What Do Plants Need Action Potentials For?
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A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(S): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M
A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(s): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M. Gordon Reviewed work(s): Source: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 20 (1989), pp. 349-366 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097096 . Accessed: 10/02/2012 12:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. http://www.jstor.org Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989. 20:349-66 Copyright ? 1989 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved A FRAMEWORKFOR PLANT BEHAVIOR Jonathan Silvertown' and Deborah M. Gordon2 'BiologyDepartment, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UnitedKingdom 2Departmentof Zoology,University of Oxford,South Parks Rd, Oxford,OXI 3PS, UnitedKingdom INTRODUCTION The language of animalbehavior is being used increasinglyto describecertain plant activities such as foraging (28, 31, 56), mate choice (67), habitatchoice (51), and sex change (9, 10). Furthermore,analytical tools such as game theory, employed to model animal behavior, have also been applied to plants (e.g. 42, 54). There is some question whetherwords used to describe animal behavior, such as the word behavior itself, or foraging, can be properly applied to the activities of plants. -
Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MJSCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-I'"i nit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture WMW (Publication 3013) t APR5-k CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture (Publication 3013) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 Z^c Bovb (^aPfttnorc (preee BALTIMORE, MD., O. 8. A, TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA By N. E. McIndoo senior entomologist, deciduous-fruit insect investigations, bureau of entomology, u. s. department of agriculture CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 2 A. Tropisins 2 I. Phototaxis 3 1. Review of literature : 3 (a) Definitions and problems in the study of light reactions... 3 (b) Are light reactions adaptive ? 4 (c) Is orientation accomplished by selection of trial movements? 5 (d) How do light rays bring about orientation? 5 (e) Do circus movements support Loeb's theory? 5 (f ) What wave lengths stimulate insects most? 6 (g) Light traps are not yet considered successful 9 2. Phototactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 10 II. Chemotaxis 14 1. Review of literature 14 2. Chemotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 17 III. Geotaxis 19 1. Review of literature 19 2. Geotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 20 IV. Thigmotaxis 21 1. Review of literature 21 2. Thigmotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 22 B. -
Ovary Signals for Directional Pollen Tube Growth
Sex Plant Reprod (2001) 14:3–7 © Springer-Verlag 2001 REVIEW M. Herrero Ovary signals for directional pollen tube growth Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2001 Abstract In angiosperms, the female gametophyte has a work has focussed on pollen tube growth along the stig- secluded life; it is protected by several concentric layers ma and style, the ovary has been neglected; it has often that envelop each other. The embryo sac is surrounded been assumed that once the pollen tubes arrive at the by the nucellus, which in turn is wrapped by the integu- base of the style fertilisation occurs. However, informa- ments forming the ovule, which is nested in the ovary. tion is converging toward the concept (Herrero 2000) These wrappings are not hermetic, but contain little that the process is far from straightforward, and that in “gates” the pollen tube must traverse on its way towards the ovary, also, an interesting male-female interaction the embryo sac. Information is emerging that shows that occurs. the ovary and ovule provide signals orienting and direct- A close look at the ovary shows that the female game- imng the pollen tube on the right course. There are three tophyte has a secluded life, protected by a number of main bodies of evidence supporting this hypothesis. One concentric layers that consecutively envelop each other. relates to developmental changes in the female tissues Thus, the embryo sac is surrounded by the nucellus, and how they affect pollen tube growth. The second re- which in turn is wrapped by the integuments forming the fers to defective ovule mutants, which induce defective ovule, which is nested in the ovary. -
Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 28 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M2) 28-57 Open Access Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi Alexander Lichius1,* and Kathryn M. Lord2 1Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Abstract: Research on cell communication and differentiation in filamentous fungi has provided a number of novel insights into chemoattractive mechanisms in recent years. Still, identification of specific chemoattractant molecules, cognate receptors and downstream signaling pathways is strongly biased towards those involved in mating; probably due to the relative ease of functional genomic comparison to the budding yeast model. The multicellular nature of filamentous fungi, however, preserved a more complex morphology compared to unicellular fungi and revealed chemoattractive mechanisms lost during yeast evolution. Two hallmarks of this higher complexity are the formation of an interconnected colony network and the development of elaborate sexual reproductive organs. Morphogenesis of both structures depends on two different modes of chemoattraction: attraction to self and attraction to nonself. Nonself chemoattraction between genetically distinct mating partners is the basis for sexual reproduction and generally regulated through a bilateral sex- pheromone/cognate-receptor system, widely but not exclusively equivalent to that known from yeasts. In contrast, self- chemoattraction between genetically identical cells is regulated independently of the sex-pheromone/cognate-receptor systems, and does not exist in yeast. Although both chemoattractive modes do share a number of molecular components, we are only beginning to understand how cell morphogenesis is regulated by means of gene expression and targeted protein recruitment during the establishment of self-fusion. -
