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RRS Discovery Og Fram RRS Discovery og Fram Utviklinga av dei første polarskutene, 1891–1901 Andreas Arnøy Osnes Masteroppgåve ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2018 I II RRS Discovery og Fram – Utviklinga av dei første polarskutene, 1891–1901. Planteikning med tømmerval og dimensjonar, RRS Discovery. Kjelde: The Dundee Heritage Trust. III Opphavsrett: Andreas A. Osnes 2018 RRS Discovery og Fram – Utviklinga av dei første polarskutene, 1891–1901. Andreas Arnøy Osnes http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV V VI Samandrag Denne oppgåva ser på dei føresetnadane og prosessane på land, som førte til utviklinga av dei to første reine polarskutene, til Noreg og Storbritannia i perioden 1891–1901: Discovery og Fram. Problemstillinga spør òg om Noreg i grunn skulle hevda seg mot britane. Ho er delt inn i to hovudkapittel. Det første hovudkapittelet analyserer den britiske prosessen, mens det andre hovudkapittelet analyserer den norske, samstundes som det norske kapittelet til dels drøftar dei to skutene ut frå det britiske kapittelet. Oppsummert var det tale om to relativt like skuter som hadde like ambisjonar, men dei to skulene hadde ei ulik tilnærming til saka. Den britiske prosessen var basert på eit omfattande system av offiserar og leiarar som blei styrt frå London og admiralitetet underlagt riksadmiralen. Derimot var sjølve skuta eit produkt av dei skotske maritime tradisjonane med eit spesielt tyngdepunkt der Discovery blei bygd i Dundee og til dels Glasgow. I Noreg var det ingen militær tradisjon som låg til grunn, og store deler av prosessen bak Fram var eit resultat av arbeidet til Fridtjof Nansen, Colin Archer og Otto Sverdrup. I tillegg til dette var skuta løfta fram av den kulturelle og politiske venstreeliten i Noreg på 1890-talet. Både i Noreg og Storbritannia var heile skuteindustrien i ferd med å sakke akterut til fordel for den moderne stål- og dampflåten. Derfor hadde begge nasjonane vanskar med å finna kompetanse, struktur og trevirke til å byggje skuta. På grunn av dei tilhøva som var forventa i Arktis og Antarktis, og dei tiltenkte oppgåvene til begge skutene, kunne ikkje strukturen vere av metall. Dei økonomiske faktorane var spesielle for begge landa, men i Noreg var kystnæringa i større grad inne i ein periode som ikkje la opp til å byrje med kostnadskrevjande polarskuter. Derimot hadde staten gått inn både i Noreg og Storbritannia med finansiering for å få prosjektet på beina. Resultatet var to eksperimentelle skuter bygd eine og åleine for dei føremåla som var skissert i innleiinga. Det blei ein byttehandel med dårlegare sjøeigenskapar til fordel for sterkare motstand mot is. I så måte var det ikkje gode havseglarar som forlét hamna. Begge skutene var også sett saman med ukonvensjonelle metodar, men helst basert på god byggjetradisjon frå dei respektive landa. Noreg hevda seg delvis mot Storbritannia, men fleire faktorar peiker òg på at det var eit samarbeid mellom dei geografiske selskapa. Oppgåva har òg satt opp eit forslag til definisjon av polarskuter. VII VIII Forord Sjølv for ein herda vestlending, reiv kulingen frå Nordsjøen meg innerst i jekslane då eg spaserte frå jernbana ned mot kaia der Discovery låg i Dundee. På denne kalde dagen i mars stod ein røsleg kar med bibelsk skjegg og røyka Sterling-sigarettar med berre ei skjorte på seg, og eg tenkte: Ikkje rart båten blei bygga her. Etter å ha lest fleire tusen sider om skotsk og norsk sjømannsekspertise, står eg igjen med djup respekt for kva desse folka utretta med antikk teknologi for over hundre år sidan – også har eg fått utruleg lyst på seglbåt. John Peter Collett fortener ein stor takk for solid fagleg støtte som rettleiar og triveleg kaffislabberas om akademia, nobelprisen og alt anna. Gjennom både bachelor- og masteroppgåva, har du navigert meg på rett kjøl då eg var på veg utaskjers. I tillegg har eg fått avgjerande hjelp frå engasjerte menneske over heile landet under innsamlinga av materiale til oppgåva. Takk til Nasjonalbiblioteket, Vestfoldarkivet, Noregs handelshøgskule, Dag og Tid, Bergen Sjøfartsmuseum og Kvalfangstmuseet i Sandefjord. Takk til Hans Martin Stølen for fagleg ekspertise om båtbygging, hadde ikkje gått utan deg. A special recognition is addressed to my friends in the UK: The Scott Polar Research Institute, The National Archives in Greenwich, The Royal Geographical Society, The University of Glasgow Archives, and the finest of helpers in Dundee, is of paramount importance as regards to the Brit-side of my research. You told me Norwegians built the best polar sailers – I do believe Scotland deserves that title. Familie i Stavanger og Bodø må eg også takka. Mor, Gry, Erlend og Kristian: Takk for gode telefonsamtalar og støtte. Takk til Ella og Malin som er dei to tøffaste jentene eg veit om. Lektorutdanninga her oppe på Blindern har blitt ei soge eg aldri vil gløyma. Det var her eg blei vaksen. Eg har i grunn ikkje ord som kan skildre kor fint dette livet har vore. Til alle på Helga Engs hus, som har gjort studietida mi perfekt, tusen takk! Bjørn, du er ein stygg fyr. Men du har vore viktig, på skitur, padling, og fagleg. Blindern. 5. mai. 2018. IX X Innhald 1 Innleiing ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Hårete segling ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Om oppgåva ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Metodisk flid og sentral litteratur ...................................................................................................... 7 Kjelder ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Ein teknisk merknad ............................................................................................................................. 13 Ordforklaring .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Struktur ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Stordom og kvalfangst .......................................................................................................................... 15 2 Storbritannia .......................................................................................................................... 18 Maritim overmakt .................................................................................................................................. 18 Britane får blod på tann ....................................................................................................................... 21 Seglskuta var ei nisje ............................................................................................................................ 25 Skottar og båtar ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Alexander Stephen & Sons – Dundee ................................................................................................ 28 Kven stod bak Discovery? .................................................................................................................... 33 Konstruksjon ........................................................................................................................................... 37 3 Noreg ......................................................................................................................................... 49 1890-åra .................................................................................................................................................... 49 Økonomien i det norske samfunnet ................................................................................................ 50 Sterk skipperstand og ein nordnorsk kaptein ............................................................................. 55 Polarverksemda ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Fram – prinsipp ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Sentrale menn ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Nansen – omstendeleg finansiering ................................................................................................. 62 Nansen – opphav og vaktar ................................................................................................................. 67 Fram – innleiande føresetnadar ....................................................................................................... 69 Colin Archer ............................................................................................................................................. 72 Konstruksjon ........................................................................................................................................... 74 4 Avslutning ..............................................................................................................................
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