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“NORWAY” New Developments, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues

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“NORWAY” New Developments, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues Norwegian national report 2008 2008 NATIONAL REPORT (2007 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point “NORWAY” New Developments, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues Norwegian Institute of Alcohol and Drug Research - SIRUS 1 Norwegian national report 2008 Acknowledgements Since 2001, SIRUS has been the Norwegian Focal Point for the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction - EMCDDA. All member countries submit an annual national report and, in addition, a number of standardised tables, mainly epidemiological data. In 2008, two comprehensive questionnaires have also been completed, on treatment programmes and on prevention of health-related harm associated with drug use. They have been submitted separately to the EMCDDA. As in previous years, this 8th annual national report on the drug situation in Norway has been drawn up in accordance with the reporting guidelines common to all member states in the EMCDDA. Since the report is intended to be brief and to primarily cover important development trends, it may appear rather fragmentary. Little of the information provided in last year’s report will be repeated in this report. References are included instead. However, we hope that the report will prove useful to readers who wish to familiarise themselves with the drugs situation in Norway. SIRUS wishes to express its gratitude to all experts, external partners and public institutions that helped in the preparation of the report. Our thanks go in particular to the co-authors who have made textual contributions and to the author of the selected topic. Oslo, November 2008 Odd Hordvin Head of Focal Point 2 Norwegian national report 2008 Authors Editor: Odd Hordvin With the assistance of Astrid Skretting and Jostein Rise, SIRUS Co-authors: Ministry of Health and Care Services: Chapter 1 Hege C.Lauritzen, SIRUS: Chapter 3 Directorate of Health: Chapter 3 Ellen J. Amundsen, SIRUS: Chapters 4.1 and 6.1 Einar Ødegård, SIRUS: Chapter 6.1 Hans Blystad, Norwegian Institute of Public Health: Chapter 6.2 Tormod Bønes, National Criminal Investigation Service: Chapter 10.3 Author of selected issue, Chapter 11: Ragnar Hauge, SIRUS/University of Oslo Translation : Allegro Language Services, Bergen 3 Norwegian national report 2008 Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 2 Authors ................................................................................................................................. 3 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 5 PART A: New Developments and Trends ................................................................................ 8 1. National policies and context ............................................................................................ 9 1.1 Legal framework .......................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Institutional framework, strategies and policies ........................................................... 9 1.2.1 Norwegian National Action Plan on Alcohol and Drugs .......................................... 10 1.2.2 New research centre .................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Budget and public expenditure .................................................................................. 11 1.4 Social and cultural context ........................................................................................ 14 2. Drug use in the population .............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Drug use in the general population ........................................................................... 14 2.2 Drug use in the school and youth population ............................................................ 15 2.2.1 Drug use among youth aged 15-20 .......................................................................... 15 2.3 Drug use among specific groups ............................................................................... 20 2.3.1. Drug use among persons from immigrant backgrounds ....................................... 20 3. Prevention ....................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Universal prevention ................................................................................................. 23 3.2 Selective prevention .................................................................................................. 25 3.3 Indicated prevention .................................................................................................. 25 4. Problem Drug Use and the Treatment Population .......................................................... 26 4.1 Prevalence and incidence estimates of PDU ............................................................ 27 4.2. Treatment demand indicator .................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Profiles of clients in medically assisted treatment ................................................... 28 4.3 PDUs from non- treatment sources .......................................................................... 30 5. Drug-related treatment .................................................................................................... 30 5.1 Treatment systems .................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Drug-free treatment ................................................................................................... 32 5.3 Pharmacologically-assisted treatment ...................................................................... 33 6. Health correlates and consequences ............................................................................. 33 6.1 Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users ....................................................... 33 6.2 Drug-related infectious diseases ............................................................................... 36 6.2.1 HIV and AIDS ................................................................................................................ 36 6.2.2 Hepatitis ......................................................................................................................... 37 6.3 Psychiatric co-morbidity ............................................................................................ 38 7. Responses to health correlates and consequences ....................................................... 38 7.1 Prevention of drug-related deaths ............................................................................. 38 7.1.1 Evaluation of the trial scheme for injection rooms ................................................... 38 7.1.2 Evaluation of low-threshold health services ............................................................. 40 7.2 Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases .................................. 42 7.3 Interventions related to psychiatric co-morbidity ....................................................... 42 7.3.1 National professional guidelines for examining, treating and following up persons with serious mental health problems and concurrent drug or alcohol problems........... 42 8. Social correlates and consequences .............................................................................. 43 8.1 Social exclusion ........................................................................................................ 43 4 Norwegian national report 2008 8.2 Drug-related crime .................................................................................................... 43 8.2.1 Drug offences ................................................................................................................ 43 8.2.2 Driving offences ........................................................................................................... 44 8.3 Drug use in prison ..................................................................................................... 46 8.4 Social costs ............................................................................................................... 48 9. Responses to social correlates and consequences ........................................................ 48 9.1 Social re-integration .................................................................................................. 48 9.2 Prevention of drug-related crime ............................................................................... 48 9.2.1 Assistance to drug users in prison ............................................................................. 48 10. Drug Markets ................................................................................................................ 49 10.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 49 10.2 Production, sources of supply and trafficking patterns ............................................ 50 10.3 Seizures .................................................................................................................. 50 10.3.1 Seizures and purity of different types of drugs ...................................................... 52
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