DOCSLIB.ORG

Broadband for All? Gaps in California’S Broadband Adoption and Availability

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Broadband for All? Gaps in California’S Broadband Adoption and Availability Public Policy Institute of California CEP California Economic Policy Ellen Hanak, editor Volume 3, Number 2 n July 2007 Broadband for All? Gaps in California’s Broadband Adoption and Availability By Jed Kolko SUMMARY early half of California households have broadband (high- speed) Internet access. Broadband is more widely available Nin higher-income and higher-density areas, and there are large gaps in access between the urbanized coastal regions of California and the more rural inland areas. Differences in broadband adoption rates between different racial and ethnic groups are also significant, although some of these are due to different rates of computer ownership. The technical features of broadband, including the scale economies in providing broadband infrastructure, make some regions of California more profitable to serve than others, leading to gaps in availability. Even where broadband is available, the cost of service, as well as the cost of computer hardware, results in higher rates of adoption for some than others. However, these gaps are hard to measure. This issue of California Economic Policy assesses the extent of inequalities in broadband adoption and availability in California, using an innovative method to measure its availability. All levels of government—federal, state, and local—have policies to make broadband more widely available: Policymakers hope to raise the overall level of adoption and to close the gaps between those who have access and those who do not. This report reviews the policy approaches that California and its cities are taking to raise broadband adoption and availability, includ- ing local efforts to provide municipal Wi-Fi (wireless broadband). It concludes that broadband policy in California should focus on increasing availability in rural areas and helping raise adoption rates among disadvantaged groups in urban areas. California Economic Policy is a series analyzing and discussing policy issues affecting the California economy. California Economic Policy Broadband for All? Introduction more available to businesses encourage job growth, increase profits, or raise productivity? Does mak- alifornia policymakers both locally and at ing broadband more available to public workers the state level are undertaking numerous lower crime rates or improve emergency response? initiatives to raise the level of residential C The answers to these essential questions are largely broadband Internet adoption in the state. Through unknown, and academic research is only beginning regulation, subsidies, and direct provision, state to approach them. and local governments seek to make broadband Nonetheless, there are several cogent argu- more widely available and, where available, to raise ments for the proposition that government should adoption rates among groups less likely to have be involved in raising broadband availability and access. However, in trying to overcome these gaps adoption and that—in the absence of government in availability and adoption, policymakers lack clear involvement—broadband use could be below a information about who in California has access to socially optimal level. On the supply side, broad- broadband and who can get it. In fact, the only band provision involves high fixed costs, especially comprehensive measure of availability widely used in rural areas; if providers were to spread the fixed by policymakers is flawed and certainly overstates cost of provision among subscribers, prices would the level of broadband availability in the state. be above marginal cost and too few people would This report uses an alternative measure to adopt. Furthermore, broadband is most efficiently assess the extent of broadband availability, adop- provided using publicly owned resources: Digital tion, and the digital divide within California. It subscriber lines (DSL) and cable lines follow exist- seeks to answer the following questions: ing rights-of-way, and wireless networks involve • Does California lead or lag the country in siting antennae on public property. On the demand broadband adoption?1 side, there might be positive externalities in broad- • Are there inequalities in broadband availabil- band adoption, so that the benefits to society of ity within California? someone adopting broadband exceed individual • Are there inequalities in adoption within Cali- benefit. Also, broadband adoption encourages some fornia and, if so, are such inequalities more online behaviors, such as looking up medical infor- pronounced for broadband adoption or com- mation, leading to better health outcomes—some- puter ownership? thing most societies consider to be a public benefit. Why should overcoming a broadband digital Finally, businesses may be drawn to places where divide, or raising the level of broadband adoption, broadband is more widely available, both for bet- be a policy goal? No one argues ter infrastructure and for a workforce that is more that government should boost technologically literate, so governments consider Through regulation, ownership of other technologies broadband to be an economic development tool.2 subsidies, and direct such as DVD players and digital The first section of this report reviews the dif- ferent aspects of the term “digital divide.” The provision, state and local cameras. The difference is that broadband access (and Internet second section explains the economics of broad- governments seek to access generally) is believed to band and the technical features that could lead to make broadband more give social or economic benefits geographic