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RRS Discovery the Ship That Never Stops

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www.planetearth.nerc.ac.uk Winter 2013 RRS Discovery The ship that never stops Meteotsunami • Bat navigation • Copepod predation • Cleaning ecosystems About us NERC – the Natural Environment Research Council – is NERC is a non-departmental public body. Much of our the UK’s leading funder of environmental science. We funding comes from the Department for Business, Innovation invest public money in cutting-edge research, science and Skills but we work independently of government. Our infrastructure, postgraduate training and innovation. projects range from curiosity-driven research to long-term, multi-million-pound strategic programmes, coordinated by Our scientists study the physical, chemical and biological universities and our own research centres: processes on which our planet and life itself depends – from pole to pole, from the deep Earth and oceans British Antarctic Survey to the atmosphere and space. We work in partnership British Geological Survey with other UK and international researchers, policy- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology makers and business to tackle the big environmental National Oceanography Centre challenges we face – how to use our limited resources National Centre for Atmospheric Science sustainably, how to build resilience to environmental National Centre for Earth Observation hazards and how to manage environmental change. Contact us Planet Earth is NERC’s quarterly magazine, aimed at To give us your feedback or to subscribe anyone interested in environmental science. It covers all email: [email protected] or write to us at aspects of NERC-funded work and most of the features Planet Earth Editors, NERC, Polaris House, are written by the researchers themselves. North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU. NERC-funded researchers should contact: [email protected] For the latest environmental science news, features, blogs and the fortnightly Planet Earth Podcast, Editors visit our website Planet Earth Online at Adele Walker, 01793 411604 [email protected] www.planetearth.nerc.ac.uk. Tom Marshall, 01793 442593 [email protected] Science writers Not all of the work described in Planet Earth has been Tamera Jones, Harriet Jarlett, Alex Peel peer-reviewed. The views expressed are those of individual Design and production authors and not necessarily shared by NERC. We welcome readers’ feedback on any aspect of the magazine or Candy Sorrell, 01793 411518 [email protected] website and are happy to hear from NERC-funded scientists who want to write for Planet Earth. Please bear in ISSN: 1479-2605 mind that we rarely accept unsolicited articles, so contact the editors first to discuss your ideas. Front cover: RRS Discovery 2 PLANET EARTH Winter 2013 In this issue Winter 2013 14 16 12 Blind as a bat On finding your way home in the 20 dark. 14 The 2011 UK meteotsunami A study in science. 16 Full steam ahead Building NERC’s new research ship. 20 Monitoring Earth’s canary How important is Arctic methane for global climate change? 22 Fixing broken ecosystems A microscopic solution to a big problem. 25 Climate research helps fight terror threat A new way to find explosives. 26 New for old Turning quarries into nature reserves. 28 Sex, plankton and predators The marine mystery of the missing males. 30 Sky high – what’s going on up there? Maths skills help interpret climate 28 change. PLANET EARTH Winter 2013 3 www.planetearth.nerc.ac.uk News New investments in ocean Editorial monitoring elcome to the winter edition of Planet Earth. Our stunning cover picture gives a clue to one W of our top stories – in fact a top story for NERC this year. It’s not a poster for a new Cunard liner but a pre- launch shot of our equally stunning research ship – the new RRS Discovery. Discovery has been years in the making and represents a significant capital investment in UK environmental science. She’s a fine example of cutting-edge engineering meeting cutting-edge research facilities and is robust enough to take marine scientists into some of the most hostile seas on the planet. The ship can accommodate researchers across a range of disciplines; together they will bring back new understanding of our enigmatic oceans – how they support marine ecosystems, regulate our climate and ultimately ERC has joined forces with the US’s National Science maintain life on Earth. Foundation (NSF) and National Oceanic & Atmospheric One particularly unusual oceanic event featured N Administration (NOAA) to fund two projects worth around £44m to elsewhere in this edition is a tsunami that struck Britain’s monitor crucial ocean currents in the North Atlantic which shape south coast in 2011. Dave Tappin explains how marine Britain’s climate. geologists and meteorologists turned sleuth to solve the Science Minister David Willetts announced the projects when mystery of how it happened. he delivered the