Plant-Environment Interactions: from Sensory Plant Biology to Active
Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Jorge Vivanco Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA František Baluška Editor Plant-Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior Editor František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology IZMB University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 D-53115 Bonn Germany email: [email protected] ISSN 1867-9048 ISBN 978-3-540-89229-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89230-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938968 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com František Baluška dedicates this book to Prof. -
Chemical Gradients and Chemotropism in Yeast
Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Chemical Gradients and Chemotropism in Yeast Robert A. Arkowitz Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer, Universite´ de Nice - Sophia Antipolis – CNRS UMR6543, Centre de Biochimie, Faculte´ des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, FRANCE Correspondence: [email protected] Chemical gradients of peptide mating pheromones are necessary for directional growth, which is critical for yeast mating. These gradients are generated by cell-type specific secretion or export and specific degradation in receiving cells. Spatial information is sensed by dedicated seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors and yeast cells are able to detect extremely small differences in ligand concentration across their 5-mm cell surface. Here, I will discuss our current knowledge of how cells detect and respond to such shallow chemical gradients and in particular what is known about the proteins that are involved in directional growth and the establishment of the polarity axis during yeast mating. hemical gradients play critical roles in a G-proteins, as well the mechanisms involved Clarge number of developmental processes. in detection of small differences in ligand con- These gradients, which are precisely controlled centration across a yeast cell. The third section at both temporal and spatial levels, provide focuses on the different cellular responses an efficient means of encoding vectorial during chemotropism, in addition to what is information. Although diverse fungi generate known about how a growth site and an axis of chemical pheromone gradients during mating, polarity are established in response to an exter- because of its genetic tractability, most studies nal gradient. -
Chemocyanin, a Small Basic Protein from the Lily Stigma, Induces Pollen Tube Chemotropism
Chemocyanin, a small basic protein from the lily stigma, induces pollen tube chemotropism Sunran Kim*†, Jean-Claude Mollet*†‡, Juan Dong*, Kangling Zhang§, Sang-Youl Park*, and Elizabeth M. Lord*¶ *Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, and §Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Edited by June B. Nasrallah, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved October 24, 2003 (received for review June 19, 2003) In plant reproduction, pollination is an essential process that 2–3 days of anthesis. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were delivers the sperm through specialized extracellular matrices (ECM) grown in a growth chamber (12 h light͞dark cycle) at 22°C. For of the pistil to the ovule. Although specific mechanisms of guid- the expression studies, mature anthers, petals, and pistils were ance for pollen tubes through the pistil are not known, the female collected on the day of anthesis, as well as leaves and roots. tissues play a critical role in this event. Many studies have docu- mented the existence of diffusible chemotropic factors in the lily Protein Purification. The protein purification method was de- stigma that can induce pollen tube chemotropism in vitro, but no scribed previously (12) and used with some modifications. molecules have been isolated to date. In this study, we identified Proteins from 64 g of stigmas, ground in PBS (0.14 M NaCl͞2.7 ͞ ͞ a chemotropic compound from the stigma by use of biochemical mM KCl 1.5 mM KH2PO4 8.1 mM Na2HPO4), were precipi- ⅐ methods. We purified a lily stigma protein that is active in an in tated between 25% and 90% (NH4)2 SO4, dialyzed, applied to a vitro chemotropism assay by using cation exchange, gel filtration, CM-Sephadex C-25 cation exchange column (pH 5.6), and and HPLC. -
Heterotrimeric-G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Yeast Mating Pheromone Response*
JBC Thematic Minireview Series on the "Cell Biology of G Protein Signaling" Dohlman HG (Ed.) Heterotrimeric-G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling in Yeast Mating Pheromone Response* Christopher G. Alvaro1 and Jeremy Thorner2 From the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202 Running Title: Yeast Mating Pheromone Receptors Corresponding Author: Prof. Jeremy Thorner, Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Room 526, Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202. Tel.: (510) 642-2558; FAX: (510) 642-6420; E-mail: [email protected] Key words: signal transduction; gene regulation; post-translational modification; protein phosphorylation; cell adhesion; cell cycle arrest; polarized morphogenesis; cell fusion; nuclear fusion. _________________________________________ from the middle of the longer arm of Chromosome III (1). Analysis of the DNA