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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41828-7 — Unravelled Dreams Ben Marsh Index More Information

Index

Abbas I, Shah, 100 Alcocer, Hernando Díaz de, 79 Abbasid Caliphate, 18, 24 Aldersgate, 103 abolitionism, 420, 441 Aleppo, 18, 101, 165, 177, 232 Academy of Sciences (Swedish), 222, 223 Alès, 173, 176, 194, 371 Acadia, 180 Alès, Peace of, 171 Acapulco, 86, 87, 88, 95 Alexandria, 213 Achenwall, Gottfried, 379 Alfonse, Jean, 165 Achiutla, 73 Alfonso VII, King, 19 Adams, Abigail, 395 Algonquian, 118, 121, 132, 144 Adams, John, 365, 384, 395 almanacs, 361 Adams, John Quincy, 399 Almanza, Martín Enríquez de, 80, 81 advertisements, 259, 326, 327, 353, 362, Almería, 18, 45, 46 364, 377, 413, 414, 431, 434, 456 almonds, 241 Aegean Sea, 16, 19 Alpujarras rebellion, 78 aeration, 28, 205, 265, 295, 335 Altamaha (chief), 249 Afghanistan, 23 altar cloths, 53 Africa, 15, 32, 236, 365 Amatis, Nicola, 272, 277 North, 15, 17, 24, 44, 46, 47, 79, 257 Amatis, Paolo, 271, 272, 276, 277, South, 419 278, 298 West and West-Central, 148, 191, 212, ambergris, 119 254, 420 American Manufactory, 390 Afzelius, Adam, 420 American Philosophical Society, 370, Agave americana,68 371, 372 Aghlabid dynasty, 18 American Revolution, 7, 9, 38, 322, 346, agricultural periodicals, 322, 426, 429–36, 347, 351, 352, 353, 359, 379, 390, 437, 456 398, 404, 405–6, 407, 411, 418, agricultural societies, 429, 435, 436, 437 438, 446 agronomists, 1, 7, 21, 31, 38, 67, 110, 111, American Silk Society (Baltimore), 436 137, 163, 168, 203, 206, 207, 223, Anatolia, 16, 20 240, 247, 250, 264, 270, 283, 298, Ancenis, Marquis d’, 194, 195 304, 307, 321, 322, 325, 326, 371, Andalusia, 45, 47, 49, 61 376, 385, 415, 426, 429, 432, 435, Andersen, Hans Christian, 425 441, 450, 457 Anderson, Elizabeth, 287, 292 Aguessac, 204 Anderson, Hugh, 283 Aguilar, Maria de, 67 Anderson, Mary Dabney, 404 Ahimsa silk, 13 Andros, 19 Aix-en-Provence, 164 Anduze, 164 Alamán, Lucas, 421 Anglesey, 420 alamodes, 316, 364 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 419 al-Andalus, 18, 24, 49 Anglo-Saxon racial claims, 102, 146, alcaicería, 45, 46, 47 420, 421 alchemy, 317 Angoumois, 173

463

464 Index

Anhalt-Köthen, 220 Aunant, Jean, 251 Annapolis, 362, 363 Austen, Ralph, 112 Anne of Denmark, Queen, 3, 108 Australia, 420 Annonay, 194 Auwebetuck, 352 Antequera, 75, 77, 82 Avars, 16 Anti-Federalists, 401 Avignon, 163, 164, 165, 176 Antigua, 247 Avilés, Pedro Menéndez de, 166 Antioch, 18 Azilia, 256 ants, 5, 181, 187, 188, 383 Azteca delpini, 182 Antwerp, 99, 178 Appleseed, Johnny (Jonathan Baas, Jean-Charles de, 181, 182 Chapman), 331 Bache, Sarah Franklin, 366, 384, 387, 406 Appleton, Nathaniel, 339 Bacher, Thomas, 285 Appletree, John, 214 bacon, 416 Apulia, 17 Bacon, Francis, 34, 100 Arabia, 17 Bacon, Nathaniel, 157 Aragon, 45, 49, 78, 87 Bagnall, William, 38 Aranda, Antonio Garrido, 66 Baillie, Thomas, 296 Archdale, John, 250, 299 Baldwin, Loammi, 327 ardasse, 177 bales, 33, 88, 176, 177, 233, 237, 253, Argall, Samuel, 116, 122 266, 296 Arizona, 32 Balkans, 17, 19 Arkansas Post, 192 Baltic Sea, 321 Armenian, George the, 150, 152 Baltimore, 398, 435 Armenians, 16, 18, 150, 157, 158, 217, 239 Balzac, Honoré de, 407 Arondelle, Peter, 126, 127, 128, 136 Bambara, 191 Artaguiette d’Iron, Jean-Baptiste-Martin Banat, 224 d’, 194 Banister, John, 330 Ashe, Thomas, 243 Baptists, 391 Ashford (Connecticut), 411 Barbatier, Anthony, 109 Ashley River, 238 Barbé-Marbois, François, 394 Aspinwall, Nathaniel, 325, 326, 327, 339, Barbon, Nicholas, 359 404, 412, 413, Barham, Henry, 214–17 Aston, Walter, 106 Baricco, Widow, 285 Astrakhan, 217, 321 barley, 137, 303 astrology, 70 Barrows, Jabez, 411 astronomy, 328 Barrows, Robert, 446 Atlantic Ocean, 2–6, 22, 31, 34, 36, 43, 51, Bartram, John, 388 52, 56, 61, 70, 74, 94, 115, 117, 118, Bartram, Moses, 370, 373, 374 119, 133, 134, 160, 165, 179, 180, Bartram, William, 279, 305 192, 195, 197, 206, 212, 236, 248, baskets, 12, 64, 68, 69, 76, 254, 293 270, 296, 323, 340, 358, 365, 387, Basque, 165, 197 389, 418, 419, 422, 424 Baton-Rouge, 194, 437 Atlantic Silk Company (Nantucket), 15, 17 Bayagoulas, 194, 196, 197, atlas, 117, 337 Bazán, Juan de, 74 Atlixco valley, 60 beans, 192, 303 Atwater, Jason, 412 Beaucaire, 173 Aubenas, 164 Beaufain, Hector Berenger de, 302 Auburn, 429, 453 Beaujolais, 169, 170 audiencia, 58, 67 beehives, 134, 139 Augsburg, 284 Bégon, Michel, 182, 183, 184 Augspurger, Samuel, 280 Beijing, 21 Augusta (Georgia), 281, 294, 437 Beirut, 15 Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Belcher, Jonathan, 318 Wales, 308 Belfast (person), 411

Index 465

Belgian, 390 Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Belgorod, 218 François, 371 Belknap, Joseph, 385 Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Pierre Belknap, Sarah Byles, 385 Augustin (Abbé de Sauvages), 206, Bellardi, Carlo Antonio Ludovico, 415 371, 391 Belle-Isle, Comte de, 194 Bolaterrano (Raffaello Maffei), 70 Belmont Plantation (South Carolina), 308, Bologna, 22, 165, 172, 175, 208, 230, 237 309, 311 Bolzius, Gertrude, 282 Benavente, Mateo de, 77 Bolzius, Johann Martin, 282, 285, 286 Bengal, 37, 206, 225, 226, 232, 235, 293, bombazine, 226 418 (see also East Indies) Bonafous, Matthieu, 30 Benin, Bight of, 191 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 404, 409, 420 Béranger, Jean, 200 Bonnaud, Marie Anne Dubuisson, 198 Beresford, Richard, 253 Bonneau, Peter, 258 Berkeley Hundred, 125, 132 Bonoeil, Jean, 109, 110, 116, 122, 126, Berkeley, Frances Culpeper, 143 127, 128, 138, 146, 155 Berkeley, George, 361 boosterism, 426, 436, 439, 449, 455 Berkeley, John, 127 Booth, Daniel, 276, 280 Berkeley, William, 98, 149, 150, 152, 153, Borah, Woodrow, 69, 96 154, 157, 159, 246, 321 Boreman, Thomas, 273 Berlin, 219, 220 Boston, 313, 314, 326, 327, 339, 347, 356, Bermudas (Somers Isles), 118, 119, 121, 361, 362, 364, 385, 398, 417, 451 122, 123, 130, 132, 158 botanists: see agronomists; naturalists Bern, 280 bounties, 7, 36, 55, 126, 152, 154, 158, Bernard, Francis, 351 169, 219, 223, 239, 258, 275, 283, Bernard, William, 149 285, 289, 290, 299, 300, 305, 309, Bernau, 219 316, 320, 322, 345, 368, 372, 374, Berriman, William, 280 394, 410, 419, 437, 446, 451, 452 Berry (France), 173 Bourbon Restoration, 422 Bertie County (North Carolina), 345 Bourquin, Benedict, 298 Bethany, 309 boycotts, 353, 361, 362, 364, 366, 367, Bethesda (Georgia), 286, 288, 296 370, 410 Bethlehem (Pennsylvania), 330, 339, Boyd, James H., 416 375, 376 Bradley, Richard, 111 Beverley, Robert, 160 brandy, 408 Biddle, Clement, 352, 372 Branford, 412 Binalud Mountains, 15 brass, 295, 296, 335 birds, 54, 144, 159, 166 Brattleboro, 445 Bishop, John, 38 Braudel, Fernand, 13 Black Oak (South Carolina), 437 Brazil, 23, 271, 355, 421, 422 Black Sea, 16, 19 Brazilwood, 383 Blackman, Pompey, 356 bread, 334, 341 blacksmiths, 175, 296 Brescia, 216 Blénac, Comte de (Charles de Courbon), brewery, 377 182, 183, 184, 186, 187 Brickell, John, 264, 279 Board of Trade (British), 6, 152, bricks, 277, 299, 314 157, 241, 251, 255, 256, Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 261, 312, 318, 320, 344, 394, 398 345, 380 Bristol, 134 Board of Trade (French), 204 British Guiana, 420 Bobadilla, Isabel de, 52 Brittany, 165, 195 Bohemia, 224 brocades, 52, 57, 86, 88, 229, 364, 456 Bohemia River, 373 Brockett, Linus, 456 Bohun, Lawrence, 133 Brûlons, Jacques Savary des, 176, 177, Bois de Boulogne, 169 179, 205