Mountbatten Memorial Lecture at the Royal Another researcher-turned-detective, Anna Senkevich, Institution in October. explains how she applied maths modelling skills to a climate The projects should ultimately improve long-term climate puzzle, while Damien Weidmann tells us how climate predictions and weather forecasts. During one of them, the five- research techniques are being adapted into technology that year £20m Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program could help fight terrorism. (OSNAP), scientists from seven countries will set up an array of Back in the water, we hear from Jags Pandhal about a moored instruments and use autonomous gliders across the new low-cost technique for dealing with algal blooms that North Atlantic, along a line running from Scotland to Canada via starve water of oxygen – an expensive and potentially toxic Greenland. These will measure ocean temperature, salinity and problem which is on current strength in an area called the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre. the rise worldwide. The currents here are part of the so-called ocean conveyor belt, Meanwhile Richard a system of currents moving heat around in the world’s oceans. Holland goes In the Atlantic, warm upper-ocean water travels north, to the high nocturnal to northern latitudes, where it loses heat to the atmosphere. This uncover the tools process keeps the UK relatively mild compared to other countries bats use to find at similar latitudes. This water cools then sinks and returns their way home – southwards at great depth. sometimes from The strength of currents in the global conveyor belt can vary hundreds of significantly. The OSNAP array aims to understand the connection miles away. between these variations and our weather. All that, and NERC, NSF and NOAA will also continue funding the RAPID the sex life of array of moored instruments between the Canary Islands and plankton too! Florida, providing around £24m. This collection of instruments has We hope you continuously monitored the strength of the North Atlantic portion enjoy it. of the global conveyor belt since 2004. RAPID will now run for six more years. 4 PLANET EARTH Winter 2013 Daily updated news @ www.planetearth.nerc.ac.uk Antarctica under ice wins mapping award n innovative representation of the bedrock beneath the frozen continent might look if it were stripped of its ice cap. The A Antarctic ice has won the British Cartographic Society’s roundels at each corner of the map provide extra information on Bartholomew Award for best small-scale or thematic map. ice-sheet surface, ice thickness and on the many data sources it The colourful map is the result of an international effort led by incorporates. NERC’s British Antarctic Survey and assembled using data from Peter Fretwell of BAS received the award at the BCS 50th many sources by its MAGIC (Mapping and Geographic Information anniversary symposium awards dinner in September. Centre) team. It provides a fascinating glimpse into how the PLANET EARTH Winter 2013 5 www.planetearth.nerc.ac.uk News 3D fossils now online esearchers at the British Geological Survey have been hard at R work on a collaborative project to scan many of the UK’s finest fossil specimens to produce the first ever 3d virtual fossil collection – an important step towards being able to put perfect replicas of even the most precious examples into classrooms all over the world. The fruits of their labours are now available at www.3d-fossils.ac.uk. There are thousands of high-resolution photos, 3d models and stereoscopic images of the fossils – the database isn’t fully populated yet and scanning work continues, but more information is being added all the time. Also included is comprehensive data about each one – where it was found, what species it comes from, its place in the tree of life, and even the paper in which it was first described. The 3d models are particularly innovative. The files can be downloaded and read using open-source modelling software, and they’ll work with 3d printers – the revolutionary technology that lets computers create real, physical objects by building up layer upon layer of plastic. Until recently these cost so much they were out of reach for almost everyone, but prices have plummeted in recent years. It may not be long before they are within the budget of the average school, and students will be able to handle exact replicas of some of the most important fossils ever discovered and find out about how they were found and what they tell us about the story of life. BGS is collaborating on the project with the Natural History Museum, the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, the National Museum Wales and the Geological Curators’ Group. Funding came from Jisc, the public body that supports the use of IT to improve education. Lost home of last Neanderthals rediscovered in Britain record of Neanderthal archaeology, archaeological evidence. helped lead the research.
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