differences in availability. The third widely available and, that are in the public interest. But section outlines current broadband policy at the where available, to raise does making broadband more federal, state, and local levels. The fourth explains available to residents improve an alternative approach to measuring broadband adoption rates among health outcomes, lower unem- availability: This involves inferring availability groups less likely to have ployment, or improve job qual- from adoption patterns found in a particularly rich access. ity? Does making broadband dataset, and it overcomes important shortcomings 2 PU B L ic P O L ic Y I N S tit U te O F C A L if ORN ia California Economic Policy Broadband for All? Text Box 1. Should We Care About Closing the Digital Divide? Some research has found positive effects of Internet use A companion study (Kolko, 2007) looks at how generally, although not broadband specifically, on social broadband adoption changes online behaviors—it has and economic outcomes. For example, using the Inter- a positive and significant effect on downloading music, net to get vehicle price information lowers costs to con- purchasing, visiting adult sites, and researching medica- sumers by around 2 percent; furthermore, online vehicle tions and medical conditions. Adopting broadband has price information eliminates the price premium that racial no statistically significant effect, however, on visiting job minorities pay offline for new cars (see Morton, Zettel- or government sites—two of the many goals that govern- meyer, and Silva-Risso, 2001, 2003). A separate study finds ments regularly hope for when considering municipal that home computer adoption is greater among people wireless initiatives. whose family or friends are more likely to use computers Some studies have attempted to measure the aggre- and, specifically, email. This finding suggests that Internet gate economic effect of higher broadband adoption, use offers a positive externality, which although not a part focusing on the effect of wider broadband deployment of the public debate about broadband policy, is the kind on job growth (especially in telecom industries respon- of justification for public spending that economists find sible for building the infrastructure), cost savings from compelling (see Goolsbee and Klenow, 2002). increased business efficiency, and the increase in con- Other research, however, finds that the Internet does sumer well-being. Estimates of the economic benefit not necessarily lower consumer prices or even benefit its of broadband are highly sensitive to methodology and users. Average online book prices are no lower than in tra- assumptions: One study’s estimates range from $32 bil- ditional bookstores, and online sellers exhibit significant lion to $350 billion per year in consumer surplus nation- dispersion associated with differentiated strategies (see ally, depending on assumptions about the shape of the Clay et al., 2002). Job searchers who use the Internet do demand curve (Criterion Economics, 2003).3 not have shorter unemployment durations than searchers who do not (see Kuhn and Skuterud, 2004). in other measures of broadband availability tradi- ties in how much benefit indi- tionally used in policy analysis. The fifth section viduals get from information Why should overcoming presents findings about broadband availability and technology. Furthermore, the a broadband digital adoption in California. The final section draws digital divide can refer to a wide divide, or raising the level conclusions and suggests courses of action. range of information technolo- gies. This report focuses on the of broadband adoption, digital divide in broadband, and be a policy goal? Gaps in Broadband Availability this section describes how avail- ability, adoption, and complementary skills con- and Adoption tribute to the broadband digital divide. This report general definition of the digital divide is also considers the digital
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wireline Broadband Internet Transport Service
    ARDMORE TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC. RATES, TERMS AND CONDITIONS WIRELINE BROADBAND INTERNET TRANSPORT SERVICE RATES, TERMS AND CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO WIRELINE BROADBAND INTERNET TRANSPORT SERVICE FURNISHED BY ARDMORE TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC. Study Area Code (“SAC”) Number 290280 FOR SERVICES AS PROVIDED FOR HEREIN DATE: July 1, 2011 1 ARDMORE TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC. RATES, TERMS AND CONDITIONS WIRELINE BROADBAND INTERNET TRANSPORT SERVICE TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: General 1.1 Application of Rates, Terms and Conditions 1.2 Definitions Section 2: Terms and Conditions 2.1 Undertaking of the Company 2.1.A Scope 2.1.B Limitations 2.2 Obligations of the Customer 2.3 Liabilities of the Company 2.4 Application for Service 2.5 Executed Agreements 2.5.A Agreement 2.5.B Technical Standards Supplement (“TS Supplement”) 2.6 Charges and Payments for Service 2.6.A Deposits 2.6.B Description of Payment and Billing Periods 2.6.C Taxes and Other Charges 2.6.D Federal Universal Service Charge (“FUSC”) 2.6.E Payment and Late Payment Charge 2.6.F Credit Allowance/Service Interruptions 2.6.G Service Interruption Measurement 2.7 Termination or Denial of Service by the Company 2.8 Billing Disputes 2.9 Limitations 2.9.A WBITS ADSL Limitations 2.9.B WBITS SDSL Limitations DATE: July 1, 2011 2 ARDMORE TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC. RATES, TERMS AND CONDITIONS WIRELINE BROADBAND INTERNET TRANSPORT SERVICE Section 3: Description of Service 3.1 General 3.1.A DSL Access Service Connection 3.1.B Designated End User Premises 3.2 WBITS Service Classes and Options 3.2.A WBITS