466 Index

Buckingham House, 113 Caroline of Ansbach, Queen, 276, 277 Budd, William, 434 carpenters, 295, 310, 327 Buddhism, 13 Cartier, Jacques, 165 Buel, Jesse, 430 Casale Monferatto, 294 Buffon, Comte de (Georges-Louis Case Navire (Schœlcher), 184 Leclerc), 370 Caspian Sea, 18, 101, 217, 321, 338 Bukhara, 14 Castellete, Juan de, 91 Bulkeley, Daniel, 433, 434, 447, 450 Castile, 45, 47, 60, 78, 87 Bull, William, 251, 303, 304 Castilla de Oro, 52 Bullock, William, 140, 142, 146 Catalina, doña, 63 burial tombs, 12, 157 Catalunia, 97, 177 Burrington, George, 302 Catherine II, Empress, 218 Bursa, 20 Catholicism, 52, 63, 67, 71, 89, 163, 165, Butler, Nathaniel, 130 170, 190, 269, 278, 313 Byram, H.P., 447 Cato, Sue, 411 Byzantine cats, 68, 334 sericulture, 15, 16, 19 cattle, 5, 9, 71, 119, 127, 137, 154, 174, silk manufacture, 16, 19, 23, 24, 36 291, 299, 309, 413, 437, 447 Caucasus, 18, 20, 218 Caballero, Diego, 55 cauldrons (basins), 9, 10, 64, 68, 159, 197, Cabinet des Modes, Le, 407 198, 272, 274, 277, 285, 290, 291, Cabot, John (Giovanni Caboto), 165 292, 293, 295, 305, 379 cacao, 59, 75, 203 Causton, Martha, 278 cacique or cacica (chieftain), 63, 74, 96 Cavendish, Thomas, 117 cactus, 66 Cecil County (Maryland), 373, 446 Cadiz, 43 Cecil, Robert, 104, 105, 116 Cadwalader, John, 365 Cecil, William, 103 Cady, Godfrey, 434 cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia), Calabria, 17, 177, 216 142, 370 Calbacho, Luis, 87 cedar, 203, 332 calico, 332, 357, 390 cemeteries, 219 Calico Acts, 228, 236 census, 196, 427, 449, 451 California, 117, 456 Cervantes, Miguel de, 50 Calle, François Picquet de la, 182, 183, Cévennes, 164, 204, 245 184, 204 Chamberlain, Abraham, 126, 134 Cambodia, 23 Chancery Lane, 216 Cambridge (Massachusetts), 324, 347 Chanfret, Claude Trénonay de, 197 camlet, 385 Chapman, Elias, 410 Camosso, Giacomo Luigi (Camuse), 272, Chapultepec, 58 280, 284, 292 charcoal, 68 Camosso, Maria Giovanna (Camuse), 272, Charing Cross, 111 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287 Charles City County (Virginia), 149 Camotlán, 61 Charles I, King, 114, 137, 171 Campbell, John, 289 Charles II, King, 150, 152, 154, 157, Canada, 180, 181, 202, 203, 336 159, 241 canoes, 188, 248, 271, 279 Charles V, Emperor, 55 Canterbury, 103, 226 Charles VI, Emperor, 214 Cape Fear River, 435 Charleston (Charles Town), 10, 238, 243, Cape Town, 424 244, 250, 251, 257, 261, 262, 271, Capucins, 183 272, 283, 289, 301, 302, 309, 311, Carani, 225 341, 362, 390, 399, 414, 437 Carew, Lord (George), 99, 100 Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, Caribbean, 54, 55, 133, 181, 182, 183, 185, 197, 203 189, 196, 204, 240, 241, 260, 267, Charlotte of Mecklenburg, Queen, 387 271, 288, 354, 356, 365 Charlottenburg, 225

Index 467

charters, 115, 119, 131, 240, 266, 267, 369 cochineal, 59, 188, 271 Chatham County (Georgia), 415 production, 3, 66, 85, 116 Chauvet, Lewis, 237 cockades, 407, 409 Chavaray, 392 cocoons (see also silkworms; raw silk) Cheapside, 337 sorting, 81, 233, 293, 295, 337, 445, 455 Chelsea Park, 215, 216, 274 storage, 27, 68, 205, 251, 282, 292 Chelsea Physic Garden, 270 transport, 289, 309, 341, 437 Cheney brothers (Ward, Frank, and codex, 63, 64, 65, 75 Rush), 440 coffee, 214 Chesapeake, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 127, Cogdell, Mrs Joseph, 416 130, 133, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 172, 173, 175, 176, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 158, 180, 181, 182, 188 159, 160, 240, 245, 255, 302 Cole, Arthur, 433 Cheshire, 111 Coligny, Gaspard de, 166 Chester County (Pennsylvania), 374, 376, Colima, 75 381, 413 Colleton, James, 249 chestnuts, 204 Colleton, Peter, 243 Chicheley, Henry, 149, 157 Collett, Jane, 147 Chickasaw, 279 Collinson, Peter, 222, 263, 264, Chihuahua, 31 Cologne, 220, 221 Child, Robert, 317 Colombia, 52, 85 chimney, 108, 295, 332 Columbian exchange, 8, 36, 44, 88, 181 China, 13, 31, 36, 37, 101, 165, 181, 206, Columbus, Christopher, 31, 33, 43, 86 215, 232, 257, 329, 336, 398, 433 combing, 32, 341, 381 sericulture, 9, 12, 14, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, Committee of Agriculture (US), 450, 451 31, 87, 93, 95, 116, 141, 172, 179, companies, see corporations 206, 225, 234, 235, 298, 331, 337, Compeyre, 204 420, 452 Comstock, Franklin G., 430, 432, 444 silk textiles, 12, 18, 85–90, 97, 117, 179, Comtat Venaissin, 163, 164, 171, 183 207, 221, 227, 235, 357, 398 concessions (French estates), 192, 193, 194, Cholula, 59 196, 199 Chou dynasty, 10 Confucius, 12, 336 Christie, Thomas, 281 Congleton, 226 Chū goku, 14 Congo, 148 Churchman, John, 382 Connecticut, 38, 315, 316, 318, 320, 322, Ciriacone, Salvatore, 172 323, 325, 326, 331, 344, 347, 351, Clap, Thomas, 322, 328 360, 362, 410, 414, 415, 416, 417, Clark, Joseph, 384 426, 433, 435, 445, 447, 450, Clavière, Étienne, 394 452, 455 Clay, Henry, 441 Constantinople, 16, 19, 24, 317 Clegg, Edmund, 389, 391, 392, 398, 413 consumers, 236, 316, 353–9, 395, 398, 408 Clement VII, Pope, 165 elite, 8, 13, 22, 34, 47, 48, 53, 82, 88, 89, climate, 27, 29, 36, 50, 60, 67, 74, 83, 85, 98, 99, 163, 170, 175, 178, 217, 309, 98, 111, 124, 130, 137, 141, 142, 143, 313, 315, 317, 318, 353, 356, 381, 148, 158, 160, 168, 169, 179, 180, 399, 403 186, 187, 190, 201, 205, 211, 216, lower class, 53, 89, 96, 101, 251, 314, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 425, 456 235, 239, 240, 244, 253, 256, 266, Continental Association, 364, 407 274, 286, 300, 301, 306, 321, 322, Continental Congress, 369, 386 323, 332, 337, 341, 345, 347, 354, contracts, 36, 50, 59, 61, 105, 109, 126, 355, 369, 370, 396, 401, 403, 404, 128, 137, 194, 195, 197, 249, 261, 415, 419, 421, 426, 443, 444, 447, 275, 277, 279, 281, 294, 304, 453 449, 450, 453, 454, 455 Contratación, Casa de, 43, 61 Cobb, B. Francis, 421 convicts, 191, 194 Cobb, Jonathan H., 451 Cooke, Edward, 96

468 Index

Cooper River, 240, 247, 251 D’Homergue, John, 425, 451, 452 Cooper, Anthony Ashley (Earl of Dale, Thomas, 122 Shaftesbury), 240, 241 Dalton, Joseph, 240 copal, 68 Damascus, 17, 18 copper, 190, 197, 198, 272, 285, 290, 291, damasks, 47, 63, 88, 166, 229, 237, 307, 292, 305, 374 308, 316, 342, 343 Coppin, Francis, 232 Dandy, Richard, 296 Córdoba, 79 Danforth, Samuel, 315 Corinth, 19, 24 Dangon, Claude, 172 Cornwallis, Charles, 390 Darien Company (Scottish), 189 Coronel, Hernando De Los Ríos, 93 Dauphin Island (Louisiana), 199 corporations, 116, 180, 181, 189, 191, 195, Dauphiné, 170, 194, 195, 197, 199, 245 215, 227, 236, 287, 296, 353, 372, Dauphiné, Durand de, 244 376, 394, 395, 402, 409, 413, 427, Davenport, James, 360 430, 433, 436, 440, 447, 451, David, Jacques-Louis, 407 454, 456 Dávila, Pedrarias, 52 Cortés, Hernán, 7, 51, 52, 57, 58, 66, 72 Davis, Ralph, 227 Cortés, Hernando Marín, 59, 60 Dedham, 327 Cossimbazar, 232, 233 Defoe, Daniel, 212, 361, 364 Costa Rica, 52 degeneration, 338, 340, 370, 417, 439 Cotchett, Thomas, 230 Delamare, John, 237 cotton, 188, 201, 227, 240, 241, 247, 251, Delaware, 373, 374, 434, 447, 452 254, 258, 287, 314, 346, 382, 383, Delaware River, 160 384, 392, 406, 407, 413, 426, 430, Delgadillo, Diego, 58, 61 442, 443, 454 Demeuves, Étienne, 194 ﬁbres, 1, 65, 355 Democratic Party (US), 451 production, 3, 59, 65, 73, 236, 249, 306, Denmark–Norway, 224, 393, 408 368, 443 Derby, 226, 230, 231, 236, 237, 272, 276, trade, 2, 51, 214, 228, 236, 354, 287, 371, 390 Council of Indies (Spanish), 62, 77 Derwent River, 230 court (regal), 20, 30, 33, 47, 89, Desdemona, 102 104, 109, 119, 167, 177, 186, 221, Desjeans, Pierre, 194 353, 406, 409 DeWitt, Peter, 413 Coutaud, Pierre, 194 Dickinson, John, 382 Covent Garden, 298 Dieppe, 251 Coventry, 112, 226 Digges, Edward, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, Coyoacán, 57 157, 159, 183, 215 Coyte, Hercules, 259, 260 Digges, Elizabeth, 155, 157 Crefeld, 219, 220 Dixey, James, 295 Crete, 257 Dnieper River, 218 crew, 33, 85 dogs, 134, 145, 371 Crockatt, James, 237 Dominicans, 62, 65, 71, 93, 183 Cromwell, Oliver, 336 Don Quixote,50 Cross, Thomas, 295 Donets River, 218 Crosse, Mary Fisher Bayly, 250 donkeys (mules), 56, 63, 74, 88, 101, Crozat, Antoine, 189, 192 164, 207 Cuba, 54 Dorr, Helena Talcott, 331 Cuenca, 53, 96 doublet, 33, 313 Cuernavaca, 72 Drayton, Michael, 101 currants, 153, 241 Drôme Valley, 173 curtains, 332, 394 drought, 27, 85, 112, 192, 301 customs, 47, 104, 119, 148, 176, 178, 183, druggets (droguets), 250 185, 221, 234, 241, 316, 357, 363, Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, 331, 337, 459 395, 396, 397, 399 Dublin, 147, 226 Cyprus, 177, 213 Dubuisson, Étienne, 193, 195, 196, 204

