonidine in (autism), 448 Phenylketonuria, 418--419 diagnostic features, 192 Phenylpropanolamine and MAOI antidepressants, 266 fenfluramine in (autism), 456--457 Phenytoin, 358, 361,473; see also Antiepileptics 5-hydroxytryptophan in, 455 in epilepsy, 358, 361 instruments for assessing (autism), 139- pharmacology, 361 140 pharmacokinetics, 39 neuroleptics in, 303-305 psychomotor effects, 373-374 opiate blockers in (autism), 463 psychotropic effects, 381-382 pharmacotherapy, 192-193 and saturation kinetics, 39 prevalence of drug use in (autism), 59, 60 side effects, 359, 361 stimulants in, 229 usual dose, 359 PET scan, 94 Pheochromocytoma and antidepressants, 265 Pethedine®: see Meperidine Phobic disorders. see also Anxiety disorders Pharmaceutical companies: see Drug companies benzodiazepines in, 438 Pharmacodynamics, 42--49 diagnosis, 196 Pharmacokinetics, 35--42; see also Pharmacology instruments for assessing, 132 Pharmacology pharmacotherapy, 196--197 actions of drugs, 42--49 photosensitivity, 317 active metabolites, 40 Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft biotransformation, 30-35 Signs (PANESS), 88-89 clearance, 36--37 Physical examination, 78-79 cytochrome P450 enzymes, 31-35 Physical illnesses, psychoactive effects of drugs in, distribution, 27-39 387--411 dose response curve, 40, 44--45 Physical screening for pharmacotherapy, 69-95 elimination, 29-35 base1ine assessment, 69-80 fate of drugs in the body, 23-35 blood and urine tests, 79-80 general principles, 23-50 laboratory tests, 90-95 half life, 37 organ imaging, 94--95 interactions, 34--35 physical and neurological exam, 83-89 pediatric variations, 41--42 psychiatric review, 78 pharmacodynamics, 42--49 speech and language assessment, 80 pharmacokinetics, 34--42 systems review, 75-78 receptors, 43--49 out! ine of, 72 reuptake, 43 Physician: see Doctor routes of administration, 26--27 Pica, 195 therapeutic range, 35 Pimozide, 298, 303, 305, 306, 308, 316, 472; see time course of action, 39--41 also Neuroleptics Index 497

Pipamperon, 472; see also Neuroleptics Primidone, 473; see also Antiepileptics Piportal®: see Pipothiazine palmitate indications, 359 Pipothiazine palmitate, 471; see also Neuroleptics pharmacology, 361 Piracetam, 415-416, 474; see also Nootropics side effects, 359 Piribedal, 186 usual dose, 359 PiTToxil®: see Piracetam Procainamide, psychotropic side effects, 398-403 Pizotifen, psychotropic side effects, 404 Procarbazine, 399, 402, 403 PKU, 418-419 Prochlorperazine, 471; see also Neuroleptics Placebo, 14-15 Procardia®: see Nifedipine Plasma levels: see Blood levels Procyclidine, 472; see also Antiparkinson drugs Plasma proteins, 28-29 Professional standards, 167 Prodrugs, 3 I Professions, nonmedical, 4 Polypharmacy, 17-19 Progabide, 473; see also Antiepileptics Ponderax®: see Fenfluramine psychotropic side effects, 406 Pondimin®: see Fenfluramine Prolixin®: see Fluphenazine Positron emission tomography (PET), 94 Promazine, 471; see also Neuroleptics Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Promethazine, 444, 473; see also Antihistamines, diagnostic features, 198 Sedative-hypnotics instruments for assessing, 132 Propranolol, 459, 460, 461, 474; see also ß• pharmacotherapy of, 198 adrenergic blockers Pot: see Cannabis Protriptyline, 251-255, 472; see also Antidepressant Practice effects, 235 drugs Pramiracetam, 415, 474; see also Nootropics Prozac®, 266: see Fluoxetine and MAOI antidepres- Prazepam, 474; see also Sedative-hypnotics sants Prednisone: see Corticosteroids Pseudoephedrine: see Stimulants Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ), 112, 140, Psychiatrie disorders: see Disorders (psychiatrie) 141 Psychiatrist, description, 4-5 Preschool children, instruments for assessing, 140- Psychoactive, definition, 3 141 Psychoanalysis, 5, 6, 7 Prescribing Psychology, 4 and clinical experience, I I Psychopharmacology, pediatric influences on, 11-14 CUTTent trends, 7-8 placebo, 14-15 