    [Show full text]
  • Scanless Fast Handoff Technique Based on Global Path-Cache for Wlans
    Scanless fast handoff technique based on global Path-Cache for WLANs Wanalertlak, W., Lee, B., Yu, C., Kim, M., Park, S. M., & Kim, W. T. (2013). Scanless fast handoff technique based on global Path-Cache for WLANs. Journal of Supercomputing, 66(3), 1320-1349. doi:10.1007/s11227-012-0805-7 10.1007/s11227-012-0805-7 Springer Accepted Manuscript http://hdl.handle.net/1957/48745 http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Journal of Supercomputing manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Scanless Fast Handoff Technique Based on Global Path Cache for WLANs Weetit Wanalertlak · Ben Lee · Chansu Yu · Myungchul Kim · Seung-Min Park · Won-Tae Kim Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract Wireless LANs (WLANs) have been widely adopted and are more convenient as they are inter-connected as wireless campus networks and wire- less mesh networks. However, time-sensitive multimedia applications, which have become more popular, could suffer from long end-to-end latency in WLANs. This is due mainly to handoff delay, which in turn is caused by channel scan- ning. This paper proposes a technique called Global Path-Cache (GPC) that provides fast handoffs in WLANs. GPC properly captures the dynamic be- havior of the network and MSs, and provides accurate next-AP predictions to minimize the handoff latency. Moreover, the handoff frequencies are treated Weetit Wanalertlak and Ben Lee School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA Tel.: 1-541-737-3148 E-mail: {wanalewe,benl}@eecs.orst.edu Chansu
    [Show full text]
  • The Philadelphia Story Learning from a Municipal Wireless Pioneer
    The Philadelphia Story Learning from a Municipal Wireless Pioneer Joshua Breitbart, Author Naveen Lakshmipathy, Appendices Sascha D. Meinrath, Editor NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION 1 The Philadelphia Story Learning from a Municipal Wireless Pioneer Joshua Breitbart, Author Naveen Lakshmipathy, Appendices Sascha D. Meinrath, Editor Washington, DC Contents Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................3 Keys To Successful Municipal Wireless Network Deployment......................................................................4 Welcome To Philadelphia ............................................................................................................................................7 About This Report ..........................................................................................................................................................8 Philadelphia A Case Study..........................................................................................................9 Pilot Project.......................................................................................................................................................................9 The Executive Committee .........................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)13/FINAL
    Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)13/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 20-Mar-2006 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)13/FINAL Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies POLICY CONSIDERATIONS OF VOIP English - Or. English JT03206036 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)13/FINAL FOREWORD This report was discussed by the Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies in December 2005. The Working Party agreed to recommend its declassification to the ICCP Committee. The Committee declassified the report in March 2006. The report was prepared by Mr. Jaebum Lee of the ICCP secretariat. It is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General. c OECD / c OCDE 2006. 2 DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)13/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN POINTS............................................................................................................................................... 4 I. PURPOSE, SCOPE, DEFINITION......................................................................................................... 6 II. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VOIP.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Subscriber Loop Introduction
    DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LOOP INTRODUCTION • Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology, for Internet access. • DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same telephone line since DSL uses higher frequency bands for data. On the customer premises, a DSL filter on each non-DSL outlet blocks any high-frequency interference to enable simultaneous use of the voice and DSL services. • The bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to over 100 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. Bit rates of 1 Gbit/s have been reached.[1] • In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction (the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) services, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached speeds over 1 Gbit/s for symmetrical broadband access services using traditional copper telephone lines, though such speeds have not yet been deployed elsewhere OTL553-TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK MANAGEMENT/Mr.C.JEEVANANTHAM 2 AP/ECE Operation • Telephones are connected to the telephone exchange via a local loop, which is a physical pair of wires. The local loop was originally intended mostly for the transmission of speech, encompassing an audio frequency range of 300 to 3400 hertz (voiceband or commercial bandwidth).