Index 469

Dubuisson, François, 196, 197, 198, silk manufacture (British from 1707), 98, 201, 204 103, 131, 179, 212, 225–32, 269, 273, ducapes, 343, 364, 384 287, 300, 316, 342, 345, 357, 361, ducats, 58, 61, 91 365, 366, 380, 391, 394, 397, 407 Duckenﬁeld, 111 textile industries (British from 1707), 99, Dudes¸tii Noi, 225 227, 237, 320, 367, 384, 395, 397, 440 Dufour, John James, 432 English Channel, 103, 111 Dumfriesshire, 345 Enlightenment, 203, 328, 370, 371, Dunbarton, 444 377, 429 DuPlessis, Robert, 354 Enríquez, Martín, 74, 85 Duponceau, Peter S., 450, 451 enslaved people of African origin, 55, 73, Dupplin, Viscount (Thomas Hay), 291 78, 81, 146, 147, 148, 158, 181, 183, Dutch, 37, 91, 98, 100, 119, 149, 179, 185–7, 191, 193, 196–201, 202, 239, 185, 202, 213, 219, 221, 228, 246, 250, 253, 255, 259–63, 288, 306, 229, 235, 243, 244, 393, 405, 419, 427 308, 310, 311, 368, 396, 404, 419, dyestuffs, 19, 55, 66, 214, 270, 308, 334, 424, 443, 454 382, 383 labour, 7, 10, 38, 184, 250, 265, 269, 290–6, 299, 303, 334, 344, Earle, Sarah, 437 356, 443 East Caln, 413 entomology, 4, 32, 66, 264, 275, 337, 338, East Guilford, 330 370, 371 East India Company (British), 101, 148, environment, see climate; soils 150, 226, 232–6, 293, 418 Escobar, Francisco de, 77 East India Company (French), 179, Ethiopia, 15 206, 236 Ettwein, Johann and Johanetta, 264, 330, East Indies trade, 3, 7, 33, 34, 37, 375, 376 91, 165, 179, 212, 221, 225, Euboea, 19 229, 235, 316, 353, 357, 364, 393, Evans, Cadwalader, 371, 384 398, 399 Eveleigh, Samuel, 264 Ebenezer (Georgia), 242, 255, 257, 269, Evelyn, John, 6, 111, 159 271, 275, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, experimentation, 34, 49, 55, 57, 59, 289, 292, 293, 296, 305, 309, 368 69, 99, 111, 118, 119, 122, 132, 137, Economy (Pennsylvania), 447 142, 144, 153, 180, 187, 199, 202, Eden Treaty, 394 204, 216, 219, 222, 226, 235, 240, Eden, Garden of, 325 247, 264, 268, 270, 301, 305, 306, Edes, Benjamin, 327 312, 318, 328, 330, 332, 340, 344, Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 178, 245 367, 370, 383, 418, 424, 441, 443 Edwards, Arthur, 101 exploration, 31, 34, 51, 100, 118, 165, 188, Egmont, Earl of (John Perceval), 272, 196, 206, 238, 331 277, 281 Extremadura, 61 Egypt, 18, 24 Eyley, George, 296 Elderkin, Anne, 352 Elderkin, Jedediah, 351, 352, 418 factories, 15, 22, 231, 292, 339, 352, 391, Eliot, Jared, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 434, 442 328, 340 Faesch, Andrew, 293 Elizabeth City, 127, 132, 135, 154 fairs, 397, 435, 436, 447 Elizabeth I, Queen, 115 Faiyum Oasis, 18 Ellery, William, 330 Falkner Island, 324 Ellis, Henry, 291, 298 famine, 121, 132, 214 encomiendas, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72 fans, 86 engineer, 231, 272, 327, 377 fashion, see entries under consumers; silk England Federalist Papers, 399 sericulture, 6, 98–9, 103–15, 123, 140, fences, 130, 155, 203, 222, 291, 298, 344 147, 158, 169, 180, 214–17, 224, 243, Fenne, Russell, 130 274, 318, 408, 418 Fenton River, 352

470 Index

Fergana valley, 14 silk manufacture, 92, 100, 102, 163–5, Ferrar, John, 114, 117, 124, 128, 132, 133, 171–3, 176–9, 203, 207–8, 228, 245, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 151, 317, 361, 391, 396, 397, 406, 408, 409 243, 249 Francke, 284 Ferrar, Nicholas, 124, 138 François I, King, 164, 165 Ferrar, Virginia, 140, 142, 143, 144, Frankfurt, 1, 409 147, 149 Franklin, Benjamin, 7, 134, 266, 338, 343, fertiliser, 21, 204, 322 357, 358, 361, 362, 371, 372, 376, Fessenden, Thomas G., 430 379, 380, 389, 395, 405, 410, Figuerola, Alonso de, 62 433, 436 filature, 64, 72, 198, 205, 239, 261, 264, Frederick II, King, 219, 221 266, 277, 282, 286, 288, 289, 290, Frederick William I, King, 219 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, Freemont, Peter, 237 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 309, 322, Freetown, 420 323, 335, 338, 339, 341, 345, 369, French Antilles, 181, 185, 187, 372, 373, 374, 375, 379, 380, 384, 191, 260 386, 387, 390, 402, 413, 419, 451, French Revolution, 9, 351, 394, 406–9 452, 455 fringes, 95 fines, 130, 150, 151, 152, 158, 193, 195, frogs, 223 291, 315, 396, 403 Frontenac, Louis de Buade de, 188 Finland, 223 fruit trees, 112, 142, 147, 239, 325, fires, 68, 262, 296, 298, 356, 360 330, 420 Fisher, Grace, 382 Fujian, 93 Fisher, Sally, 447 Fulton, Robert, 377 fishing tackle, 414 fur trade, 144, 180, 192, 202, 281, 283, flag, 428, 452 299, 385 Flanders, 49, 92 furnaces, 9, 292, 295 flax, 103, 111, 131, 133, 151, 188, 193, furnishings, 53, 63, 175, 220, 227, 332, 240, 256, 258, 362, 385 353, 394 Florence, 45, 163, 176, 317 Fury, Peregrine, 261 Florida, 32, 166, 266, 283, 312, 344, 345, 346, 418, 439 Gabès, Gulf of, 18 florins, 225 Gadd, Pehr Adrian, 223 flour, 197 Gadsden County (Florida), 439 flowers, 166, 176, 315, 316, Gaillard, Monsieur, 244 343, 364 Galissonière, Comte de La, 202 Flushing Landing, 325 Galvéz, Catalina de, 67 Fontainebleau Palace, 169 Garden, Alexander, 264, 304 Fontanes, Louis Marcelin de, 404 gardens, 57, 58, 106, 108, 111, 112, 124, Foote, John, 333 167, 169, 170, 218, 223, 270, 278, Ford, Henry, 352 284, 286, 306, 308, 330, 414, forests, 38, 44, 57, 59, 98, 123, 420, 434 136, 144, 170, 188, 190, 193, 195, garlic, 274 201, 243, 309 Garrick, David, 113 Forman, Martha Ogle, 446 Garthwaite, Anna Maria, 276 Fort William (India), 233 Gartrevalli, Nathaniel, 231 Fothergill, Samuel, 382 Gates, Thomas, 118 Founding Fathers, 403, 405, 417 Gautire, Jane Dupree, 286 fractals, 3, 424 Geffe, Nicholas, 104, 116, 138 France, 15, 192, 195, 201, 207, gender, see women 317, 340, 402, 404, 405, 422, 433, 452 Genet, E.C., 450 sericulture, 4, 8, 104, 105, 125, Genoa, 22, 164, 165, 408 133, 141, 162–79, 194, 199, Genoese, 19, 45, 49, 179 203–8, 211, 327, 337, 371, 409, George I, King, 215 422, 454 George II, King, 266, 276

Index 471

George III, King, 267, 308, 387, 419 Grifﬁtts, Hannah, 384 Georgia, 8, 237, 312, 320, 323, 344, 345, Griswold, Lydia, 411 358, 372, 373, 376, 399, 450, 452 Groton, 317 sericulture, 256, 257, 260, 266–311, 321, Grovonole, John, 296 368, 415, 438 Guadalajara, 75, 88 Georgia (country), 21 Guadalquivir River, 43, 70 Georgia Trustees, 256, 266–79, 283, 287, Guadeloupe, 185, 186 291, 294, 306 Guanajuato, 421 German states, 179, 219, 220, 221, 224, Guangzhou (Canton), 93, 232–5, 398 245, 257, 376, 403, 409 Guatemala, 58, 64, 67, 77, 82 Gianolio, François, 393 Guerrero, 75 Gibert, Jean Louis, 289, 290, guilds, 17, 22, 46, 77, 81, 95, 103, 164, 171, gifts, 12, 16, 51, 89, 96, 102, 150, 154, 156, 229, 296, 394 247, 308, 334, 398, 404, 405, 406 Guilford, 338 Gignilliat, Jean-François, 244 Guilford (Connecticut), 411 Gilan, 21, 217, 232, 380 Guinea Coast, 254 Gill, John, 327, 447 Gujarat, 232 Gilphin, Thomas, 376 Gulf of Mexico, 188, 189, 199 ginger, 118, 240 Gunma, 30 Giordana, François, 390 gunpowder, 54 Giraud-Soulavie, Abbé Jean-Louis, gunsmith, 377 406 Gupta dynasty, 15 Glasgow, 393 Guzmán, Gabriel de, 74, 96 glasswork, 108, 119, 124, 128 Glen, James, 301, 302 Habersham, James, 288, 292, 293, 298, Gloucester County (Virginia), 149, 150, 303, 304, 153, 404 Habsburg dynasty, 87, 214, 224, 225 gloves, 313 Haies, Robert, 130 goats, 68, 137, 385 Hakluyt, Richard, 115, 116, 119 Gobbé, Daniel, 237 Hales, Stephen, 265, 294 Godin, Benjamin, 253 Halifax, Earl of (George Montagu Goimpy, Gabriel Dumaitz de, 183, 185, Dunk), 291 186, 187, Halle, 284 gold, 44, 52, 54, 66, 88, 119, 159, 190, 215, Hallman, John Gustaf, 222 222, 245, 276 Halstead, Mathias, 238 Goose Creek, 248, 249, 257, 266, 414 Hambleton Tribe (Bermuda), 130 Gordon, Patrick, 369 Hamburg, 408, 409 Göttingen, 379 Hamer, Marguerite, 260 gowns, 10, 12, 108, 266, 277, 323, 334, Hamilton County (Ohio), 437 339, 344, 356, 360, 362, 364, 405, Hamilton, Alexander, 400 406, 411, 412, 413, 417 Hammond, John, 141, 146 Graham, John, 296, 306 Hamor, Ralph, 122 Granada, 18, 43, 44–50, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, Hampshire, 111 68, 70, 75, 76, 78, 79, 91, 95, 101, Hampton (Connecticut), 433 117, 208 Han dynasty, 12 Grant’s Villa (Florida), 346 Hancock, John, 327 Gravesend, 420 handkerchiefs, 237, 355, 356, 395, 412, Great Lakes, 166, 180, 338 413, 417, 437, 447 Greece, 17, 19, 24, 214, 338, 346 Hanks Mill, 352 Green Spring Plantation (Virginia), 152 Hanks, Horace, 352 Greene, Nathanael, 306 Hanks, Rodney, 352 Greenﬁeld Village (Michigan), 352 Hanks, William, 339 Greenwich Palace, 108, 109 Hanway, Jonas, 232, 321, 337 Gresham College, 156 Harmonists, 449 Grey, Samuel, 273 Harness, Martha, 444

472 Index

Harpe, Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la, 196 hoods, 314, 315, 437 Harriott, Thomas, 115 Hooke, Robert, 1, 114, 156 Harris, James, 292 Hopkinson, Mary Johnson, 387 Hart, Edward, 415 hops, 103, 151 Hartford, 403, 434 Hormuz, Strait of, 100 Hartlib, Samuel, 111, 112, 114, 139, 142, Horne, Robert, 239 148, 215, 220, 318 Horry, Harriett Pinckney, 445 Harvard College, 339 horses, 13, 447 Hasselt, Willem van, 405, 414, 427 Horton, William, 281 Hata, 14 Hostetter, Albert, 381 Hatﬁeld House, 105 Houstoun, Patrick, 298 Hatherlow, 391 Howe, William, 366 hats, 63, 78, 95, 334, 365, 403, 405, 447 Howes, Edward, 317 Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), 180, 279 Huángdì, Yellow Emperor, 10 Haven, Jason, 327 Huasteca, 75 Hawkins, John, 116 Hubert, Elizabeth (de Lesterier), 199, 200, Hawks, Henry, 116 201, 204 Hay, John, 327 Hubert, Sieur Marc-Antoine, 199, 200, 201 Hebrew, 330 Hübner, Joachim, 220 hedges, 153, 222, 385, 446 Huejotzingo, 59 Heidelberg, 220 Huguenots, 166, 167, 168, 171, 177, 178, hemp, 68, 111, 124, 131, 133, 182, 188, 219, 226, 239, 241, 244, 245, 246, 193, 240, 258, 362, 385 251, 255, 256, 289, 296, 325, 419 Hennen, Alfred, 443 Hull, Edward, 316 Henri IV, King, 104, 167, 168, 173, 175 Humboldt, Alexander von, 421 Henrico, 437 Hume, David, 359 Henry, Ann Wood, 377 humidity, 27, 30, 62, 68, 191, 203, 218, Henry, William, 377 224, 294, 300, 355, 455 Herat, 15 Hunan, 337 Hercules, Pillars of, 34 Huntingdonshire, 112 Herpin, John, 323 Huzhou, 10 Herrera, Antonio, 57, 58, 59, 60, 87 Hyrne, Elizabeth Massingberd, 251 Hertfordshire, 105, 108 Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf von, 220 Île Bourbon (Réunion), 339 Hesse-Kassel, 221 Illinois, 190, 192, 195, 427 Hidalgo, 72, 75 India (see also Bengal), 15, 20, 226, 235 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 421 sericulture, 13, 16, 23, 32, 179, 266, 379, hiladores, 48, 81 418, 420 Hill, Abraham, 156 Indian Ocean, 3, 15, 37, 101, 212, 226, Hillsborough Township, 289 236, 339, 422 Hiltzheimer, Jacob, 372 Indians (Americas), see Native American Himalayas, 9 indigo, 125, 145, 188, 190, 196, 197, 201, Hime, Queen Iwa No, 14 203, 239, 240, 241, 300, 308, 346 Hindu Kush, 15 production, 3, 75, 185, 258, 299, Hinselin, Pierre, 185 302, 307 Hispaniola, 43, 54, 55, 71, 118, 119 Industrial Revolution, 231, 306, 352, 370, hogsheads, 124, 306, 341 406, 418, 442 Hohenzollern dynasty, 219 Inquisition (Spanish), 116 homespun (American textile manufacture), inventories, 89, 263, 268, 353, 354, 355, 283, 320, 343, 347, 351, 352, 353, 356, 415 362, 365, 367, 368, 377, 381, 382, Iran (see also Persia), 15, 23, 37, 217, 338 383, 384, 386, 388, 389, 403, 405, Ireland, 135, 147, 166, 212, 236, 266, 367, 406, 410, 412, 414, 416, 417, 437, 386, 398, 420 442, 445, 446 Irish, 38, 110, 140, 265, 361 Homs, 18 iron, 64, 103, 395

