Garden History

and Landscape Studies

at the Bard Graduate Center

Volume 1 | Number 1 | Fall/Winter 2003/2004

Letter from the Editors the present day. This course, by extension, equips the BGC graduate in Garden History and Landscape Studies with an 150th Anniversary Special understanding of the problems and best practices involved in managing, restoring, and interpreting other historic parks, here are many ways “Reading the Landscape Central Park at the Bard Graduate Center the grounds of historic houses, and aging college campuses. A to read a landscape II” introduces the student to ecause of its importance as a designed landscape and its related course, “Keeping Time?: Preservation, Restoration, and several view- landscape texts and prints – proximity to the Bard Graduate Center, Central Park Reconstruction, and Renovation of Historic Gardens and points from which manuscripts, treatises, manu- serves as an ideal learning laboratory for Garden Landscape Architecture,” taught by Erik de Jong, asks students to do so. Within the als, books, magazines, History and Landscape Studies students. Ethan Carr’s to consider the effects of change in the landscape and how GardenT History and Landscape engravings, aquatints, and course, “Central Park: Landscape Management and they may interpret and perhaps question the official guidelines Studies program of the Bard photographs – that have been BRestoration,” uses the park to study the cultural history of the for historic landscape preservation. In this way the Garden Graduate Center we teach stu- instrumental in educating American landscape in conjunction with current preservation History and Landscape Studies program weds academic scholar- dents to look at landscapes gardeners, instructing issues and management practices. “Central Park today is the ship and preservation practice, helping students to become from a variety of angles. We patrons, and transmitting most significant landscape restoration case study in the United scholars in the field, practicing offer two separate courses advice and designs from one States, and it is not unlike the museums that BGC students professionals, or a combina- Professor Ethan Carr and Bard on how to read the landscape. period and place to another also frequent,” explains Professor Carr. He provides the unique tion of both. Graduate Center students at the In “Reading the Landscape I” over several centuries. In perspective of a landscape historian who is also a landscape continued on page 3 Ladies Pavilion, Central Park. students learn the vocabular- addition, our survey course architect. His work for the National Park Service and the New ies of garden and park design- helps students better under- York City Parks Department have furnished him with valuable ers, the influences and stand landscapes as cultural insights into how public agencies with land management constraints that guide and texts inscribed with various responsibilities function. Carr, who divides his time between the govern them, and the process- human beliefs and values. Bard Graduate Center and the University of Massachusetts at es whereby they achieve their We hope that Viewpoints Amherst, has also taught at the Harvard School of Design and ends. A separate course on will share this approach to the University of Virginia. His book, Wilderness by Design: “The Vernacular Landscape” garden history and landscape Landscape Architecture and the National Park Service, received an takes into account the place- studies with a broader American Society of Landscape Architects honor award making activities of ordinary audience outside the walls of in 1998. people that occur without the Bard Graduate Center. Professor Carr teaches the Central Park course in close col- benefit of commissioned Neither a typical organization- laboration with staff and former park designs or formal plans. al or institutional newsletter administrator , using extensive field nor a full-fledged journal or trips and contact with park managers to gain information about magazine, it offers perspec- the design and management history of the park from 1853 to tives on new developments in the field. It is intended to continued on page 2 1 foster critical discourse by We hope that some of our Faculty News New Technology serving as a forum for reports readers will wish to apply for and reviews of events, pro- admission as candidates for and Landscape History jects, books, and exhibitions the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees that relate to the activities in that we offer. We hope that Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, director of Garden History and The BGC Receives a Grant from the National Endowment the Garden History and others will wish to support Landscape Studies at the Bard Graduate Center, delivered the for the Humanities to Begin Work on a Digital Archive Landscape Studies program our new program by joining keynote address at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Garden of Historic Gardens and Landscapes at the Bard Graduate Center. the Bard Graduate Center’s Club of America on May 5 in Rye, New York. On September 17 n May 2003 the Bard Graduate Center was awarded a Because this year marks Garden Circle. (For members she spoke on “Building and Rebuilding Central Park: Is $200,000 grant by the National Endowment for the the 150th Anniversary of of the Garden Circle we offer Olmsted’s “English” Vision Humanities to develop the first component of a comprehen- Central Park and because our mini-courses and special Still Viable?” at the Fourth sive digital archive of historic gardens and landscapes. This landscape program takes seminars.) We hope that all Waddesdon Manor pilot project, “The Villa as Landscape Type,” has as its advantage of the Bard readers will in the future Symposium, organized in Imain focus the villas of ancient Rome and the villas of the Graduate Center’s proximity share with us their viewpoints association with The Paul Italian Renaissance and Baroque periods. This core material will to the park to use it as a on landscape making, land- Mellon Centre for Studies be supplemented by images of other European villas of the 17th learning laboratory, we are scape keeping, and the in British Art. On May 18, and 18th centuries, 19th century English and American villas, featuring Central Park in this importance of place to people 2004, Rogers will be a and modernist villas of the 20th century. first issue of Viewpoints. As in a rapidly changing world. lecturer aboard the Queen With this award, BGC is taking the first step toward realizing our report on the conference Mary II. During the course one of the goals of its Garden History and Landscape Studies hosted by the Central Park of the voyage from New York to Southampton she will conduct a Program: to develop a comprehensive online digital archive