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Content
    Annual report 2020 CONTENT FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS OPERATIONAL STATISTICS INTRODUCTION LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS CORPORATE PROFILE INVESTOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT BOARD SUPERVISORY BOARD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CODE COMPLIANCE STATEMENT SUPERVISORY BOARD REPORT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC BACKGROUND CROATIAN MARKET OVERVIEW REGULATORY OVERVIEW CHANGES IN REPORTING BUSINESS REVIEW SUMMARY OF KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS – HT GROUP (INCLUDING CRNOGORSKI TELEKOM) SUMMARY OF KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS – HT GROUP IN CROATIA SUMMARY OF KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS – CRNOGORSKI TELEKOM STANDALONE OVERVIEW OF SEGMENT PROFITABILITY HT INC. FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY HT GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENT CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Income statement in HRK million 2019 2020 % of change Q4 2019 Q4 2020 % of change BALANCE SHEET At 31 Dec At 31 Dec % of change At 31 Dec At 31 Dec % of change A20/A19 A20/A19 2019 2020 A20/A19 2019 2020 A20/A19 Total non current assets 10.447 10.415 -0,3% 10.447 10.415 -0,3% Revenue 7.704 7.458 -3,2% 1.992 1.966 -1,3% Assets classified as held for sale 68 2 -97,1% 68 2 -97,1% Mobile 3.464 3.325 -4,0%
    [Show full text]
  • American Telecom 2006: Directions of Change
    American Telecom 2006: Directions of Change Eli M. Noam Columbia Institute for Tele-Information Istanbul May 2006 1 Outline 1. Boom, Bust & Volatility 2. Consolidation 3. Broadband and Net Neutrality 4. Unbundling 5. Broadband Industries 6. Emerging Market Structure 2 Recent Phases of American Telecommunications Evolution and Policy • ~10-year phases – 1972-1982 Emergence of long distance competition – 1982-1995 Breakup of AT&T monopoly and clean- up – 1995-2005 emergence of narrowband Internet as mass medium; boom and bust • 2005- broadband convergence and impact on re-write of communications law 3 1. Boom, Bust, and Recovery 4 1990s Were the “Golden Age” of Networks • More electronic information • More users • More innovation (faster, cheaper, more functionality) 5 Boom and Bust 2000... 250 200 150 100 SP500 50 1995 SP500teleco 1996 1997 Source: 19Standard98 & Poor’s Index 1999 2000 Committees, SPGlobaldata.com 2001 2002 1 May 6 …the Bust • Telecom downturn biggest bust since collapse of railroads in 1890s • The Economist: 10 times bigger than dotcom collapse • ¾ of start-ups became gave- ups 7 Telecom’s Paradox • Telecom industry is in crisis in the midst of rapid technological progress and strong user demand 8 “Perfect Storm” or “Fundamental Instability”? 9 “Perfect Storm” Scenario • Slowing economy • Slowing Internet • Criminal managers • Incompetent managers • Dumb investors • Ignorant regulators • Sept. 11 (U.S.) 10 “Fundamental Instability” • Low marginal, high fixed costs • Competition • Price deflation • Lags in supply and in regulation • Credit cycles • Technology shocks 11 Info Sector Crash • The entire information sector-- from music to newspapers to telecoms to internet to semiconductors-- has become subject to a gigantic market crash, in slow motion.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Subscriber Line (Dsl) Service Guide
    Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company Original Title Page DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE SERVICE GUIDE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) SERVICE GUIDE REGULATIONS, RATES, AND CHARGES Applying to the Provision of DSL For Customers of Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company This DSL Service Guide does not include Internet Access, Content or any connections Beyond the Telephone Company’s central office Effective: July 2, 2019 Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company 510 B Avenue Kalona, IA 52247 Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company Original Sheet 1 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE SERVICE GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS 2 1. General 3 2. Terms and Conditions 7 3. Digital Subscriber Line Service 16 4. Rates and Charges 21 Effective: July 2, 2019 Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company 510 B Avenue Kalona, IA 52247 Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company Original Sheet 2 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE SERVICE GUIDE EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber line Access Service CO - Central Office CDP - Customer Designated Premises DSL - Digital Subscriber Line DSLAM - Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer ETS - Ethernet Transport Service ISP - Internet Service Provider kbps - kilobits per second LAN - Local Area Network Mbps - Megabits per second MM-VCC - MultiMedia Virtual Circuit Channel NIC - Network Interface Card NID - Network Interface Device SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line SWC - Serving Wire Center VPCP - Volume Pricing Commitment Plan Effective: July 2, 2019 Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company 510 B Avenue Kalona,
    [Show full text]
  • In Blue Are the Updates Since the Last 1 June 2007 Summary)