Index 473

irrigation, 64, 204 Jones, Mary, 289 Isabella I, Queen, 43, 71 Jones, Thomas, 278 Islamic expansionism, 16, 17, 23, 24, 44 Joseph’s Town, 306 Islamic textiles, 17, 45 Judson, Andrew T., 425 Isle of White County (Virginia), 149 Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, 225 Isnard, Christophle, 1, 169, 173, 174, 175, Justinian, Emperor, 15, 16, 17, 93 176, 179, 206, 215, 220, Juvenal (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis), 360 Italy, 222, 271, 293, 329, 340, 346, 371, 414, 418 Kalm, Pehr (Peter), 222, 223, 279, sericulture, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 36, 37, 47, 379, 384 70, 102, 105, 109, 115, 125, 133, 141, Kansas, 456 145, 165, 171, 176, 179, 207, 211, Kanton (Sweden), 223 213, 224, 225, 266, 274, 289, 298, Kashgar, 13 335, 338, 372, 415, 422, 454 kaus´eya, 15 silk manufacture, 24, 33, 45, 100, 163, Keech, Benjamin, 446 226, 393 Keifer, Theobald, 298 silk textiles, 22, 45, 97, 136, 221, 393 Kenrick, William, 430 Ive, John, 315 Kensington (Connecticut), 326 Izard, Ralph, 414 Kent, 122, 150 Kentucky, 447, 450, 452 jacket, 31, 316, 412 Kew, 308 Jackson, Andrew, 441 Khorasan, 15, 17 Jackson, Richard, 344 Khotan, 13 Jacobins, 407, 408 Kiev, 218 Jacquard, Joseph, 409 Killingworth, 322 Jainism, 14 Kingsley, Luther, 446, 450 Jaltepec, 61, 64, 69 Kircher, Athanasius, 4 Jamaica, 214, 354, 438 Kissena Park, 326 James I, King, 7, 101, 103, 104, 105, 115, kitchen, 197, 362 125, 131, 134, 215 Kizlar, 217 James II, King, 246 Kojiki,14 James River, 115, 118, 121, 125, 132 Kolkata, 232, 234 James, Abel, 395 Korea, 12, 14, 20, 23, 25, 30 Jamestown, 119, 120, 121, 124, 157, 191 Koroni, 19 Japan, 14, 20, 37, 90, 172 Kumarkhali, 232 sericulture, 14, 22, 30, 97, 422 Jay, John, 398 La Rochelle, 171, 194 Jefferson, Thomas, 404, 405, 427 La Salle, René-Robert Cavalier de, 188, 190 Jesuits, 4, 65, 180, 183, 188, 206, 331 labour (see also women; Native American; Jewish people, 24, 45, 219, 280, 294 enslaved people of African origin), 7, Jiangnan, 20 28, 30, 36, 45, 47, 49, 50, Jianxun, Xue, 24 59, 99, 124, 131, 135, 136, 145, 148, Jič ín, 224 167, 170, 173, 182, 194, 211, 220, Johan Printz, 160 225, 230, 253, 261, 268, 291, 296, Johannes Stradanus (Jan van der 298, 300, 306, 307, 328, 341, 345, Straet), 107 376, 401, 409, 411, 422, 426, Johnson, Caleb, 378 442, 454 Johnson, Edward, 143, 147 centralisation, 28, 64, 69, 72, 205, 231, Johnson, Nathaniel, 246, 248, 255, 321 292, 294, 442 Johnson, Robert, 255 Lachivre, Monsieur, 216 Johnston, Frances Button, 345 Lacy, James, 273 Johnston, Gabriel, 345 Ladugårdslandet, 223 Johnston, Penelope, 345 Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 164 Jolliet, Louis, 188 Lafayette, Marquis de (Gilbert du Jones, Hugh, 160 Motier), 428

474 Index

Laffemas, Barthélemy de, 167, 168, 169, linen, 182, 258, 270, 332, 334, 340, 354, 170, 175 357, 364, 384, 406, 407 Lake Tai, 10 ﬁbres, 1, 355 Lambert, John, 114 trade, 53, 236, 314, 365, 395 Lancashire, 106 Lining, John, 301 Lancaster County (Pennsylvania), 377, Linnaeus, Carl, 221, 222, 378, 381, 382, 386 Little Gidding (Huntingdonshire), Lancaster County (Virginia), 149 138, 147 land grants, 55, 61, 119, 125, 129, 130, Little Moorﬁelds, 276 184, 192, 242, 247, 256, 268, 270, Littlewood, Thomas, 361 273, 284, 369, 451 Liverpool, 391 Lane, Ralph, 115 livestock, 46, 56, 68, 71, 101, 132, 137, Languedoc, 105, 109, 126, 127, 164, 167, 150, 175, 192, 202, 218, 291, 385 169, 170, 173, 176, 186, 195, 199, Livingston, Robert, 364 204, 207, 216, 223, 244, 245, 251, Livorno (Leghorn), 213, 317 310, 371, 379, 406 livres, 169, 183, 190, 193, 195, 198 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 54, 62, 118 Livy (Titus Livius), 360 Las Casas, Gonzalo de, 5, 66, 68, 69, 72, lizards, 68 81, 86, 117 Lloyd, Samuel, 236, 237, 239, 272, 285, latitude, 93, 141, 181, 240, 257, 301, 312, 287, 289, 293, 296 338, 420 Lobb, George, 149 Laurance, Samuel, 342, 343 Lochon, Jacques, 195 Laurens, Henry, 290 Locke, John, 241, 265, 327 Laurien, Jean, 109 locust wood, 279 Lausanne, 194 Lodge, Thomas, 101 Law, John, 189, 192, 194 Logan, Deborah Norris, 387, 404 Law, Jonathan, 318, 320, 321, logwood, 214 322, 324 Lombardy, 22, 165 Lawson, John, 243 Lombe, John, 230 Le Blanc, Claude, 194 Lombe, Thomas, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, lead, 190 267, 268, 272, 276, 297, 371 Lear, King, 102 London, 99, 103, 106, 111, 112, 114, 119, Lebanon, 18 128, 134, 226, 229, 231, 253, 258, Lebanon (Connecticut), 339 270, 272, 273, 276, 280, 289, 290, Lecavill, Richard, 109 318, 322, 337, 342, 361, 371, 375, Lee, Philip, 237 379, 380, 381, 391, 394, 398, 420 Leek, 226 Long Canes (South Carolina), 289 Leeward Islands, 246 Long Island, 324, 325, 413 Leicester, 380 Longuemare, Marie Söyer Aunant de, 251 Leicester (Massachusetts), 437 Longuemare, Nicholas de, 251 Leipzig, 219, 409 Longwood (St. Helena), 420 Leizu, Empress, 10 looms, 10, 47, 65, 77, 79, 92, 172, 178, 219, Lett, John, 420 221, 226, 227, 250, 297, 320, 342, lettuce, 6, 112, 147, 432 383, 387, 392, 409, 412 Levant (see also Persia; Ottoman empire) López, Gabriel, 76 raw silk, 15, 22, 47, 165, 173, 179, 225, Lorient, 190, 194 227, 232, 338 Louis XIV, King, 175, 177, 179, 182, 183, sericulture, 24, 125, 175, 186 184, 186, 245 Levant Company, 101, 125, 148, 150, Louis XVI, King, 406, 407 227, 346 Louisiana, 8, 187–203, 239, 283, 427, 444 Lidbeck, Eric Gustaf, 221, 222, 223, 224 silk manufacture, 193, 194, 197, 200 Lille, 178 Lovisa Ulrika, Queen, 221 Lillie, Theophilus, 362 Lower Norfolk County (Virginia), 155 Lilly, Alfred, 445 Lower South, see Georgia and South Lima, 88, 95, 356 Carolina

Index 475

Loyola, Martín Ignacio de, 89 Mansfield (Connecticut), 325, 326, 339, Lucca, 19, 22, 45, 163, 208 411, 412, 417, 446 Ludlow, Thomas, 149 mantles, 53, 96, 315 Ludvig, Karl, 220 Mantua, 165, 225 Ludwell, Thomas, 155 mantuas, 343, 382 lumber, 64, 68, 187, 202, 203, 278, 291, Mapletoft, John, 149 295, 413 Maralbashi, 13 Lund, 224, 424 Maratha, 234, 235 lustrings, 316, 364, 403, 412 maravedís, 44, 55, 62, 92 Luther, George, 435 Marchant, Henry, 342, 343 Lutherans, 282 Maria Theresa, Empress, 225 luxury, 13, 15, 25, 34, 37, 51, 65, 89, 99, Marie-Antoinette, Queen, 387, 406 163, 164, 172, 178, 220, 221, 315, Marie-Galante, 185 344, 347, 353, 356, 358, 359, 360, Marín, Juan, 60, 64 362, 364, 381, 386, 390, 394, 395, Maroteau, Joseph, 390 396, 399, 400, 401, 403, 405, 407, Marquette, Jacques, 188 408, 425, 441 Marroquín, Lorenzo, 81 Lviv, 224 Marseille, 97, 98, 149, 163, 171, 173, 176, Lyons, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171, 172, 178, 194, 222, 440 176, 177, 178, 194, 206, 207, 208, Marshall, Humphry, 376, 381 213, 220, 226, 272, 391, 392, 394, Marshall, John, 390 396, 397, 406, 407, 409 Martha’s Vineyard (North Carolina), 435 Lyttleton, William, 265 Martin, John, 133, 144 Martinique, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187 Macao, 37, 87, 94 Martinozzi, Laura (Duchess of Macauley, Catharine, 382 Modena), 182 Macclesfield, 226, 231 Martyn, Benjamin, 269, 275 mace, 156 Maryland (see also Chesapeake), 373, 374, Mackay, Patrick, 266 447, 453 Mackay, Peter, 295 Mascarene Islands, 207, 339, 422 Madagascar, 179 Mason, Thomas, 237 Madrid, Juan de, 77 Massachusetts, 313, 314, 315, Magdeburg, 219 316, 318, 325, 326, 340, 347, 351, magistrates, 16, 67, 74, 82, 95, 130, 172, 384, 385, 399, 415, 424, 219, 223, 274, 278, 280, 281, 284, 434, 437, 447 375, 377, 403, 410, 436 Mathews, Maurice, 243, 248 Maine, 427, 444 Mathews, Samuel, 140 Maine (France), 173 Matienzo, Sancho Ortiz de, 43, 53 maize, 59, 85, 87, 96, 131, 132, 137, 192, mats, 64, 144 303, 411 Maury, Everest, 444, 447 production, 135 Maxton, Andrew, 295 Majorca, 177 Mayorga, Cristóbal de, 72 Malaga, 45, 46, 47, 222 Mazzei, Filippo, 405 Malbone, Francis, 332 McCall, Sharrod, 439 Malbone, Godfrey, 334 McCall, Thomas, 386 Malpighi, Marcello, 6, 215 McCulloh, Henry, 345 Malta, 420 McDuffie, George, 451 Manchester, 390, 391 McNeal, Sarah, 356 Mandeville, Bernard de, 360 Meade County (Kentucky), 447 Manifest Destiny, 130, 425, 439 Meadville, 435 Manigault, Gabriel, 311 Meaurin, Jean, 223 Manila, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, mechanics, 272, 306, 377, 390, 95 400, 401 Manila galleons, 86, 88, 91, 117 Medici, 4 Manoncourt, François Hurault de, 184 Medina, Pedro de, 47