of Conservancy, the Department Elizabeth Barlow Rogers five-session mini-course sponsored by Oxford University on historic landscape sites and subjects that advances teaching and of Parks, and the Project for Editor landscape design history. learning in the fields of academic landscape design history and Public Spaces this past June professional historic landscape preservation. This ongoing and indicates, the exchange of Erik de Jong Erik de Jong, professor of Garden History and Landscape Studies long-term project will involve an expanding body of scholars, good ideas and information Associate Editor and Associate Director at the Bard Graduate Center, has accept- visual resources professionals, and educational technologists. It in the area of park gover- ed the newly established Clusius Chair, an honorary professor- will assemble images and supplementary educational materials nance and administration is ship in Garden History and Landscape Studies, at the University that are otherwise difficult to obtain. something that we strongly of Leiden, the oldest academic institution in The Netherlands. The framework for this undertaking was first outlined at a believe in. Created by the Clusius Foundation, with important longtime ties workshop funded by the NEH in March 2002. The meeting to the Leiden Botanical Garden (founded in 1593), the position brought together scholars and new media experts to discuss how Charles Capen McLaughlin and Sara American Landscape History, which will entail teaching and organiz- a digital archive might further the growth of landscape studies Cedar Miller at the , Central recently published McLaughlin's ing research. Professor de by making materials related to the study of place broadly accessi- Park, headquarters of the New York extensively annotated facsimile edi- Jong’s appointment will there- ble to teachers and students. Participants in this workshop deter- City Department of Parks, on tion of Walks and Talks of an fore strengthen ties between the mined that the proposed archive, in order to be educationally October 31, the first stop on a tour American Farmer in England (see Bard Graduate Center and pro- useful, should be subject- and site-based, rather than collection- of Central Park. A victim of polio page 5). Miller is the author of fessional colleagues in Europe. based. shortly before the invention of the Central Park: An American Master- Recent publications by Erik As BGC staff prepared their initial proposal for the project Salk vaccine, McLaughlin, editor-in- piece (see page 6). de Jong include “Nicodemus according to preliminary advice received from NEH grant officer chief of the The Tessin: Travels in Holland in Barbara Ashbrook, they realized that a digital archive of land- Papers of Frederick 1687,” in Konsthistorisk Tidskrift scape images should not simply be a random selection of impor- Law Olmsted, last (2003) and “Le Notre dans le tant sites. After considering both chronological and geographical strolled through Nord, ou le grand enventeur de approaches, they decided upon a typological approach as the Central Park in the jardinages,” in Le Nôtre, Un overarching organizational scheme. This decision will facilitate early 1950’s. Inconnu Illustre (2003). He regularly participates in lectures and McLaughlin and conferences, most recently in “Taking Fresh Air, 1600-1750: Miller were joined Walking in Holland in the Early Modern Period,” in the May by trustees of the 2003 Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on Lay Rituals in Gardens Library of and Landscapes.

2 iar with the field of landscape Central Park studies to learn more about vil- las through time and in rela- 150th Anniversary Special (continued) tionship to cultural history. Professional scholars in the Central Park Celebrates 150 Years field of landscape history have n July 21, 1853, the New York State legislature voted agreed to contribute their to set aside land for the creation of a large public images and expertise to the park. Inspired by the parks of London, Central development of this important Park was nevertheless different. Unlike London’s resource. Participating scholars Royal Parks, which had been opened gradually to are Denis Cosgrove, Tracy Opeople of decorum, Central Park was intended to be a democrat- Ehrlich, Peter Fergusson, ic people’s park welcoming all citizens. A response to New Bernard Frischer, Kathryn York’s growth from a small city with easily accessible open space Gleason, Dianne Harris, Robin into a dense metropolis, it sparked the parks movement in Karson, Patricia Osmond, John America. In the prosperous period following the Civil War, the Pinto, David Schuyler, and vision and leadership of the creators of Central Park set an Lucia Tongiorgi Tomasi. In example for other cities as they sought to build similar large addition, the following libraries metropolitan parks. It has continued to influence the shaping have agreed to make selections and preservation of public parks throughout the United States from their collection available and around the world. as part of this resource: the Central Park was born of the persuasive arguments of a LuEsther T. Mertz Library of the few eloquent nineteenth-century citizens – chief among them New York Botanical Garden, the Andrew Jackson Downing, nurseryman and editor of The Avery Library at Columbia Horticulturist, and William Cullen Bryant, poet and editor of the University, and the Morgan New York Post. With great forethought, they advocated in their Library. The advisors to the pro- respective publications a pleasure ground that would serve as Marc’Antonio Dal Re, View of the the development of the digital ject are James Ackerman, Mirka Benesˇ, Joseph Connors, Claudia the mark of a culturally mature city as well as a place of reprieve Courtyard of Castellazzo, engraving archive in logical stages. After Lazzaro, and David Lowenthal. The Steering Committee, whose from the noise and stress of the busy surrounding commercial from Domenico Felice Leonardo, the completion of “The Villa,” main role is to guide the application of technology and image metropolis. Le Delizie della Villa di Castellazzo, future types may include management, includes Jeffrey Cohen, Therese O’Malley, Reuben New York was fortunate in that the winners of the 1857 1743. “The Ritual Landscape,” “The Rainey, and Ann Whiteside. This summer BGC hosted a meet- design competition for the park, Fredrick Law Olmsted and Princely Garden,” “The ing of scholars in the field, educational technologists, and data- , understood this charge and were given the oppor- Picturesque Landscape,” “The Public Park,” and “The City in base experts to discuss how best to catalog the images. The work tunity to fulfill it. In laying out Central Park, Olmsted and Vaux Plan.” Developing the archive with a typological structure also now in