critique of, 7-8, 20-21 principles of, 14-20 definition of, 3 Prevalence of drug therapy, 51--{i4; see also individ­ historical overview, 5--{i ual psychiatrie disorders prejudices against, 20, 387-388, 413, 454-455 in ADHD, 53-56, 64 summary, 20--2 1 national estimates, 56 Psychopharmacology child: see and special education, 55 Psychopharmacology, pediatric and socioeconomic status, 55 Psychosis: see Depression; Manie disorder; Medi­ and treatment practices, 56 cal drugs; Schizophrenia; Substance in autism, 60 abuse in depression, 6O--Q I, 64 Psychostimulants: see Stimulants in enuresis, 61, 64 Psychotropic, definition, 3; see also Psychoactive international variations, 63 Psychotropic reactions to medical drugs, 388-392 in mental retardation, 56--58, 64 Psycoton®: see Piracetam community-based facilities, 57 PTSD Reaction Index, 132 and drug reduction programs, 56, 57 PUVA therapy, 404 institutional settings, 57 national estimates, 58 Quetiapine, 9, 299, 308, 472; see also Neuroleptics public schools, 57-58 Quide®: see Peracetazine patterns of, 52 Quinacrine, psychotropic side effects, 403, 406 in seizure disorders, 58--Q0, 64 Quinidine, psychotropic side effects, 398 and autism, 59 Quinine, psychotropic side effects, 40 I and mental retardation, 59--Q0 in Tourette syndrome, 61--{i2, 64 Rabbit syndrome, 3 15 and ADHD, 62 Racetam, 415 Primaquine, psychotropic side effects, 404 Ranitidine, 398 498 Index

Rating sc ales, 102-141; see also specific scales Sarpul®: see Aniracetam customized scales, 105-106, 110 Schizophrenia (schizophrenic disorders) general-purpose scales, 105-108 benzodiazepines in, 439 limitations, 103 biochemical correlates, 191 positive features, 103 diagnostic features, 190 Rating Scale of Dysphoria (RSD), 125 instruments for assessing, 134--135 RDC (Research Diagnostic Criteria), 184 neuroleptics in, 300-302 Reaction time task, 145 and organic delusional syndrome compared, 400- Reasonable-person standard, 167 402 Receptors, 43-49 pharrnacotherapy, 190, 300-302 dose response, 44-45 prescribing errors in, 16-17 drug action, 44 School Age Depression Listed Inventory (SADLI), G-protein linked, 47 126 ligand-gated ion channels, 4&--47 School phobia, 196-197 number, 45-46 School Situations Questionnaire (SSQ), 116-117 regulation, 46 Scopolamine, see also Anticholinergics response, 47--48 psychotropic side effects, 40 I second messen gers, 47 Secobarbital, 474; see also Sedative-hypnotics speed of, 4&--47 Seconal®: see Secobarbital subtypes, 46 Sectral®: see Acebutolol summary of action, 48--49 Sedation, see also efJects 0/ individual drugs Reefer: see Cannibis and antidepressants, 255 Remacemide, 473; see also Antiepileptics and neuroleptics, 315 Remen®: see Pramiracetan Sedative, definition, 433-434 Remeron®; see Mirtazapine Sedative-hypnotic drugs: see Anxiolytics Renal: see Kidney Seizure disorders (epilepsy) Reset®: see Aniracetam c1assification of, 358 Restoril®: see Temazepam cognitive and behavioral function in, 365-371 Retinitis pigmentosa, 317 cognitive-motor impact of antiepileptics, 366-371 Retinol, psychotropic side effects, 40 I consequences of, 356-357 Rett's disorder, 304 and drug choice, 357 Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC), 108, drug prevalence in, 5&---60 110,118,120 febrile seizures, 356--357 Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and psychosocial factors, 366 (RCMAS), 111, 128, 129, 131, 134 pharmacotherapy of, 355-365 Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), and psychiatric disorders, 379 111, 123-124 risk of recurrence, 356 Reynolds Child Depression Scale, 123-124 seizure variables, 365-366 Risk management in treatment, 177-179 stimulants in, 228--229, 237 Risperdal®: see Risperidone types, 357, 358 Risperidone, 299, 301,304,308,313,472; see also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRls), Neuroleptics 251-253,255,267-275,472 Ritalin®: see Methylphenidate Selective mutism, 197 Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale for Autism Selegiline, 251,264--265,472; see also MAOI anti­ (RLRS), 112, 140 depressant drugs Rivotril®: see Clonazepam Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire (SIB-Q), 111, Rock: see Cocaine 138 Rolziracetam, 415, 474; see also Nootropics Self-injury, 191, 202-203 Rufinamide, 473; see also Antiepileptics opiate blockers in, 462--463 Rumination disorder of infancy, 195 Self-Report Manic Inventory, 111, 127 Semistructured Clinical Interview for Children, 107 Sabril®; see Vigabatrin (r-vinyl GABA) Separation anxiety disorder Saint John's wort, 454-455 benzodiazepines in, 438 Salbutamol, psychotropic sideeffects, 404 diagnostic features, 196 Salicylates, see also Antiinflammatory drugs instruments for assessing, 132 Satalol, 459 pharrnacotherapy of, 197 Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Serapax®: see Oxazepam for School-Age Children, 132 Serenace®: see Haloperidol Index 499

Serentil®: see Mesoridazine Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale (SDAS), Serlect®: see Sertindole 119 Seroquel®: see Quetiapine Social phobia Serotonin, 472; see also individual drugs, cellular diagnostic features, 197 actions pharmacotherapy, 197 and antidepressants, 252-256 Social phobie disorder, benzodiazepines in, 438 in anxiety disorders, 198-199 Social worker, 4 and depression, 189 Solvents: see Inhalants hypermetabolic crisis, 266--274; see also Somnambulism, 200 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome benzodiazepines in, 439 and lithium, 277 Somniset®: see Melatonin metabolites in CSF, 93 Sotacor® : see Sotalol and neuroleptics, 308 Sotalex®: see Sotalol receptors, 268 Sotalol, 474; see also ß-Blockers and suicide, 202-203 Sparine®: see Promazine Sertindole, 9, 299, 301, 308, 472; see also Special education, drug prevalence in, 55 Neuroleptics Speech and language Sertraline, 251-253, 255, 256, 265, 268, 269, 271, abnormalities, 280 272-273,275,472; see also Antidepres­ assessment, 80 sant drugs diagnosis, 192 Serzone®: see Nefazadone pharmacotherapy, 192 Serum levels: see Blood levels selective mutism, 197 Sexual disorders, 195 therapist, 4 Short Term Recognition Memory (STM) task, 147- Staff Observation Aggression Scale (SOAS), 118- 148; see also Performance tests 119 Sibelium®: see Flunarizine Standard of care, 177 Side effects, 80-88; see also individual drugs State-dependent learning, 219 Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), State-Trait Anxiety Scale for Children (STAIC), 111, 84-87 128,129,130-131,134 compliance and, 89 Stelazine®: see Trifluoperazine Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symp- Stemetil®: see Prochlorperazine tom Scale (DOTES), 83 Stereotypies, 192, 314 electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) in, 90-91 Steroids: see Corticosteroids general principles, 80-81 Stimucortex®: see Piracetam laboratory measures of, 90 Stimulants, 213-241, 471 measures of, 82-88 abuse of, 227, 232, 341-343 monitoring for, 80-95 and ADHD, 185 Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft and adverse publicity, 213-214 Signs (PANESS) in, 88 and AIDS, 229 rating scales for, 82-88 and antidepressants, 275 Simpson-Angus Scale for Extrapyramidal Symp­ and autism, 193 toms (SASEPS), 87 behavior and emotion effects, 216--217, 218- Subjective Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale 219 (STESS),83 blood levels and response, 215-216 Sinequan®: see Doxepin cardiovascular effects, 217-218, 227 Skin reactions and photosensitivity: see Neuroleptics cognition and achievement effects, 219 Sieep disorders in combination with other drugs, 238-239 anticholinergics, 444 contraindications, 237-238 antihistamines in, 443, 444 and depression, 238, 404 anxiolytics in, 434, 438-439 discontinuing medication, 236--237 benzodiazepines in, 438-439 dose,220-221,232-235,239 clonidine in, 448 drug interactions, 237-238 diagnostic features, 200 and EEG, 218 and L-tryptophan, 455 effects on social systems, 220 melatonin in, 453 generic forms, 234 pharmacotherapy of, 20 I height and weight suppression, 227 Smack: see Opiates history of use, 5-6 Smoking: see Tobacco indications, 228-231 500 Index