476 Index

Mediterranean, 3, 7, 15, 17, 19, 20, 34, 46, Mistepec, 96 69, 92, 163, 165, 167, 171, 213, 225, mixed silk fabrics, 25, 33, 73, 78, 97, 103, 246, 250, 262, 317, 346, 372, 418, 440 164, 175, 226, 250, 314, 320, 356, Meigs, Return, 324 357, 381, 382, 385, 386, 390, Mendoza, Antonio de, 61, 76 392, 418 Mengzi (Mencius), 12 Mixtec, 58, 63, 65, 96, 121, Mennonites, 219 249, 303 menstruation, 175, 206, 223 Mixteca, 44, 63, 65, 66, 67, 73, 75, 80, 82, merchants 84, 93, 94, 95, 116 long-distance, 13, 15, 34, 53, 79, 86, 88, Mobjack Bay (Virginia), 153 91, 96, 100, 122, 126, 134, 148, 163, Moctezuma II, 51 165, 181, 206, 225, 227, 231, 234, Modena, 207, 208 316, 321, 330, 334, 342, 353, 355, Moffett, Thomas, 102, 103 358, 363, 376, 394, 395, 397 Moghulistan, 257 pedlars and local, 50, 63, 66, 69, 82, 91, Moll, Estinien, 127 167, 177, 248, 278, 288, 296, 316, Mollet, Claude, 170 323, 361, 365, 370, 413, 417, 433, Monconys, Balthasar de, 156 435, 445, 447 Mongol expansionism, 20, 24 Mercy, Count Claudius de, 225 Monongalia, 427, 434 Merian, Maria Sibylla, 1 Montchrestien, Antoine de, 170 Mérida, Alonso de, 72 Montélimar, 164 Messina, 46, 98, 149, 172, 177, 208 Montesclaros, Marques de, 92, 93 metamorphoses, 1, 4, 26, 32, 70, 175, 212, Montgomery, Robert, 256 250, 405 Monticello, 405 Methodists, 360 Montpellier, 45, 163, 164, 176, Methoni, 19 199, 204 Metztitlán, 72 Montreal, 165, 354 Mewse, Thomas, 361 Moore, Francis, 271 Mexican Revolution, 421 Moore, Milcah Martha, 383 Mexico (see also New Spain), 31, 38, 56, 64, Moors, 5, 44, 46, 47, 56, 67 71, 75, 88, 90, 116, 421, 452 Moravians, 264, 375 Mexico City, 58, 63, 64, 67, 72, Moray, Alexander, 153, 155 75, 76, 77, 82, 87, 88, 89, 91, 116, Moray, Robert, 112, 153, 155 356, 421 Morel, Alexandre, 414 Meyer, Magdalena, 285 moriculture, see mulberries Meztitlán valley, 62 Morga, Antonio de, 88, 90 Michigan, 447 Morgan, John, 415 Michoacán, 75 moriscos, 46, 48, 60, 61, 78 micrography, 1, 114, 156 Mormons, 449 Middletown, 324 Moscow, 217 Milan, 22, 165, 172, 207, 214 Mosquito Inlet (Florida), 346 Milford, 318, 323 Mota, Jerónimo Ruíz de la, 76 Millau, 204 Mothe, Antoine Laumet de la (Sieur du Milledge, Richard, 295 Cadillac), 192 Miller, Philip, 270 Motolinía (Fray Toribio de Benavente), 43, Minas Gerais, 424 73, 74 Miner, Charles, 450 Mount Pleasant (Ohio), 447 mines, 53, 189, 190, 192, 276 Moyne, Jean Baptiste le (Sieur de Ming dynasty, 21, 95, 337 Bienville), 189 Minorca, 266, 346 mulberries Mississippi, 447 characteristics of, 4, 14, 26, 168, 203, Mississippi Company (Compagnie 222, 265, 325, 413 d’Occident), 189, 191, 195, 196, destruction of, 62, 95, 185, 187, 221, 198, 201 224, 234, 278, 438, 452 Mississippi River, 180, 188, 189, 191 diseases, 27, 453, 455

Index 477

distribution, 3, 10, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, Munton Jennings, 108 27, 31, 36, 38, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 69, Murcia, 46, 49, 60, 62, 75 74, 96, 98, 105–13, 119, 129, 136, Murray, James, 345 144, 149, 157, 160, 167, 169, 173, Muscogee, 279 182, 183, 184, 199, 203, 204, 216, Muscovy Company, 101 217, 219, 223, 237, 239, 244, 251, Mysore, 418 261, 271, 300, 308, 317, 322, 325, 327, 340, 344, 346, 368, 385, 392, Nagano, 30 402, 412, 419, 420, 421, 436, Nahuatl (Aztec), 52, 57, 63, 65, 72 445, 447 Nanjing, 93 fruit, 15, 26, 31, 54, 119, 121, 148, 175, Nantes, 178, 395 192, 199, 244, 279, 413 Nantucket, 17 leaves, 5, 9, 27, 31, 45, 68, 72, 108, 111, Nanzhao, 24 121, 123, 128, 135, 142, 159, 164, Naples, 102, 157, 164, 214, 229, 266, 330 168, 187, 192, 196, 200, 205, 243, Narbonne, 164 248, 267, 278, 291, 301, 324, 332, Nasrid dynasty, 44 334, 341, 371, 415, 433 Natchaug River, 352 Morus alba (white), 15, 26, 46, 49, 57, 60, Natchez, 192, 199, 200, 201, 447 105, 112, 119, 123, 136, 152, 155, Native American (see also regional names), 159, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 54, 58, 189, 192, 200, 250, 267 183, 184, 192, 193, 197, 199, 202, conﬂict, 132, 133, 145, 166, 181, 201, 204, 215, 217, 221, 224, 225, 243, 249, 253, 257 256, 259, 266, 270, 275, 285, 288, disease, 3, 44, 57, 64, 83, 84 298, 325, 338, 346, 372, 402, 403, labour, 7, 44, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 414, 426, 434, 449 71, 72, 76, 84, 133, 144, 147, 158, Morus alba var. multicaulis (multicaulis), 192, 195, 248, 249, 251, 303, 421 9, 21, 433, 434, 455, 456, silk dress, 53, 94 Morus celtidifolia, 31, 54, 57, 60, 75 textiles, 51, 54, 65, 77, 78, 96, 121, 144, Morus microphylla,31 188, 279, 356 Morus nigra (black), 15, 26, 46, 57, 61, trade, 63, 180, 188, 191, 247, 249, 281, 76, 105, 113, 123, 136, 164, 215, 222, 354, 355 243, 317, 326, 338, 419 naturalisation, 109, 226, 246, 455 Morus rubra (red), 26, 32, 54, 118, 121, naturalists, 1, 4, 32, 137, 143, 156, 192, 136, 142, 181, 188, 193, 199, 239, 200, 206, 221, 223, 240, 263, 264, 243, 248, 265, 285, 324, 330, 369, 265, 273, 294, 321, 328, 370, 371, 435, 439, 443 388, 420, 421 Morus virginiana, 137 Navigation Acts, 157, 357 publications on, 6, 12, 21, 95, 101, 104, Nayarit, 75 111, 155, 168, 175, 222–4, 322, 324, Nazareth (Pennsylvania), 417 330, 379, 428, 432, 455 Nestorian, 16 regulations on, 20, 46, 105, 125, 129, Neuchâtel, 256 130, 150, 151, 152, 168, 172, 184, New Bedford, 417 193, 219, 220, 223, 225, 259, 270, New Bern, 443 291, 307, 369, 410, 452 New Bordeaux, 255, 289, 368, 386, 415 seed, 13, 25, 27, 54, 123, 271, 304, 328, New England, 8, 358, 369, 385, 442, 331, 341, 347 446, 447 techniques, 21, 72, 73, 112, 123, 153, sericulture, 211, 312–47, 352, 402, 412, 207, 222, 238, 324, 326 413, 416, 438, 452 Mulberry Gardens (Westminster), 106, 113 silk manufacture (British from Mulberry Grove Plantation (Georgia), 306 1707), 417 Mulberry Island (Virginia), 143 New France, 2, 8, 322 Mulberry Plantation (South Carolina), 240 New Hampshire, 442, 444, 452 Mulberry Row (Virginia), 404 New Haven, 326, 330, 411, 413 Mulberry Street (Philadelphia), 369 New Jersey, 326, 373, 374, 375, 412 Muller, Christina, 285 New Lands Company, 101

478 Index

New London, 360 Ockstead, 278 New Netherlands, 369 Oglethorpe, James, 269, 272, 275, 276, New Orleans, 194, 199, 201, 354, 443 277, 297 New Smyrna, 346 Ohio, 447, 449, 452 New Spain, 2, 8, 99, 121, 123, 131, 166, Ohio River, 338 179, 189, 271, 279, 355 Oldmixon, John, 264 sericulture, 43–97, 116, 158, 421 olives, 125, 240, 242, 258, 270 silk manufacture, 116, 356 onions, 274, 337 New Sweden, 160, 222 Orange (France), 164 New York, 354, 366, 398, 399, 413, 429, oranges, 270 434, 444, 447, 450, 453 organzine, 177, 178, 227, 229, 230, 237, New York Society for Promoting Useful 260, 268, 276, 287, 380 Knowledge, 415 Orléanais, 169, 173 Newfoundland, 180 orphans, 73, 201, 219, 221, 242, 281, 284, Newport (enslaved person), 334 285, 286, 288 Newport (Rhode Island), 329, 330, 332, Osage orange (Maclura pomifera), 432 333, 338, 417 Oswald, James, 291 Nicaea, 20 Othello, 102 Nicaragua, 52, 55 Otomi, 63, 72 Nicholson, John, 237 Ottolenghe, Joseph (Giuseppe Salomone Nicollet, Jean, 166 Ottolenghi), 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, Nile River, 18 304, 338, 375, 376, 415 Niles’ Weekly Register, 430 Ottoman empire, 100, 115, 151, 165, 173, Nîmes, 6, 164, 167, 176, 245, 451 207, 214, 229, 232 Nintoku, Emperor, 14 Ottone, Giacomo, 272 Nishapur, 15 Ovando, Nicolás de, 52, 54 Noah, 215, 336 ovens, 159, 215, 223, 263, 274, 291, 293, Nombre de Dios, 79 296, 334, 341 Nong Shu,21 overseers, 298, 300, 304 Nongsang Jiyao,21 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 26 Norman expansionism, 17, 19, 24 Oxford, 111, 112, 160, 270 Normandy, 241, 251, 440 oysters, 127 North Carolina, 115, 237, 255, 302, oznabrigs (osnaburgs), 270, 354 345, 435 Ozumatl, Martín, 73 North Haven, 412 Northampton (Massachusetts), 431, Paciﬁc, 188 437, 438 commodity trade, 3, 79, 83–95, 117 Northampton County (Pennsylvania), 375 Paciﬁc Ocean, 31, 37, 44, 118, 398 Northford, 333, 411 Padilla, Fernando de, 91 Norwich, 103, 226, 361 paduasoys, 237, 287, 366 Norwich (Connecticut), 412 Padwa River, 234 Nottingham, 226 Page du Pratz, Antoine-Simon le, 199, 200 Nouaille, Peter, 297 Paine, Thomas, 351, 377 Nova Reperta,34 Palermo, 19, 177 Nova Scotia, 344 Palmer, Dudley, 156 Novum Organum,34 Palmer, Eliakim, 320 Nuce, Thomas, 135, 136 Pamunkey River, 404 Nurinomi, 14 Panama, 31, 52, 71, 79 Pannonian Basin, 224 O’Sullivan, John, 439 pans, 446 oak, 69, 369, 432 Papacy, 214 Oatlands Palace, 108, 122, 126 Papua New Guinea, 85 oats, 137 Paradislyckan (Sweden), 223, 224 Oaxaca, 5, 57, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 74, 87, 96 Paris, 169, 175, 178, 194, 195, 371, Obdam, Agnes van Wassenaer, 244 397, 405