progress includes the gathering of images from partici- created a tranquil, scenic landscape with an invisible infrastruc- makes it possible to select carefully prioritized sets of images pating scholars and institutions; the cataloging of images will ture of the most advanced contemporary technology in drainage and related materials, which enhances its purpose as an educa- begin in January 2004. and road building. The park’s naturalistic beauty and functional tional resource for teachers. As it continues to develop this pilot project on the villa, BGC sophistication has made it eminently serviceable to several gen- The outcome of this pilot project will be twofold. By fall looks forward to being able to contribute to an understanding of erations of park users. As Buffalo, Boston, Chicago, Louisville, 2004, BGC will be able to offer online a searchable database how technology and new media applications can be used to and other cities sought their professional skills in creating their containing approximately 2,000 consistently cataloged images. complement existing forms of written scholarship and visual park systems, Olmsted and Vaux christened their profession Professors will be able to avail themselves of these digital communication about garden history. “landscape architecture.” images for lectures in much the same way as they would for- The Central Park Conservancy – modeled on the institutional merly select slides, assembling and presenting the images partnerships that support botanical gardens, zoos, and muse- according to their own teaching methods. ums – was created in 1980 as the first public-private partnership In fall 2005, BGC will launch a cohesively and hierarchically continued on page 4 structured, interactive website, where the images will be brought into relationship with texts and plans, allowing those less famil-

3 jewel of the city’s 27,119-acre destructive forces of time and neglect. According to Sara Cedar parks system. It has also Miller, Central Park Conservancy historian and photographer provided an opportunity for and the author of Central Park, An American Masterpiece: A us to celebrate our success- Comprehensive History of the Nation’s First Urban Park, the ful twenty-three-year partner- watercolor sketches in the Municipal Archive constitute the ship with the Conservancy.” partial selection by an architectural historian and librarian According to Regina Peruggi, from a large trove of original park documents discovered by a President of the Central park worker in the early 1970s. For several decades, they Park Conservancy, “This year had been lying, forgotten, in a recreational building in Sara we have organized numerous Delano Roosevelt Park on the Lower East Side. Unfortunately, events, some fund-raisers the remaining documents were not saved at the time and are and other events simply to now lost. show our pride in being care- The 1858 Greensward Plan is a brown ink drawing. It was takers of the greatest park shown in the exhibition with eight of its eleven accompanying in the world. In hosting the presentation study panels. Ten of these were photographs or conference this past June, pencil sketches illustrating “Present Outlines.” These were which was sponsored by Weil, paired with visionary same-site renderings of “Effect Proposed.” Gotschal & Manges, we wanted The Greensward Plan’s naturalistic appearance, like that of the not only to honor the park’s built and rebuilt park of today, conceals the progressive nine- existence but also to stress the teenth-century engineering that made such a landscape idyll importance of landscape possible in the first place. Indeed, the engineering of the park, architecture and good city plan- which the exhibition made explicit, was fundamental. Some of ning everywhere.” the contestants, among them George E. Waring, Jr., were engi- neers already employed under the direction of the chief engi- Bethesda Fountain, designed in support of a municipal park. Central Park at the Metropolitan Museum neer Egbert Viele on the initial work of surveying the park and by Emma Stebbins, 1868. On June 23-26 of this year, it n conjunction with the 150th Anniversary of Central Park, designing the intricate system of drains necessary to carry off (Sara Cedar Miller) hosted in conjunction with the Morrison H. Heckscher, Lawrence A. Fleischman Chairman the standing water that made the site, in Viele’s words, “a pesti- Department of of the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of lential spot, where rank vegetation and miasmatic odors taint Parks and the Project for Public Spaces, a conference attended Art, mounted an exhibit, “Central Park: A Sesquicentennial every breath of air.” by five hundred people – park managers, directors of public- Celebration,” that was on view from May 15, 2003 – Septem- One of the features of the Metropolitan Museum show was private park partnerships, public officials, civic leaders, public Iber 28, 2003. This excellent small show implicitly demonstrated the way it highlighted the role of the engineer prior to the park’s space advocates, landscape designers, and historic landscape both the amount of valuable documentation that has been lost creation and during its construction. Particularly instructive is preservationists – from one hundred cities and twelve nations. and the benefit to posterity from lucky finds on the part of those Viele’s 1855 “Plan of Drainage for the Grounds of the Central The conference provided an opportunity for the Conservancy who now understand the importance of preserving sketches and Park.” It is one of several topographical and engineering studies to share the lessons it has learned over the twenty-three years original renderings, including submissions to design competi- done under his supervision and shows Waring’s drainage plan of its existence with other “parkies” and to benefit from tions. When such works on paper pertain to a great public work as a blue-green branching pattern collecting water into existing their experience as well. These lessons inform BGC’s course, and when that public work is arguably the most famous public stream beds and underground channels with outlets presumably “Central Park: The Landscape and its Restoration and space in the world, it is astonishing that serendipity should be connecting to proposed city sewer lines. Waring’s own competi- Management.” (see Central Park at the Bard Graduate Center forced to play such a significant role. tion entry, labeled “Art, the Handmaiden of Nature,” is elegant on page 1) On display was the winning entry in the design competition but amateurish, revealing the immaturity of American land- Adrian Benepe, New York Parks Commissioner, pro- to create Central Park, the plan that the park’s chief architects, scape design before Olmsted and Vaux staked out its profession- claimed, “This year’s sesquicentennial of the legislation creat- and Calvert Vaux, called “Greensward.” al scope and urban-planning-scale sphere of operations. ing the park has provided an opportunity for the New York Unfortunately, twenty-three of the twenty-nine Central Park It is fascinating to compare the Greensward Plan with the Department of Parks to celebrate the creation of the crown competition entries have been lost. Two of the remaining three two other competition entries that came to Miller’s attention besides the Greensward Plan surfaced only recently and were only recently and were made available to the exhibition through exhibited here for the first time. Also on display were several the offices of the Central Park Conservancy. A lithograph of the watercolor renderings and plans from the Municipal Archive of New York City that also constitute a partial victory over the