Stimulants (cont.) Tartrazine, 424-426, 475; see also Foods and sub- long-term effects, 22 I stances present in food and manic reaction, 403 TCAs: see Tricyclic antidepressants medical workup in, 23 I Teacher Report Form (TRF), 106, 110, 118, [20 monitoring procedures, 235-236 Tegretol®: see Carbamazepine and organic hallucinosis, 402 Temaril®: see Trimeprazine and other treatments, 2 I 3 Temazepam, 436, 474; see also Sedative-hypnotics overdose, 239 Temper tantrums: see Aggression pharmacology of, 2 I 4-2 I 6 Temperament scales, 141 physical effects, 2 I 7-2 I 8 Tenex®: see Guanfacine predictors ofresponse, 221-222 Tenoretic®: see Atenolol prescribing, 231-235 Tenormin®: see Atenolol prevalence of use, 2 I 3 Test ofVariables of Attention (TOVA) software, 150; side effects, 222-227, 236, 240 see also Computer testing and sleep, 2 18, 223 Tetrahydrocannabinol: see Cannabinols and SSRI antidepressants, 275 THC: see Cannabinols and lics and Tourette syndrome, 223-224, 229, Theophy IIine 237,240 chocolate containing, 420 tolerance, 2 I 6,223, 236 interactions with drugs, 33 St. John's Wort; see Hypericin interactions with lithium, 282 Stiripentol, 473; see also Antiepileptics psychotropic side effects, 395, 404 Strohmer-Prout Behavior Rating Scale: see Emo- Therapeutic tional Problems Scales alliance, 19 Structured interviews: see Interviews index, 38 Stuttering, cJonidine in, 479 range, 35-36 Substance abuse and dependence, see also Drug privilege, 169-170 abuse window,16 definition of, 329 Thioridazine, 298, 301, 303, 306, 308, 309, 310, diagnostic features, 200 311,317,319,471; see also Neuro­ pharmacotherapy of, 200 leptics Substance dependence disorders, 330 interactions, 32 Substance use disorders, 330 Thiothixene, 298, 301, 308, 471; see also Subjective treatment emergent symptom scale Neuroleptics (STESS),83 Thioxanthenes, 471; see also Neuro1eptics Succinimides, 362, 473; see also Antiepileptics Thorazine®: see Ch10rpromazine Sudden death: see Cardiotoxicity Thyroid, drugs, psychotropic side effects, 401, 406 Sugar, 475; see also Foods and substances present in function tests, 91-92 food hormones and behavior, 4 I 6-418 psychotropic side effects, 403 Suicide, 202 and lithium, 279 Surmontil®: see Trimipramine Tiagabine, 365, 473; see also Antiepileptics Sweeteners, 4 I 6-419 Tiabex®: see Tiagabine and phenylketonuria, 4 I 8 Tics, and Tourette's Disorder Sydnocarb, and psychotropic side effects, 401 benzodiazepines in, 440 Symmetrel®: see Amantadine biochemical correlates, 200 Symptom Checklist, I 12 clonidine in, 404 Symptoms, pharmacotherapy of, I 83-204 and drug abuse, 308 Systematic Assessment For Treatment Emergent diagnostic features, 199 Events (SAFTEE-G[), 87 instruments for assessing, 135-137 neuroleptics in, 305 Taractan®: see Chlorprothixene pharmacotherapy of, 199-200, 305 Tarasan®: see Ch10rprothixene prevalence of drug use in, 61-62 Tardive dyskinesia, 168; see also Dyskinesias; stimulants and, 223-224, 229, 237, 241 Neuroleptics and tardive Tourette's, 314 diagnosis, 87, 314 video tape assessment of, 137 and neuroleptics, 313-3 14 Timed Stereotypies Rating Scale, 112, 139 Tardive dystonia, 3 14-315 Timeprazine, 473; see also Sedative-hypnotics Tardive Tourette 's, 3 14 Timolol,474 Index 501