Index 479

Paris, Peace of, 390, 397 pigs, 9, 54, 137, 175, 337 Pâris-Duverney, Joseph, 193, 196, 197 Pinckney, Charles, 307, 308 Parkinson, John, 110, 137 Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, 307, 308, 341, 445 Parley, Peter, 441 pipes, 113 Parma, 208 pirates, 117, 183 Passaic River, 413 Pisa, 317 Pasteur, Louis, 5, 371 pitch, 119, 124, 129, 258 patents, 105, 215, 230, 445, 451 Pliny (Gaius Plinius Secundus), 15, 68, 360 Paterson, 413 Plombanie, Henri de Goyon de la, 371 Patras, 19 Pluche, Noël-Antoine, 337 Pearl River, 20 Plymouth, 106 pearls, 55, 119 Po Valley, 22 peas, 192 Pocahontas (Matoaka), 122 pébrine,22 poetry, 2, 4, 12, 14, 26, 101, 146, 149, 217, Pell, John, 156 276, 284, 307, 310, 382, 384 Peloponnese, 17, 19 Poland, 212, 219 Penide, Jean, 392 Polish, 119, 224 Penington, Edward, 372 political economy, see raw silk; political Penn, John, 372 economy Penn, William, 369 Polo, Marco, 21, 31 Pennsylvania, 5, 8, 326, 338, 352, 359, 366, Poma, Guaman, 52 392, 447, 450, 452 Pompey, 310 sericulture, 321, 368–88, 406, 412, porcelain, 86, 398 413, 417 Port Royal (Jamaica), 354 Pérez, Isabel, 53 Port Royal (South Carolina), 166, 257 Périer, Étienne, 201 Porter, George Richardson, 260 Périgord, 371 portrait, 3, 108, 313, 353 Perry, Paul, 196 Portsmouth (Rhode Island), 339 Persia, 257, 317 Portugal, 18, 33, 49, 87, 97, 102, 165, 176, sericulture, 14, 15, 18, 100, 115, 125, 214, 422 141, 148, 165, 179, 208, 214, 225, Portuguese, 37, 100, 118, 148, 254, 229, 232, 235, 266, 330, 337, 338 286, 289 silk textiles, 19, 101, 136, 364 Pory, John, 116, 124, 125, 127, 129, 132, Persian Gulf, 101 133, 136 Peru, 53, 77, 82, 85, 88, 89, 94, 117, postmasters, 433, 434, 435, 437, 450, 451 166, 355 potash, 119, 129, 377, 383 pesos, 64, 73, 75 Potemkin, Grigory, 218 Peter I, Emperor, 217 Potsdam, 219 petitions, 114, 241, 270, 289, 451 Potsdam, Edict of, 219 Petiver, James, 264 Potter, Amos, 331 Pettus, Thomas, 156 Poulain, Madame, 251 Peyreleau, 204 poultry, 159, 223 Philadelphia, 342, 352, 354, 365, 369, 372, Poupé, Madame, 244 373, 376, 386, 390, 391, 392, 395, Pousargues, Comte de, 408 398, 399, 400, 412, 426, 428, 434, Powell, Ann, 342 436, 451 Powhatan, 121, 132 Philip II, King, 78, 82, 87, 166 Poyas, John Lewis, 238, 260, 261, 262, Philip III, King, 89 263, Philippines, 20, 85, 86, 90, 93 Pradel, 168 Phoenicians, 15 Prague, 224 Piedmont, 22, 164, 165, 171, 175, 192, prayers, 62, 140, 162 208, 223, 230, 237, 257, 260, 272, Prince, Robert, 325 277, 281, 285, 291, 294, 297, 310 Prince, William, 325 Pierce, John S., 447 Princeton College, 412 pigeons, 134 Pringle, Robert, 264, 387

480 Index

prizes, 7, 54, 56, 92, 118, 126, 183, 222, political economy, 2, 6, 12, 14, 15, 21, 294, 298, 327, 374, 376, 419, 435, 22, 23, 25, 30, 34, 36, 49, 61, 69, 82, 437, 445 92, 95, 100, 102, 103, 113, 115, 119, Procopius (of Caesarea), 15 124, 130, 138, 141, 149, 152, 158, protectionism, 17, 22, 36, 46, 49, 73, 77, 170, 172, 190, 195, 196, 202, 204, 79, 86, 88, 92, 94, 97, 103, 105, 157, 212, 219, 221, 228, 236, 239, 241, 165, 167, 213, 219, 220, 221, 227, 246, 255, 259, 261, 264, 267, 288, 229, 230, 235, 237, 255, 281, 320, 291, 298, 304, 307, 312, 317, 320, 353, 358, 390, 393, 399, 402, 409, 328, 329, 340, 344, 345, 347, 352, 451, 452 358, 360, 367, 370, 374, 388, 389–92, Provence, 164, 167, 170, 176, 192, 194, 399–403, 418, 424, 429, 435, 437–44, 199, 207, 216, 406 451, 457 Providence, 417, 434 prices, 28, 34, 48, 75, 77, 82, 105, 127, Prussia, 212, 219, 220, 256, 284, 402 135, 154, 198, 241, 258, 275, 283, Puebla, 59, 65, 75, 77, 82, 88, 91 288, 305, 323, 380, 381, 416, Pullein, Samuel, x, 2, 108, 252, 265, 304, 427, 445 340, 373, 379 reeling, 8, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 25, 28, Puritans, 114, 170, 313, 315, 316, 322, 33, 48, 61, 64, 67, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 325, 331, 333, 336, 360 110, 122, 126, 146, 149, 154, 156, Purry, Jean-Pierre, 256, 257 164, 184, 194, 196, 198, 200, 205, Purrysburg, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 266, 216, 222, 230, 233, 244, 247, 250, 280, 283, 284, 287, 290, 298, 368 259, 263, 264, 268, 272, 277, 280, Pykering, John, 143 282, 285, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, Pyramus and Thisbe, 26 299, 303, 308, 327, 335, 337, 339, Pyrenees, 167 341, 344, 369, 373, 375, 389, 392, 412, 416, 427, 442, 455 Qing dynasty, 398 trade, 13, 22, 25, 30, 33, 34, 37, 44, 47, Quakers, 250, 360, 366, 369, 371, 373, 63, 77, 86, 90–5, 97, 99, 101, 148, 160, 376, 381, 384 165–6, 171, 176, 181, 203, 207, Quebec, 180, 189, 336 212–14, 217–19, 225–30, 232–6, 253, Queensland, 420 269, 280, 290, 297, 311, 321, 380, quinine, 271 392, 402, 417, 418, 421, 422, Quinnipiac River, 326 434, 455 Quissac, 6 yield, 28, 48, 58, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 73, Quran, 17 74, 80, 83, 85, 95, 106, 122, 130, 137, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, rabbits, 134 159, 177, 179, 182, 184, 186, 191, Ralcher, Mary, 296 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 205, 207, Ramírez, Diego, 72 216, 220, 224, 225, 237, 244, 246, Randolph, Edmund, 251 250, 252, 257, 263, 268, 275, 280, Rangpur, 232 282, 285, 287, 289, 296, 299, 318, Rapp, Gertrude, 447 323, 327, 329, 330, 335, 339, 340, Rasberry, Thomas, 296 342, 345, 374, 375, 379, 380, 382, Ratliffe Cross, 111 385, 387, 391, 404, 408, 415, 417, raw silk 419, 436, 444, 446, 449 colour, 21, 90, 92, 118, 148, 234, 251, Raynal, Abbé (Guillaume Thomas), 1, 295, 297, 340 23, 203 migration of experts in, 23, 24, 30, 33, 36, Reconquista, 44, 49 47, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 76, Redi, Francesco, 4 99, 109, 122, 126–9, 136, 150, 157, reeds, 64, 391 164, 179, 182, 184, 194, 205, 212, reeling, see raw silk, reeling; silk, throwing 217, 220, 223, 224, 225, 231, 239, reel (machine), 9, 28, 67, 205, 216, 261, 241, 245, 246, 251, 254, 255, 257, 263, 268, 272, 273, 277, 278, 282, 268, 272, 273, 277, 280, 285, 289, 285, 290, 324, 340, 341, 374, 379, 293, 300, 317, 345, 375, 379, 390, 416, 445, 452 391, 408, 422, 440, 452 Reggio, 208

Index 481

Relaciones Geográﬁcas,82 Safor, 50 Rensselaer, Stephen van, 450 Saguenay River, 166 republicanism, 364, 385, 386, 388, 389, Saillant, 194 394, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, sailors, 299 407, 414, 441 Saint Chamond, 164 Reshd (Rasht), 338 Saint Domingue, 183, 185, 198, 201 reverse engineering, 23, 75, 163 Saint Hippolyte du Fort, 5 Revillagigedo, Conde de, 421 Sainte-Marie (Martinique), 182 Rhode Island, 334, 342 Saint-Pierre (Martinique), 182 Rhodes, Henrietta, 216 Salazar y Salcedo, Hieronimo de, 90 Rhône River, 163, 171, 173, 176, 391 Salazar, Gonzalo de, 76 Ribault, Jean, 166, 167 Salem, 315, 316, 398 ribbons, 33, 78, 176, 179, 205, 223, 226, Salonica, 213 314, 315, 356, 364, 393, 396, 414, salt, 56 416, 447 Salzburg, 284 Ribera Alta, 50 Salzburgers, 284–8, 305, 309 rice, 125, 190, 196, 239, 240, 244, 247, Samarkand, 14 255, 259, 300, 303, 346 samples, 12, 15, 131, 136, 175, 184, 191, production, 3, 28, 252, 253–5, 291, 299, 195, 201, 234, 235, 237, 238, 263, 301, 302 289, 324, 329, 374, 379, 383, 397, trade, 2, 253 403, 413, 429, 437, 445, 452 Richard Bourke, 419 Sandoval, Francisco Tello de, 77 Richelieu, Cardinal (Armand Jean du Sandys, Edwin, 124, 127, 131, 133, 135 Plessis), 171 Sandys, George, 124, 128 Ridouet, Antoine de, 171 Sanford, Robert, 239 Riello, Giorgio, 23 Sangley traders, 90 Rittenhouse, David, 377 sans-culottes, 407 Rivière-sur-Tarn, 204 Santa Cruz, Francisco de, 58 Roanoke, 115 Santa Elena, 166 Robert, François-Roger, 187 Santee River, 244, 251 Robinson, Pickering, 292, 293 Santo Domingo, 53 rodents, 68, 121, 168, 223 sapodilla, 69 Roe, Charles, 231 Saratov, 217 Roe, Thomas, 100 Sardinia, 213 Roger II, King, 19, 24 Sasanian dynasty, 15, 16, 23 Rolfe, John, 122, 123, 129, 131 satins, 77, 88, 356, 364, 399, 408, 412 Rolt, Richard, 355 Saturniidae family, 32 Romania, 23, 224 Savannah, 270, 271, 272, 277, 278, 281, Romans, 15, 26, 105, 360 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 292, 293, Ross, Hugh, 295 294, 299, 303, 306, 309, 338, 415 Rothmahler, Job, 237, 258 Savannah River, 249, 256, 257, 266, 271, Rowe, John, 361, 362 277, 282, 284, 289, 306, 339 Royal Society, 6, 156, 214, 240 Savoy, 165, 171, 213, 214, 230, 272, 273 Royle, Henry, 390 Saxony, 221 Rufﬁn, Edmund, 434, 441, 443, 444 Scarborough, Edmund, 153 Ruiz, María, 77 scarves, 314, 315 rum, 145, 269, 306 Schaumburg-Lippe, 220 Rumsey, Sabina Blandenburgh, 373, 376 scissors (shears), 147, 153 Rush, Richard, 450 Scotland (see also entries under England from Russia, 33, 212, 214, 217, 219, 409 1707), 339 silk trade through, 15, 101, 321 Scottish, 112, 153, 189, 247, 249, 270, 301, 345, 346, 376, 393 Sabatier, John, 297 seal, 81, 267, 396, 437 Sabzevar, 15 Searing, Benjamin, 334 Safavid dynasty, 100, 151, 165, 214 Segura River, 50