4 plan by Samuel J. Gustin, the park’s superintendent of planting symmetries, and crammed with ornamental features. In addi- Book Shelf under Viele, now in the Conservancy’s archives, was ranked sec- tion, all its swirling paths are regimentally lined with trees, and ond. Its gracefully sinuous paths are more suggestive of the flanking the east and south sides of the Old Reservoir, Rink engineer’s drafting instrument known as a French curve than placed a monumental museum structure almost as large as the the topographically sensitive approach of Olmsted and Vaux. present-day Metropolitan. Walks and Talks of An methods of scientific agricul- While this and other plans followed the design program in pro- Herbert Mitchell, longtime rare book librarian at Columbia American Farmer in ture practiced there. The pub- viding four transverse roads, only Olmsted and Vaux’s delivered University’s Avery Library and a collector of stereographic views England. lication of his extended the park’s engineering master stroke, sinking the transverse of Central Park, lent twenty of these double images to the exhib- By Frederick Law Olmsted, journal of that trip as Walks roads below the grade of the rest of the park so that, as the it. Along with the superb photographs made by Victor Prevost in edited by Charles Capen and Talks of an American metropolis grew up around it, a large volume of east-west city 1862, these views of the park, taken when both it and the art of McLaughlin. Farmer in England propelled traffic was, and still is, accommodated with virtually no inconve- photography were in their infancy, provide an invaluable record 530 pages. Amherst: Library him into a full-time literary nience to the park visitor. Motorists and bus passengers today of the park’s original appearance. Like the rediscovered design of American Landscape career. Only after this, when can admire the transverse roads’ rugged schist masonry retain- documents that are now preserved in the Municipal Archive, History / University of at the age of thirty-six he ing walls and the tunnels blasted from the parent bedrock; they are an important resource for landscape historians and his- Massachusetts Press, 2003. entered the design competi- though unnoticed by visitors in the landscape above, they are toric landscape preservationists. tion for Central Park with palpable reminders of the park’s engineering greatness. The manner in which Olmsted and Vaux saw landscape and The impres- English archi- John Rink’s “Plan of the Central Park, New York” (Entry architecture, site and structure, nature and technology in com- sions of youth tect Calvert Number 4 in the design competition), which Miller obtained as plete synthesis provides a lesson that planners would do well to often act as an Vaux, did the a loan from a Rink descendant, provides the exhibit’s most heed today. As New York City focuses upon other design compe- unconscious scenic impres- eye-popping surprise. Another of the engineers employed in the titions and the creation of several new parks, it is appropriate influence sions of his initial years of the park’s creation, Rink drew a plan that the that the advocates and legislators who in 1853 ensured that directing us youthful tours label characterizes as a “folk-art fantasy of Versailles.” Rink’s Central Park would come into being be honored. into certain and travels large vibrantly colored watercolor drawing can be said to be Four years from now, the Metropolitan Museum should plan career paths. coalesce as everything that the Greens- to celebrate the sesquicentennial of the 1857 design competition Certainly this landscape Detail, Central Park design competi- ward is not: indifferent to that led to the actual creation of the Greensward Plan with was the case design theory. tion entry by John Rink, 1858. topography, filled with ornate another exhibition and an accompanying catalog that amplifies with Frederick The Library the contents of this fine small Law Olmsted. of American show. It is important that muse- Young Olmsted Landscape ums exhibit archival drawings was imprinted History, a liter- and other historic material deal- with a love of ary enterprise ing with landscape design as picturesque dedicated to works of art in their own right, landscapes on carriage tours new scholarship and the per- and it is important that more be of the New England country- petuation in print of valuable collected and preserved for the side with his father and step- historical texts on landscape purpose of assisting landscape mother. Later his firm architecture, has recently scholarship and historic land- predilection for rural and published a new edition of scape preservation. Such efforts, park scenery was powerfully Walks and Talks of an we hope, will encourage greater nourished when, as a young American Farmer in England, collaboration between landscape gentleman farmer, he toured with a valuable introductory historians and contemporary England ostensibly to study essay by the dean of Olmsted practitioners than is generally scholars, Charles Capen the case, in spite of much lip- McLaughlin. It provides the service to preservationist theory contemporary reader with a today on the part of many archi- portrait of a highly intelligent, tects and landscape architects. continued on page 6