sequence, transcripts The DNAs encoding the receptors that respond and polypeptides encoded at the MATa and MATα to the peptide mating pheromones of the loci demonstrated that these sequences encode budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were transcriptional activators and repressors that, along isolated in 1985, and were the very first genes with additional factors for co-activation and co- for agonist-binding heterotrimeric-G-protein- repression, control expression of the genes that coupled receptors (GPCRs) to be cloned in any confer the characteristics of the two different organism. Now, over thirty years later, this haploid cell types (and of the diploids arising from yeast and its receptors continue to provide a their mating) (1). pathfinding experimental paradigm for The genes responsible for mating behavior that investigating GPCR-initiated signaling and its are controlled by the regulatory proteins encoded at regulation, as described in this retrospective MAT were largely identified in the search for and overview. -
Mechanisms of Chemotropism in Fungi: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae As a Model
Mechanisms of Chemotropism in Fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model by Manuella Rossette Clark-Cotton Department of Cell Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Daniel J. Lew, Supervisor ___________________________ Stefano Di Talia ___________________________ Steve Haase ___________________________ Terry Lechler ___________________________ Christopher Nicchitta Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cell Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 ABSTRACT Mechanisms of Chemotropism in Fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model by Manuella Rossette Clark-Cotton Department of Cell Biology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Daniel J. Lew, Supervisor ___________________________ Stefano Di Talia ___________________________ Steve Haase ___________________________ Terry Lechler ___________________________ Christopher Nicchitta An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cell Biology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 Copyright by Manuella Rossette Clark-Cotton 2021 Abstract Budding yeast decode pheromone gradients to locate mating partners, providing a model of chemotropism in fungi. How yeast polarize toward a single partner in crowded environments is unclear. Initially, cells often polarize in unproductive directions, but then they -
Identifying Molecular Functions of Heliotropic Motor Tissue Through Proteomic Analysis of Soybean Pulvini
ABSTRACT Title of Document: IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS OF HELIOTROPIC MOTOR TISSUE THROUGH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN PULVINI Hakme Lee, M.S., 2012 Directed By: Professor Joseph Sullivan, Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture Heliotropic and nyctinastic leaf movement are mediated in soybean through turgor changes in the motor cells of the pulvinus, located at the base of the leaves. While some elements of the signaling pathways have been studied, a broad-scale protein identification has not yet been reported. In my research pulvini proteins were extracted in light- and dark-harvested soybean using the TCA/acetone method and identified by LC-MS/MS. Gene ontology analysis revealed proteins involved in proton transport were enriched in the soybean pulvinus proteome compared to a background soybean proteome. Proteins more highly expressed in the light were mostly stress response proteins, while under-expressed proteins were categorized as energy proteins. Further investigations using more sensitive extraction protocols and a multitude of sample times will build on these initial results to provide a thorough examination of heliotropic mechanisms at the molecular level. IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS OF HELIOTROPIC MOTOR TISSUE THROUGH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN PULVINI By Hakme Lee Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2012 Advisory Committee: Professor Joseph Sullivan, Chair Associate Professor Irwin Forseth Adjunct Assistant Professor Savithiry Natarajan © Copyright by Hakme Lee 2012 Dedication I would like to thank my parents and my siblings for loving me just as I am. -
Methods the Study of Chemotropic Response Because of Its
\A STUDY OF CHEMOTROPISM OF POLLEN TUBES IN VITRO TSUNG-HSUN TSAO1 (WITH THREE FIGURES) Received March 3, 1949 Introduction Although much has been added to our knowledge concerning the re- quirements for pollen germination and pollen tube growth in recent years (1, 2, 4, 10, 17, 18), very little progress has been made in studying chemo- tropism of pollen tubes. Literature dealing with this subject prior to 1924 has been reviewed by BRINK (3). There is an obvious lack of agreement among the different workers as to: (a) whether chemotropism of pollen tubes to pistil parts exists at all; and (b) if so, the role that chemotropism plays in directing the pollen tubes toward the egg. The present investiga- tion is an attempt to further our knowledge of this process. Methods The plant materials used during the course of this investigation came chiefly from the greenhouses of the Botany Department and the garden of the Horticulture Department of the University of Wisconsin. An attempt was made to use as many plant species as were available and had been re- ported in the literature to show positive pollen tube chemotropism, with a view to confirming and testing the earlier results. Of these plants, Hippeas- trumk Johnsoni, a hybrid, was found to be the most favorable material for the study of chemotropic response because of its large stigma and pollen grains. Its use, however, was limited by its restricted flowering season. The medium found most suitable for culturing pollen tubes of most plants contained 1%o agar, 10% sucrose and yeast extract at a concentra- tion of 100 p.p.m.