482 Index

Seignelay, Marquis de (Jean-Baptiste hydraulic mills, 13, 33, 109, 172, 230, Antoine Colbert), 188 231, 235, 260, 272, 287, 305, 352, Selby, 250 371, 390, 447 Seljuk dynasty, 20 moth, 3, 13, 25, 97, 115, 142, 184, 222, sericulture, see entries under raw silk; silk- 309, 336, 437 worms; regions religion, 10, 14, 26, 51, 52, 62, 63, 71, 75, sermons, 280, 286, 313, 315, 360 87, 89, 90, 96, 102, 103, 114, 162, Serres, Olivier de, 104, 168, 169, 206 169, 180, 215, 250, 294, 315, 330, Serrières, 391 331, 332, 344, 346, 360, 381, 441 setaioli, 24 technological advances, 12, 22, 28, 30, Seville, 43, 53, 55, 56, 58, 77, 79, 89, 33, 50, 68, 78, 98, 109, 172, 206, 229, 92, 119 247, 295, 309, 347, 352, 379, 401, Sewall, Hannah, 315 409, 415, 447 Sewall, Samuel, 315, 316 textiles, specialisation, 18, 21, 25, 33, 78, sewing silk, 32, 39, 78, 130, 164, 176, 223, 80, 95, 152, 219, 226, 297, 361, 386 226, 251, 316, 320, 382, 386, 390, textiles, trade, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 33, 412, 417, 427, 429, 444, 445 37, 47, 49, 53, 76, 79, 84, 87, 90, 94, Shakers, 449 99, 101, 114, 172, 207, 212, 226, 235, Shakespeare, William, 102, 113 314, 318, 351, 353, 367, 381, 387, Shamakhi, 101 389, 393, 394, 395, 398, 409, Shandong, 338 419, 447 Shang (Yin) dynasty, 10 throwing, 17, 24, 33, 77, 81, 103, 114, Sharman, Michael, 143 122, 164, 171, 173, 179, 206, 208, Shaw, Samuel, 398 225, 226, 229–32, 234, 235–7, 269, sheep, 9, 56, 104, 447 272, 273, 296, 312, 371, 390, 391, Shelton, Sherman, 310 392, 407, 412, 452, 453 shelving, 64, 69, 72, 108, 261, 274, 295, transport, 13, 20, 25, 37, 56, 63, 64, 79, 311, 388 82, 87, 88, 90, 91, 101, 165, 173, 198, Shetucket River, 352 205, 207, 232, 234, 275, 280, 282, Shih chi,12 296, 307, 323, 396, 419, 443 Shindatsu, 30 weaving, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 45, ship, 34, 43, 54, 56, 85, 87, 88, 90, 93, 115, 47, 73, 75, 77, 88, 91, 117, 165, 167, 117, 121, 125, 126, 134, 158, 195, 172, 178, 179, 206, 214, 227, 229, 198, 232, 236, 241, 243, 296, 237, 245, 276, 296, 307, 318, 323, 309, 396 341, 342, 356, 390, 395, 408, Shirvan, 101, 217 412, 441 Shoemaker, Samuel, 366 silk grass, 115, 131, 148 shoes, 57, 270, 292, 387, 403, 447 Silk Hope Plantation (Georgia), 303 Sichuan, 24 Silk Hope Plantation (South Carolina), Sichuan Basin, 20 247, 255, 311 Sicily, 18, 24, 25, 157, 175, 214, 229, 266, Silk Road, 13, 14, 15, 37, 165 274, 372, 454 Silk Stocking Company, 365 Sierra Leone, 420 silkworms Sierra Nevada, 44 buildings to house, 69, 72, 108, 122, 126, silk (see also raw silk; silkworms; and entries 128, 133, 144, 159, 183, 184, 185, under regions) 205, 207, 215, 224, 244, 274, 278, ceremonies, 10, 63, 67, 96, 150, 156, 282, 286, 299, 327, 336, 373, 385, 162, 180, 205, 276, 356, 387, 404, 411, 419, 446 411, 417, 428, 444 characteristics of, 1, 2, 4, 12, 26, 32, 34, designs, 12, 17, 24, 92, 97, 172, 177, 207, 97, 102, 115, 145, 146, 151, 166, 245, 316, 343, 392, 406, 409 175, 186, 191, 199, 215, 260, 265, durability, 356, 385, 437 332, 335, 337, 374, 386, 399, dyeing, 17, 24, 66, 77, 90, 92, 179, 245, 416, 441 323, 361, 383, 387, 391, 392, 395, diseases, 22, 26, 27, 68, 70, 106, 155, 412, 416, 445 330, 341, 371, 453

Index 483

eggs, 13, 16, 17, 25, 30, 36, 43, 48, 53, Society for Encouraging the Culture of Silk 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, in Pennsylvania, 372, 373, 374, 375, 84, 93, 105, 118, 119, 125, 133, 134, 376, 377, 379, 382, 384, 386, 147, 151, 156, 169, 175, 182, 185, 387, 413 197, 198, 201, 208, 215, 222, 247, Society for Establishing Useful 251, 261, 265, 272, 274, 278, 286, Manufactures (New Jersey), 413 289, 300, 308, 323, 329, 331, 339, Society for Promoting Christian 340, 344, 369, 372, 374, 379, 391, Knowledge, 284 419, 420, 434, 446 Society for the Encouragement of Arts, fashion, 2, 108 Manufactures, and Commerce hatching, 16, 106, 114, 122, 128, 162, (Premium Society), 298, 312, 322, 175, 198, 223, 265, 332 323, 339, 344, 379, 419 multivoltine harvests, 27, 141, 323, Sogdiana, 14 341, 374 Sogdians, 16 physiognomy and science, 2, 5, 9, 22, 25, Sogo, 310 26, 70, 104, 110, 114, 200, 264, 332, soils, 27, 123, 188, 190, 199, 204, 222, 224, 336, 370, 420 240, 300, 321, 331, 385, 413, predators, 5, 25, 66, 68, 121, 143, 144, 439, 442 162, 182, 186, 205, 223, 274, 286, soldiers, 16, 24, 166, 170, 186, 245, 322, 296, 300, 334, 383 336, 365, 401, 408, 438 publications on, 2, 4, 6, 14, 26, 29, 30, sols, 173, 176 34, 67, 99, 101, 104, 106, 109, 115, Somers Islands Company, 123, 126 126, 127, 134, 138–49, 159, 170, 173, Somerset County (Maryland), 453 202, 206–7, 215, 222–4, 265, 269, Song dynasty, 20 274, 275, 317, 323, 327, 335, Sophia Albertina, Princess, 221 336, 338, 371, 375, 404, 415–16, Soto, Hernando de, 119 422, 428, 438, 441, 444, 450, South Carolina, 8, 38, 166, 171, 192, 237, 451, 455 267, 268, 272, 287, 312, 345, 358, temperature, 21, 25, 68, 70, 108, 362, 372, 386, 451 173, 207, 215, 223, 301, 332, sericulture, 238–66, 267, 269, 274, 277, 373, 454 283, 288–311, 321, 368, 414, termination of, 13, 18, 28, 66, 67, 68, 438, 445 123, 130, 132, 153, 159, 263, 274, South Sea Company, 189, 216 308, 329, 334, 341, 374 Southampton, Earl of (Henry Silva, Juan de, 93 Wriothesley), 106 silver, 2, 44, 66, 75, 88, 92, 97, 117, 164, Spain, 105, 165, 170, 176, 202, 203, 262, 190, 215, 276 396, 408, 409, 418 Sing Sing (New York), 453 sericulture, 4, 8, 18, 43–50, 70, 76, 78–9, Skellefteå, 223 92, 95, 97, 102, 115, 116, 125, 127, slave trade, 189, 258, 261, 287, 292, 334, 133, 165, 171, 208, 211, 215, 330, 382, 420 421, 422, 438 slaves, see enslaved people of African origin silk manufacture, 395 Slavs, 16 Sparta (Georgia), 437 smallpox, 57, 84, 262 spices, 86, 165 Smith (Smythe), Thomas, 122 spiders, 223, 334 Smith, Gideon B., 430, 447 Spitalﬁelds, 226, 229, 237, 245, 296, 341, Smith, John, 116, 118, 121 342, 343, 363, 384, 389, 391, 392, Smollett, Tobias, 361 408, 440 smuggling, 79, 91, 94, 219, 227, 236, 283, spontaneous generation, theory of, 4, 5, 317, 355, 357, 393 142, 174 Smyrna (Delaware), 434 Spriggs, George, 327 Smyrna (Izmir), 19, 101, 177, 208, 346 Spring Garden (Philadelphia), 412 snuff, 336 squash, 303 Société de Mézières, 194 St Augustine, 346 Société Gallo-Américaine, 394 St Catherine Creek (Natchez), 199