5 if barely educated, young landscape could be re-created this spiritually charged ideal Central Park – its celebration vision. This vision of nature’s essentially Romantic vision – man observing and recording in the United States, and the to many other cities besides of democracy, technology, relationship to divinity, which though compromised by later youthful impressions of scenes he had absorbed on New York. Walks and Talks nature, and popular culture – was nourished by their read- encroachments, a changing scenery and society that his trip provided him with the of an American Farmer in is written in its stones and ing of John Ruskin, William recreational ethos, and peri- would last a lifetime. aesthetic palette he would use England gives voice in reflected in its waters.” In a Wordsworth, and other ods of abuse and neglect – (Olmsted never went to col- as a park maker….” Olmsted’s own words to the series of portraits of sections Romantic poets, placed their has, with sensitive landscape lege, though he spent consid- Olmsted greatly admired impressionable mind of a and features of the park, art in the service of humani- restoration and good manage- erable time visiting Yale when the park designed by young man encountering a Miller describes how nine- ty’s search for God through ment, remained serviceable his brother John and his “Capability” Brown at Eton country whose scenery served teenth-century social and cul- the experience of beautiful and much loved. Her book is friend Charles Loring Brace, Hall, the Marquis of as a subconscious influence tural forces animated the and sublime scenery. thus an eminently fitting trib- were students there.) Westminster’s great estate. leading him toward this park’s design. In addition to Olmsted ute to the legislators who In May 1850, in the com- But as an American social destiny. Because she has pho- and Vaux, the park’s design enabled Central Park’s cre- pany of John Olmsted and reformer, he was troubled tographed the park with pro- and construction team includ- ation 150 years ago. Charlie Brace, he arrived in a that such privately owned Central Park, An fessional skill in all weathers ed , the land that he found “green, landscapes excluded ordinary American Masterpiece: A and seasons for twenty years, architect of Bethesda Terrace; The Nature of Authority: dripping, glistening, gor- citizens. By contrast, Joseph Comprehensive History Miller has produced, in addi- Emma Stebbins, the sculptor Villa Culture, Landscape, geous!” Later, in a more ana- Paxton and Edward Kemp’s of the Nation’s First Urban tion to documentary evidence who created Bethesda and Representation in lytic mode, he expounded: Birkenhead Park elicited an Park. of the park’s restoration over Fountain; George Waring, the Eighteenth-Century “The great beauty and pecu- entirely enthusiastic reaction. By Sara Cedar Miller. this period, an ample portfo- engineer who planned the Lombardy. liarity of the English land- One of the first purpose-built 255 pages. New York: Abrams, lio of beautiful photographs. park’s extensive drainage By Dianne Harris. scape is to be found in the public parks in England, it 2003. She has also been the custodi- infrastructure; and Ignaz 239 pages. University Park, frequent long, graceful lines was newly completed when an of a significant body of Pilat, the superintendent of Pennsylvania: The of deep green hedges and Olmsted saw it, and, accord- Published in archival planting. As designers, they Pennsylvania State University hedge-row timber, crossing ing to McLaughlin, “This sub- association images and a thought of the park as a Press, 2003. hill, valley, and plain, in every urb of Liverpool, with its new with the helpful moral landscape and, in direction; and in the occa- residential quarters, repre- Central Park resource for kinetic terms, How many sional large trees, dotting sented to him a fresh start Conservancy, researchers on as an experi- people realize broad fields, either singly or based on the more rational Central Park, park history. ence of moving the degree to in small groups….” He goes and humane principles that An American Now, combin- through visual- which on to say, “There is a great he hoped to see implemented Masterpiece: A ing her own ly orchestrated designed land- deal of quiet, peaceful, grace- in his own country.” Comprehensive extensive space, as if one scapes serve as ful beauty, which the In the creation of Central History of the research and were figurative- political testa- works of man have generally Park, Olmsted was indeed Nation’s First large files of ly unrolling a ments? Once added to.” According able to implement this Urban Park by photographs, scroll of paint- this is pointed to McLaughlin, “It was humane vision of a pastoral Sara Cedar Miller, the Miller has written an insight- ed landscape out, it is easy Olmsted’s grasp of the long- and picturesque landscape Conservancy’s photographer ful history that shows how scenes. What is to understand term effects of the works of accessible to all classes of and historian, offers much the nineteenth-century remarkable, that Versailles, humankind in the landscape people. He firmly believed more than what one might designers, whom she calls and what with its seem- that gave him his specific that park landscapes, like expect: a handsome coffee- “Kindred Spirits” (in homage Miller’s photographs illus- ingly infinite axes and a direction…. He believed that poetry, stirred souls, acting as table book commemorating to Asher Durand’s painting of trate, is that the nineteenth- sculptural program celebrat- the beauty of the English a civilizing influence and nec- the park’s 150th anniversary. Thomas Cole and William century park based on this ing Apollo as the mythologi- essary antidote to urban As she states in her first Cullen Bryant, first propo- cal representative of the Sun stress. As the father of the chapter, “The meaning of nents of the park’s creation), King, demonstrates monar- park movement and the pro- worked as a team to realize a chial authority. And, during fession of landscape architec- single noble and painterly the past twenty years, schol- ture in America, he carried ars of Roman, Tuscan, and

6 Venetian villa gardens – ing of the landscape of what villas with subtle alterations of those of the French artist And gardens, which depict The English Garden and including James Ackerman, is now northern Italy in the in order to display them as Jacques Callot (1642–1722), well-dressed perambulating National Identity: The David Coffin, Elizabeth period when Hapsburg hege- their owners wished them to give them a theatrical charac- aristocrats, appear to have Competing Styles of Garden MacDougall, Denis Cosgrove, mony had reduced the Duchy be seen, not in all respects as ter. Harris skillfully interprets materialized without the aid Design, 1870-1914. Mirka Benesˇ, Claudia of Milan to the status of a they really were. The prints the social, economic, and of gardeners. In Harris’s By Anne Helmreich. Lazzaro, and Tracy Ehrlich – colony. The fertile agricultural distort the spatial boundaries political meanings inherent words, “With their detailed 282 pages. Cambridge: have shown how their sculp- plain of this region was that the cadastral maps in the presentation of the depictions of figures engaged Cambridge University Press, tural programs are encoded considered at the time “the confirm in order to aggran- landscape and the signifi- in diverse activities, the gar- 2002. with iconographies celebrat- Indies of the court of