    Muniwireless.com 1 August 2007 list of US cities and regions (in blue are the updates since the last 1 June 2007 summary) Region and citywide networks Tempe AZ MobilePro Chandler AZ MobilePro Pleasanton CA Network Anatomy Concord CA MetroFi, phase 1 rolled out Marina del Rey CA Planet Halo Foster City CA MetroFi Pacifica CA Veraloft Galt CA Softcom Anaheim CA EarthLink Mountain View CA Google Cerritos CA Cupertino CA MetroFi Sunnyvale CA MetroFi Santa Clara CA MetroFi Lompoc CA Hermosa Beach CA free Internet access San Diego Indian tribal villages CA West Hollywood CA Riverside CA AT&T, MetroFi - only a downtown hotzone for now Vail CO CenturyTel Longmont CO MobilePro St. Cloud FL Deployed and managed by Hewlett Packard Monticello FL Winter Park FL outdoor only Kissimmee FL Motorola, Scientel Adel GA Rome GA GTS Linton IN Scottsburg IN Brownsburg IN Moving Target Marion IN Western Kansas KS Lexington KY Owensboro KY Vivian LA Princeton MA Cape Cod MA Brookline MA Galaxy, Strix, multi-use network including public safety Rockland ME Redzone Wireless Thomaston ME Redzone Wireless Annapolis MD Annapolis Wireless Allegany County MD Coldwater MI operated by Coldwater Board of Public Utilities Bronson MI operated by Coldwater Board of Public Utilities Quincy MI operated by Coldwater Board of Public Utilities Tekonsha MI operated by Coldwater Board of Public Utilities Grand Haven MI Azulstar Ferrysburg MI Spring Lake MI Gladstone MI Washtenaw County MI 20/20 Communications Buffalo MN Chaska MN Moorhead MN Nevada MO Southaven MS Los Lunas NM Rio
    [Show full text]
  • 12/FINAL Working Party on Telecommunication And
    Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 07-Apr-2006 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies MULTIPLE PLAY: PRICING AND POLICY TRENDS English - Or. English JT03207142 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL FOREWORD This report was presented to the Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies in December 2005 and was declassified by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy in March 2006. The report was prepared by Mr. Yoshikazu Okamoto and Mr. Taylor Reynolds of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. It is published under the responsibility of the Secretary- General of the OECD. © OECD/OCDE 2006 2 DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN POINTS.............................................................................................................................................. 6 Regulatory issues........................................................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Monetary Impact of National Exchange Carrier Association Tariffs on Internet Access Cost in Rural Areas
    Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology Volume 21 Issue 2 Focus on Technology Article 4 Date Published: December 2020 Monetary Impact of National Exchange Carrier Association Tariffs on Internet Access Cost in Rural Areas Tim Obermier University of Nebraska at Kearney, [email protected] Angela K. Hollman University of Nebraska at Kearney, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openspaces.unk.edu/mpjbt Part of the Digital Communications and Networking Commons, and the Technology and Innovation Commons Recommended Citation Obermier, T., & Hollman, A. K. (2020). Monetary Impact of National Exchange Carrier Association Tariffs on Internet Access Cost in Rural Areas. Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology, 21(2). Retrieved from https://openspaces.unk.edu/mpjbt/vol21/iss2/4 This Empirical Research is brought to you for free and open access by OpenSPACES@UNK: Scholarship, Preservation, and Creative Endeavors. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology by an authorized editor of OpenSPACES@UNK: Scholarship, Preservation, and Creative Endeavors. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 RESEARCH MONETARY IMPACT OF NATIONAL EXCHANGE CARRIER ASSOCIATION TARIFFS ON INTERNET ACCESS COST IN RURAL AREAS1 TIMOTHY R. OBERMIER ANGELA K. HOLLMAN UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT KEARNEY KEARNEY ABSTRACT This study examines the monetary impact of tariffs on consumer internet access via a digital subscriber line (DSL). Historically, the Communications Act of 1934 mandated that telephony services be provided to everyone, without exclusion. With the rapid emergence of the internet, the Connect America Fund was recently implemented to ensure equal access to both voice and broadband services.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadband Coverage in Europe Final Report 2009 Survey Data As of 31 December 2008
    Ref. Ares(2013)3033573 - 11/09/2013 Broadband Coverage in Europe Final Report 2009 Survey Data as of 31 December 2008 DG INFSO 80106 December 2009 IDATE 1 Development of Broadband Access in Europe Table of contents 1. Methodological notes .......................................................................................................................................5 2. Executive summary ..........................................................................................................................................7 3. European benchmark .......................................................................................................................................9 3.1. EU-27 + Norway & Iceland at the end of 2008........................................................................................ 9 3.1.1. Fixed broadband subscriber bases and penetration.................................................................... 9 3.1.2. DSL coverage and penetration.................................................................................................. 11 3.1.3. Cable modem coverage and penetration .................................................................................. 18 3.1.4. FTTH subscribers...................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.5. Satellite solutions ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.6. 3G coverage and take-up.........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]