484 Index

St Etienne, 194 Sully, Duc de (Maximilien de St Eustatius, 367 Béthune), 169 St Helena, 420 sumptuary regulations, 14, 17, 48, 52, St James’s Palace, 108 53, 57, 100, 129, 158, 170, 228, 313, St Kitts, 130 314, 315, 316, 360, 364, 382, St Lawrence River, 165, 180 400, 402 St Louis, Bay of, 192 supercargoes, 232, 234, 235 St Petersburg, 217, 321, 338 Surrey, 108 Stallenge, Jasper, 106, 126 Susquehanna River, 382 Stallenge, William, 104, 110, 138 Swammerdam, Jan, 6 Stamp Act, 342, 361 swamps, 38 Stanley, Elizabeth, 278 Swan, James, 396, 408, 410 Stanley, Joseph, 273 Sweden, 211, 221–4, 403 Stark, Henry, 444 sericulture, 266, 455 steam, 28, 68, 215, 274, 293, 373, 388 Swedenborgian, 331 steel, 395 Swedish, 160, 379 Stellenbosch, 420 Sweet, Jeffery, 447, 450 Stephens, William, 281, 282 Swiss, 167, 179, 194, 213, 239, 256, 261, Stevens, William, 296 298, 409 Steward Street (Spitalﬁelds), 296 Switzerland, 245, 256, 408 Stewart, John, 247–9 synthetic fabrics, 23 Stewart, Ludovic (Duke of Lennox), 104 Syria, 16, 17, 18, 165, 232, 257 Stiles, Betsy, 344 Stiles, Elizabeth, 333, 340, 342, 344, taffetas, 47, 52, 77, 88, 91, 92, 176, 237, 347, 363 364, 408 Stiles, Emilia, 333 Tailfer, Patrick, 284 Stiles, Ezra, 328–45, 346–7, 363, 370, 402, Taínos, 54 411, 412 Taiwan, 37 Stiles, Kezia, 333 Tajikistan, 14 Stirrup, John, 143 Taklamakan Desert, 13 Stockholm, 221, 223 Talas River, 24 stockings, 39, 112, 179, 205, 217, 223, 226, Talon, Jean, 180, 181, 187 227, 273, 320, 324, 365, 380, 382, Tang dynasty, 24, 25 396, 403, 408, 412, 413, tannery, 377, 385 417, 437, 447 tar, 119, 124, 129, 196, 253, Stockport, 231, 390, 391 258 Stoner, Widow, 378 Tarascan, 63 Stono Rebellion, 262 Tarim Basin, 13 Storer, Charles, 399 Tartre, Pierre du, 251 Storrs, Rebecca, 325 Tasmania, 420 Storrs, Zalmon, 450 Taurida (Crimea), 219 Strachey, William, 118, 121 Taverner, Elizabeth, 414 Stradanus, Johannes (Jan van der Straet), Tawantinsuyu (Inca), 52 34 taxation, 12, 20, 36, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 71, Stratford-upon-Avon, 113 73, 74, 78, 82, 96, 124, 154, 172, 173, straw, 56, 68, 446 183, 184, 221, 239, 363, 371, 376, Streater, Elizabeth Burbage, 154 399, 452 Stuart dynasty, 100, 115 taxonomy, 32, 142, 206, 324, 340, 369, Stuarts Town (South Carolina), 249 371, 433 Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius tea, 10, 28, 398, 446 Tranquillus), 360 Tennessee, 436, 449 Suffolk, 313 Tenochtitlán, 51, 57, 59 sugar, 2, 55, 61, 118, 125, 145, 183, 184, Tepeji (Tepexi de Rodríguez), 60 187, 188, 189, 240, 254, 447 Teposcolula, 62, 73, 75, 81, 96 production, 130, 181, 183, 185, 356, 370 Terek River, 217

Index 485

Tewkesbury, 226 Traucat, François le, 167, 168 Texas, 32 Treaty of Amity and Commerce, 393 textiles, see entries under ﬁbres and types Trentino, 225 Texupa (Villa Tejupam de la Unión), 60, Trevor, John, 108 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 75, 96 Triboudet, John Francis, 266 Thailand, 12, 23 tribunal, 58, 157 Thames River, 117 tribute, 12, 20, 59, 63, 65, 71, 72, 84 Thebes, 17, 24 Triewald, Mårten, 221, 222, 223 theft, 68, 130, 171, 191, 230, 277, 361 Trigueros, Manuel, 93 Theobalds Palace, 108, 131 trimming, 33, 176, 227, 315, 316, 390 Theodor, Karl, 220 Triscott, Dorothy, 411 Theophanes, 16 Trott, Sarah, 261 Thibou, Louis, 244 Trujillo, 67 Thirsk, Joan, 113 Tsang, Hsüan, 13 Thomason, Abraham, 411 Tsaritsyn (Volgagrad), 217 Thompson, James, 413 Tsenacommacah, 121 Thorn, Mary, 375 Tucker, Daniel, 123 Thorpe, George, 132, 133 Tucker, Luther, 430 Throckmorton, William, 125 Tuctlan, 64 Thunderbolt, 273 Tuileries, Jardin des, 170 thunderstorms, 130, 155, 186, 301, 323, Tull, Jethro, 322 332, 362, 370 Tunica, 188 Tibet, 24 Turin, 194, 266, 272, 273, 390, 393, 415 Tilantongo, 74, 84 Turkey Company, 101 Tipu Sultan, 418 Turku, 223 tiraz, 18 Turnbull, Andrew, 346 Tlaxcala, 59, 96 turnips, 446 Tlaxiaco, 96 turpentine, 119 tobacco, 99, 119, 131, 137, 145, 147, 150, Tuscany, 22, 102, 165, 213 151, 155, 160, 189, 190, 194, 195, Tweedy, Freelove Sophia Crawford, 338 196, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 240, Twickenham, 158 241, 254, 255, 284 Tyler, Mary Palmer, 445 production, 3, 123–5, 128, 129, 130, Tyre, 15 132, 136, 137, 140, 152 Tyrol, 213, 422 trade, 2 Todd, Jonathan, 330, 338 Umayyad dynasty, 17 Tokugawa shogunate, 30, 37 United States, 2, 9, 22, 32 Toledo, 47, 50, 76, 79, 91, 97 China trade, 398, 452 Tolland County (Connecticut), 416 sericulture, 410–18, 425–57 Tomson, Robert, 116 silk manufacture, 352, 389–93, 400, 402, Tongking, 206 403, 412, 414, 416, 417, 418, 427, 434, Tonti, Henri de, 188, 190, 192 436, 437, 440, 442, 444, 447, 455, 457 tornesols, 94 textile industries, 413, 442, 451 Torres Zorrilla, Damián de, 81 United States Silk Society Toulouse, 164, 176, 178 (Washington), 436 Tournay, 390 Upchurch, Michael, 143 Tournelles, Hôtel des, 170 Urlsperger, Samuel, 284 Tours, 164, 167, 170, 171, 194, 208, Ursulines, 201 226, 245 Utah, 449, 456 Townshend Acts, 362, 384 Uzbekistan, 14, 23 Townshend, Charles, 291 Uzés, 194 Tradescant, John, 105, 116, 137 trahendius, 164 Valencia, 18, 46, 47, 49, 79, 97, 134, 177, tram, 90, 91, 229, 287 213, 379 Trás-os-Montes, 214, 422 Van Epps, A.C., 440

486 Index

Vargas y Cordona, Melchor de, 80 Ward, Mary, 147, 154 Vargas, Juan de, 93 Ward, Samuel, 334 Vaudois, 244, 273 warehouses, 37, 408 veedores, 48, 80, 81 Washington, George, 394, 403, 404, 405, veils, 91, 444 410, 411 Velasco, Luis de, 74 Wassamsaw, 257 velvets, 47, 57, 63, 77, 88, 91, 92, 219, 237, waste silk, 25, 32, 78, 81, 90, 165, 237, 260, 365, 416 287, 296, 340, 380, 383, 416 Venice, 19, 21, 165, 207, 317 Waterhouse, Edward, 136 Venice Company, 101 Waties, Thomas, 445 Veracruz, 61, 87, 116 Watson, John Fanning, 16, 382, 386 Verelst, Harman, 237 Wayne County (Indiana), 437 Vergennes, Comte de (Charles Webster, Daniel, 441 Gravier), 395 Webster, Pelatiah, 400, 401, 402, 410, 441 Vermont, 347, 445, 447 Wells, Andrew, 306 Verrazano, Giovanni da, 165 Wertsch, Johann Caspar, 305 Versailles, 204 Wesley, Samuel, 276 Verteuil, Louis Cavelier de, 197 West, Benjamin, 377 Verton, François de, 104–6, 109 West, Joseph, 241 vestments, 53, 63, 96 Westminster, 106, 113 Vicenza, 22 Westrope, John, 149 viceroy, 61, 74, 79, 80, 81, 89, whale oil, 119 95, 421 wheat, 28, 65, 71, 87, 96, 113, 137, 199, Victor Amadeus II, King, 214 303, 446 Vida, Marco Girolamo, 2, 5, 102 Whig Party (US), 451 Vienna, 189, 225 Whitaker, Alexander, 128 Vietnam, 12, 23, 37, 206 Whiteﬁeld, George, 286, 287 Vigil, Antonio de Elgueta y, 31 Whitelock, Isaac, 377 Vijaya Jaya, King, 13 Whitmarsh, Samuel, 431, 438 Villafañe, Juan de, 64 Whitney, Eli, 306 Villamanrique, Marquis of, 80 Whitwell, William, 327 vines (wine), 28, 85, 109, 118, 123, 124, whortleberry, 340 126, 130, 151, 193, 240, 241, 242, Widegate Street, 342 255, 256, 258, 267, 270, 346 Wigglesworth, Edward, 339 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), 102 Wigglesworth, Rebecca, 324 Virginia (see also Chesapeake), 3, 6, 8, 98, wild silk, 15, 32, 115, 142, 147, 190, 169, 171, 179, 183, 198, 222, 237, 200, 239 238, 241, 244, 245, 249, 253, 268, William and Mary, College of, 160 270, 271, 274, 283, 284, 300, 312, Williams, Edward, 144, 145, 148, 249 330, 369, 390, 404, 444 Williams, Jonathan, 395 sericulture, 115–61, 211, 318, 438 Williamsburg, 362 Virginia Company, 115–36, 137, 138, Willimantic, 352 150, 159 Willis, Ebenezer, 417 Vivarais (Ardèche), 164, 168, 245, 391 Willoughby, Sarah Thompson, 155 Volga River, 101, 217, 321 Wilson, Samuel, 243 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 203, 221 Wilson, William, 287 Vršac, 225 Wiltshire, 112 Wimbledon, 114 Wabash, 427 Windebank, Francis, 137 waistcoats, 318, 320, 324, 403 Windham, 351, 352, 410, 415, 416, Walker, Alexander, 420 434, 450 Wallingford (Connecticut), 403, 411 Winthrop, Adam, 317 walnuts, 142 Winthrop, James, 347 Walpole, Robert, 216 Winthrop, John, 313, 314, 325 Ward, Laurence, 144, 147 Winthrop, John Jr, 317

Index 487

Wiseman, Richard, 126 Wyatt, Francis, 137 witchcraft, 315 Wyld, Henry, 391, 392 woad, 103 Woburn, 327 Xàtiva, 50 Woddrop, John, 393 Xi, Fu, 336 Wolcott, Oliver, 450 Wolfe, James, 336 Yale College, 322, 328, 411 Wolof, 191 Yamasee, 249 women Yangtze River, 10 association with silk, 10, 24, 67, 106, 143, Yanhuitlán, 66, 74, 81, 96 146, 173, 175, 206, 221, 308, 362 Yao, Emperor, 336 demographics, 124, 145, 202 yarn, see raw silk labour, 7, 28, 45, 48, 58, 61, 65, 73, 77, Yazoo River, 188 78, 103, 109, 111, 143, 144, 145–8, Yeardley, George, 125, 132 154, 180, 183, 194, 196, 197, 198, Yellow River, 10, 12 199, 200, 212, 220, 223, 245, 250, Yellow Sea, 12 259, 263, 265, 273, 275, 279, 281, Yonge, Francis, 253 284, 285, 286, 287, 291, 292, 293, Yonge, Henry, 298 295, 299, 304, 309, 313, 324, 333, York County (Virginia), 149, 150 335, 339, 340, 344, 345, 373, 375, Yorkshire, 250, 377 377, 382, 383, 386, 388, 411, 412, Yorktown, 390 421, 427, 434, 440, 445, 446, 452 Yuan dynasty, 20, 21 Woodmason, Charles, 290 Yuan Shih,20 Woodstock, 416 Yucatán, 75 wool, 98, 99, 111, 250, 287, 314, 334, 354, 357, 361, 364, 384, 385, 392, 395, Zachary, John, 280, 337 407, 442, 443 Zakim, Michael, 359 ﬁbres, 1 Zapotec, 58, 63 Woolman, John, 382 Zárate, Bartolomé de, 75 Worcester (Massachusetts), 415 Zárate, Juan Lopez de, 75 Working, Gertrude, 147, 260 Zeisberger, David, 417 Worlidge, John, 111 Zettler, Matthias, 292 Wragg, Joseph, 261 Zhejiang, 338 Wright, James, 299, 301, 303 Zhou dynasty, 12 Wright, Samuel, 383 Zonca, Vittorio, 109 Wright, Susanna, 14, 382, 383, 388 Zumárraga, Juan de, 62, 77