Vienna,” dize the apparent domains of cance of the costumes, den prints offer a landscape ing papal and Medicean and local power structures the subjugated but locally still gestures, and disposition of of unshaken, Today’s tourist power. But hitherto few schol- had been placed in a tenuous, powerful members of the the figures within it. As an entrenched and village- ars have paid attention to the unstable position. Lombard aristocracy who artist, Dal Re was clearly privilege within second-home villa gardens of Lombardy. With meticulous attention were Dal Re’s patrons. influenced by the scema per an economy England of the Dianne Harris, Associate to nuances of social, econom- She further maintains that angolo techniques of the based on a southern Professor of Landscape ic, and political meaning as even “the sweetly incongru- famous Galli di Bibiena fami- system of peas- counties Architecture and Architecture well as to design form, Harris ous title of the printed series ly of set designers, who were antry, share- and the at the University of Illinois, has pored over Marc’Antonio – Ville di delizie – likewise active in Milan during his cropping, and Cotswolds – a Urbana-Champaign, whose Dal Re’s (1697–1766) Ville di belies reality.” While conven- lifetime. His exaggerated servitude, and landscape of scholarly breadth ranges from delizie o siano palagi com- tion maintained that the villas oblique perspectives assert their delin- pretty cottage the suburban American land- parecci nello stato di Milano, a were delightful – delizie – the the Lombard villa owners’ eations of sta- gardens and scape to the country villas of particularly fine album of low-lying mosquito-infested proprietary rights over a tus are based surviving eighteenth-century Milanese engraved villa views pub- Lombard plain was hardly much larger area than was on gestural manor estates aristocrats, has remedied lished in 1726–27 and 1743. comparable to Tivoli or the case, and his engravings codes derived with their this lacuna. Acknowledg- She has also spent time in Frascati, where villas were sit- are filled with visual cues that from the the- ancient brick ing her debt to the work of Milanese archives studying uated on pleasant hillsides. confirm their authority over ater and through the literate and half-timbered houses previous landscape historians, contemporary cadastral maps But the land had been made waterways – navigli – and culture of civility and eti- (some with gardens now she distinguishes her based on Hapsburg property prosperous through engineer- other economically important quette…. They also indicate under the protection of the approach from theirs. Hers is surveys for the purpose of ing. Swamps had been amenities. the degree to which the National Trust) – is to a con- a panoramic view in which taxation, paying careful atten- drained and canals built to Like actors in a theatrical demands and anxieties of siderable degree a fiction of she broadens the study of tion to the discrepancies transport goods. It was comedy, the figures depicted social positioning controlled the late nineteenth century. villa architecture and land- between them and the prop- Lombard agricultural prosper- in the engravings are engaged many aspects of villa life.” In her recent study, Anne scape to encompass the agrar- erties portrayed in the Ville di ity that the villa owners in little dramas. Harris points The Nature of Authority Helmreich, an art historian ian surroundings. Her delizie. Other evidence as wished to promote in the out, for instance, the mean- brings the Milanese villa, a and scholar of landscape panoramic perspective also well, including legal docu- engravings they commis- ing encoded in an engraving hitherto neglected area of design, shows how this early relates villa construction and ments, family and estate sioned. of a villa facing a canal in landscape studies, into focus. manifestation of historic the agricultural reforms their records, documents pertain- Dal Re’s engravings which there is a fisherman in In doing so Harris makes use landscape preservation came owners initiated to the ing to agricultural and real catered to the desire of the the foreground: the villa own- of the methodology of the into being. sources of urban wealth that estate practices, lease and artist’s patrons for social self- ers clearly wished Dal Re to contemporary cultural geogra- As nationalism gathered made these things possible. water rights agreements, and presentation as well as to assert their valuable canal pher to read a period land- momentum everywhere in The period she has chosen as travelers’ accounts have led their love of spectacle. The access and fishing rights. scape not only as design but the nineteenth century, the the focus of The Nature of her to the conclusion that the figures in them, reminiscent Although a hunter in the also as social, economic, and reputation of the English as a Authority explores the mean- views in Dal Re’s suite of landscape outside the garden political text. nation of gardeners grew engravings are highly fiction- similarly indicates certain ter- and with it the quintessential alized. It is clear from her ritorial rights, the peasants “Englishness” of a type of analysis that he portrayed the laboring in this agricultural garden associated with the landscape are all but invisible. Arts and Crafts movement. continued on page 8

7 Helmreich maintains that nents of a revival of seven- Amsterdam City Gardens: the context of the historic and landscape were to have in have not previously been rec- this conservative, rural teenth-century English “for- From the Singel to the Singel present-day landscape of the subsequent nineteenth- ognized as a vital part of the “English” garden represents mal” style opposed the loose Canal. The Gardens of Artis Amsterdam, such as land and twentieth-century city’s history. But some of one side of the country’s herbaceous borders and natu- Zoo, the Hortus Botanicus use, fencing, use and design, development of the city of these gardens are now acces- Janus face, the other being ralistic style ardently advocat- and the Rijksmuseum / plantings and ecology, the Amsterdam. sible to the foreign visitor and the progressive capitalism ed by William Robinson, was Amsterdamse role of architecture and sculp- Together, the four volumes the everyday passerby. Since exemplified by the smoke- finally resolved at the turn of Grachtentuinen: Van Singel ture in the garden, as well as in the series offer a wide 1992 the Foundation for belching factories of the the twentieth century in the tot Singelgracht. Het groen the relation between garden range of new insights into the Amsterdam Inner City industrialized northern cities. gardens of Gertrude Jekyll van Artis, de Hortus en de and house. The second part history of the city and con- Gardens has been responsible While her book