Timoptie®: see Timolol Trimipramine, 251-253, 255, 259,472; see also An- Tissue neerosis and vaseulitis, 318 tidepressants Tobaeeo Tryptophan, 420; see also Foods and behavior abuse of, 343-344 L-tryptophan, 475 effeet on drug elimination, 34 Turpentine, 340; see also Inhalants Tofranil®: see Imipramine Typewriter correction fluid: see Inhalants Toleranee, 330 Tyramine, 264 Topiramate, 473; see also Antiepilepties Tyrosine, 420--421,475; see also Foods and behav­ pharmaeology, 364-365 ior; Foods and substances in food psyehomotor effeets, 378 side effeets, 359 Urinalysis, 79, 95 usual dose, 359 Topomax®: see Topiramate Valium®: see Diazepam Toprol®: see Metoprolol Vallergan®: see Trimeprazine Total parenteral nutrition, 404 Valproate: 277, 284-285; see also Antiepileptics; Tourette's disorder (syndrome), see also Ties Antimanics bioehemieal eorrelates, 200 behavioral and cognitive effeets, 284, 375- c10nidine in, 199,448 376 diagnostie features, 199-200 in bipolar disorder, 188, 284 instruments for assessing, 135-137 in epilepsy, 359, 363 5-hydroxytryptophan in, 455 pharmacology, 325,329-330, 359, 363 neurolepties in, 305, 448 polyeystic ovaries and, 285 pharmacotherapy of, 199-200 in psychiatric disorders, 284 prevalence of drug use in, 61-62 psychotropie effects, 381 stimulants and, 223-224, 229, 237, 240 side effects and toxieity, 284, 359, 363 Tourette Syndrome Global Scale, 111, 135 usual dose, 359 Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, 111, 135 Valproie acid, 473; see also Mood stabilizers Tourette Syndrome Symptom List, I I I, 136 (antimanics) Toxicology, 93 Valproic acidldivalproex, 473; see also Tranquilizer Antiepileptics definition, 8 Valproic acid: see Valproate major, 8,9 Venlafaxine, 250--253, 255, 265, 268, 271, 272- minor,8 273, 276, 472; see also SSRI Antidepres­ Tranxene®: see Clorazepate Tranylcypramine; MAOI sants Tranylcypromine, 251, 263-265, 472; see also Anti­ Verapamil, 9, 277 depressants Verstran®: see Prazepam Trasicor®: see Oxyprenolol Vigabatrin, 473; see also Antiepileptics Trazodone, 251-255, 260, 275, 472; see also TCA pharmacology, 365 Antidepressants psychomotor effects, 378-379 Traumatic brain injuries, stimulants in, 229 side effects, 359 Treatment usual dose, 359 consent to: see Informed consent Vigilance: see Cognition drug: see Pharmacotherapy Vinblastine, psychotropic side effeets, 399 right to refuse, 169, 173-175 Vineristine, psychotropic side effects, 399 and risk management, 177 y-Vinyl-GABA: see Vigabatrin Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale (TESS), 83 Vistaril®: see Hydroxyzine Tremor, and ß adrenergie blockers, 412 Vitamin A, psychotropic side effects, 398 Trexan®: see Naltrexone Vitamin B., 475; see also Foods and substances Triazolam, 435, 436, 438, 474; see also Anxiolytics; present in food Benzodiazepines; Sedative-hypnotics Vitamin D, psychotropic side effects, 402 Tricyclic antidepressants, 472 Vitamins/minerals, 421-423, 475; see also Foods Trifluoperazine, 298, 303, 308; see also and behavior; Foods and substances pres­ Neuroleptics ent in food Trihexyphenidyl, 472; see also Antiparkinson deficiency states, 421 drugs and excess sugar, 422 Trilafon®: see Perphenazine megavitamins, 422-423 Trimeprazine, 444, 473; see also Antihistamines; supplementation, 421-423 Sedative-hypnotics Vivactil®: see Protriptyline 502 Index

Weed: see Cannabis Xanax®: see Alprazolam Wellbutrin®: see Bupropion Weight, see also Appetite suppressants Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, 111, 131- and eating disorders, 193-195 132 gain with neuroleptics, 317, 318 Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, 111, 135 loss with stimulants, 217, 227 Yohimbine, psychotropic side effects, 402-403 Werry-Weiss-Peters Activity Scale, 116 Youth Self-Report (YSR), 106, 110, 120 Wilson's disease, 94 Withdrawal (drug), 330 Withdrawal effects Zarontin®: see Ethosuximide antidepressants, 258 Zebeta®: see Bisoprolol antimanics, 286 Zeldox®: see Ziprasidone anxiolytics, 286, 442 Zinc and behavior, 423, 475; see also Foods and sub­ c\onidine, 450 stances present in food definition, 298 Ziprasidone, 9, 298, 308, 471; see also Neuro- drugs of abuse, 200 leptics dyskinesias, 314 Zoloft®: see Sertraline neuroleptics, 87, 314, 315 Zonisamide, 473; see also Antiepileptics stimulants, 225 Zopiclone, 435; see also Anxiolytics Withdrawal Emergent Symptom Checklist (WESC), 87 Zyprexa®: see Olanzapine