deals with and Edward Lutyens. Lutyens’ tuinen van het Rijksmuseum. contains the inventory proper. tribute substantially toward for opening approximately gardens associated with the architecture provided just Edited by Willemien Each garden is illustrated the definition of Amsterdam twenty gardens to the public small country house, the enough classical restraint to Dijkshoorn, Erik de Jong and with a plan and photographs, as a constructed cultural land- during an extended weekend chauvinistically English gar- balance Jekyll’s artfully casual Lodewijk Odé. a short history, and an inven- scape with a rich ecology. in June. Since its inception, den style they embody has its designs harmonizing in 304 pages. Waanders: Zwolle, tory of trees, shrubs, and They demonstrate that, since this event has attracted roots in the eighteenth centu- inspired color schemes the 2003. flowers. The present volume the beginnings of the modern approximately 9,000 visitors ry. At that time Whig aristo- greatly enlarged planting contains essays on the devel- city of Amsterdam at the end a year, each paying fifteen dol- crats were busy turning their palette that gardeners had at Spring 2003 of the sixteenth century, gar- lars for a season ticket. country estates into idyllic their command after more saw the publi- dens have been an integral Because most of these ‘hid- naturalistic landscapes. These than a century of avid botani- cation in Dutch part of the planning of this den treasures’ can only be vis- landscapes carried political cal exploration and hybridiza- of the fourth major European metropolis. ited through the front door overtones. They represented tion. and last richly Early regulations stipulating that faces the canal, there is libertarian opposition to court Helmreich gave a slide lec- illustrated the layout of gardens are still the added experience of get- culture and autocratic rule as ture elucidating her book’s volume of the in force. The standard con- ting a look at some of the manifested in the firmly geo- theme of nationalism and inventory cept of house with garden or interior planning of these pri- metrical princely gardens of the English garden as part of of Amsterdam yard influenced the early set- vate houses and how their the Continent and the estates BGC’s Fall 2003 Public inner city tlement of Nieuw Amsterdam layout relates to the garden of some of their Tory compa- Programs series on Septem- gardens, initiat- as well. This new view of the landscape beyond. The triots, which perpetuated the ber 25. Her way of reading ed by the role of the garden in seven- Foundation has also staged seventeenth-century monar- the landscape as a portrait Foundation for Amsterdam opment of the Singel Canal, teenth-century Amsterdam concerts, set up small exhibi- chial, Dutch-derived land- of cultural values lies at the Inner City Gardens. The Amsterdam as a cultural may yield interesting insights tions, and organized lunches scape idiom associated with heart of the program in project started in 1997 and landscape and as a hospitable into the role of gardens in in some of the gardens and William and Mary. Garden History and Land- concentrated on making environment for urban early New York through com- houses. Visitors are taken by The gardens depicted in scape Studies at the Bard an inventory of all the gar- wildlife. Three essays deal parison and reevaluation of boat along the canals from the pages of Country Life Graduate Center. In addition dens along each of the with gardens on the fringes material pertaining to the one site to another. magazine that we have come to being a fundamental major canals in the inner of the old inner city: the late early Dutch settlement in the The project demonstrates to consider as particularly theme throughout the survey city of Amsterdam (earlier nineteenth-century gardens of New World landscape on the the effectiveness of private English did not come into course required for all first- inventories existed for the the Rijksmuseum and the shores of the Hudson. initiative in fostering land- existence without heated con- year students, it is a principal Herengracht, Keizersgracht, Artis Zoo, and the Hortus The inner city gardens of scape scholarship and troversy rooted in passionate- focus in “Reading the and Prinsengracht). Botanicus, a botanical garden modern Amsterdam consti- preservation. The June event ly held views about which Landscape,” a course taught Each of the four volumes founded in the late seven- tute large areas behind earns substantial revenues, kind of landscape style best by Erik de Jong. in the series consists of two teenth century. These large, Amsterdam canal houses and which serve to offset the portrayed historic England. parts. The first part is an institutional gardens foretell represent important ecologi- The late-nineteenth-century introduction that treats the the importance garden and cal and cultural spaces in the debate, in which Reginald important themes required urban landscape. Their invisi- Blomfield and other propo- for an understanding of the bility and secret existence form, character, and account for the fact that they significance of the gardens in

8 Foundation’s organizational illustrations and forty-four educating successive genera- as the main bearers of the den and landscape design scape art have opened in costs. Remaining funds are contributions by scholars tions of students and experts, European tradition. Hennebo reinterprets the relationship Germany.) These are but a used to support research; doc- from Germany, France, Italy, and building a national and also initiated early research between human beings and few of the issues dealt with in ument the gardens in draw- The Netherlands, and the international network of on historic plant material their environment in each this informative book. Its very ings, notes, and photographs; United States. The book scholars in other disciplines, (especially historic tree planti- period, the course also variety poses the question: and pay authors’ fees. The reflects the wide interests of many of whom are represent- ng in early urban environ- addresses broader theoretical What should be the agenda of production and publication of Professor Hennebo and illus- ed in this Festschrift. ments) and frequently issues of landscape design garden and landscape studies the four volumes discussed trates the interdisciplinary The breadth of his contributed theoretical and and its significance as a in the years to come, both in here would not have been nature of many subjects in perspective is shown in the practical ideas on the preser- design profession in relation German-speaking countries possible without such fund- the field of garden and land- magisterial three-volume vation and conservation of to the environment and city and elsewhere? If interdisci- ing. The series of books illus- scape architecture when past Geschichte der Deutschen historic parks, gardens, and planning. Both history and plinary research is important, trates the growing need to and present are seen as Gartenkunst (A History of cultural landscapes. He has theory inform the third topic both from an academic as reevaluate our historic and deeply interconnected. The German Garden Art). The created an academic and prac- in this course: the study of well as a practical, conserva- contemporary urban environ- six sections of the book cover first volume, which deals with tical discipline that is now the role and meaning of land- tionist point of view, where ment from a garden and issues in garden history, gar- Medieval Gardens, appeared recognized as a substantial scape criticism. and how will a new genera- landscape viewpoint. An den and landscape architec- in 1962. It is this publication, and important field of its All these topics are cov- tion be trained? abridged English edition of ture, art history and the co-written with Alfred own. ered in Hennebo’s Festschrift, One of the contributors, the four volumes is in prepa- humanities, environmental Hoffmann, that set the tone Historische Gartenkunst which shows the progress Professor Adrian von Buttlar ration. and natural science, politics for further research and Heute presents current gar- that has been made and intro- (Technical University, Berlin), and society, and preservation. teaching in garden history. By den, landscape, and preserva- duces many issues for debate proposes that one of the solu- Historische Gartenkunst Professor Hennebo, who looking at many different his- tion studies as an integrated to its readers. Moreover, it tions could be the installation Heute [Historic Garden Art was born in Upper Silesia in torical sources, this work discipline that is growing and demonstrates that the situa- of a specific M.A. program Now]. 1923 and conducted studies demonstrates that garden and gaining an acknowledged tion in Germany, despite where a variety of disciplines Edited by Michael Rohde in Medicine and Physics in landscape are an important position internationally. In growing acknowledgement could be brought together and Rainer Schoman. Berlin and Prague, was no art that can take its place one of our courses at the from institutions outside for a group of students with 296 pages. Leipzig: Edition doubt unaware when he first among the other mainstream BGC this fall, “Theory, academia and the preserva- varied backgrounds but all Leipzig, 2003. (An English started reading garden history arts such as architecture, History, and Criticism in tion field, is far from ideal motivated to pursue the study edition is to be published in in 1961 at the Technical urbanism, and painting – Landscape Studies,” we have with respect to furthering of garden and landscape his- the Fall of 2003 by Thames University of Hannover that this, at a time when garden therefore made appropriate studies and research. The tory – with a broad under- and Hudson.) it would grow into a rich area and landscape studies, if they use of this book to acquaint book contains several pleas standing of theory, history, of scholarship. Yet from existed at all, were seen as students with European for more research in the field practice, and criticism. Von Historische the time of his marginal. Because of its early methodologies and historiog- of garden and landscape Buttlar’s suggestions accord Gartenkunst early writings date and far-reaching scope, raphy. This course also exam- architecture and for more dia- well with the mission of the Heute was pub- he has been Hennebo and Hoffmann’s ines publications from a logue between historic and Bard Graduate Center’s pro- lished last mapping this survey is a book of great variety of professional and modern landscape design. gram in garden history and June in honor field in detail, importance to the interna- methodological backgrounds The book probes matters of landscape studies. Historische of the eightieth generously tional field of garden history. in order to chart the develop- ethics and aesthetics with Gartenkunst Heute reveals birthday sharing his Unfortunately, Hennebo’s ment of our emerging field of regard to the politics, ecology, how much needed and how of Professor knowledge, work is not well known in the historical inquiry. Since gar- guidelines, legal protection, exciting such a venture can Dieter English-speaking world. This and technology of garden and be within a national and Hennebo, the is because German, Middle- landscape restoration. It also international context. doyen of European, and Northern points to demands by the German garden garden art frequently escapes public for more knowledge. and landscape the attention of those focused (In the past three years three history and on England, France, and Italy museums of garden and land- preservation. This excellent volume contains many color

9 Exhibition Calendar examples, it will also concen- ings of Italy, particularly earthenware, embroidery, and Wednesday trate on the intimacy that those of villas and architec- weaving. It will illustrate the November 5 later Americans, English, and ture; fiction by such foreign- importance of landscape as a 5:45 p.m. Italians established with ers as EM Forster who source of inspiration in Michel Conan, “Garden Thomas Jeckyll: “Great Books / Great this form by studying more captured the influence of Italy Western art since the Middle Conservation as Garden Art: Architect and Designer Gardens” Series recently built or restored on the northerner; and the Ages. Bernard Lassus at the The Bard Graduate Center’s The Garden History and twentieth century gardens. writings and biography of Visits will take place on Tuileries Garden in Paris.” Fall exhibit of the work of Landscape Studies program is These include La Foce in the Iris Origo, who built La Foce January 15 and February 26 Lecture will be held at British architect Thomas pleased to offer again this Val d’Orcia, the gardens at in the first part of the last from 4:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.. the Bard Graduate Center, Jeckyll (1827-1881) was of par- year a mini-course as part of the Villa Medici in Fiesole, century. 38 West . ticular interest to landscape its “Great Books / Great the Villas I Tatti and Le Balze Classes will take place on Fall Lecture Series, Wednesday historians as well as students Gardens” series. The course near Florence, as well as November 18, December 2 “Landscape and History” November 11 of the decorative arts. Curated is open to all members of the Russell Page’s work on the and 16, January 13 and 27, As perhaps no other phenom- 5:45 p.m. by Susan Weber Soros, BGC Garden Circle. Eleanor Agnelli gardens west of February 10 and 24 from 2:30 enon in our human environ- Kenkichi Ono, “Bringing founder and director of BGC, Dwight, Ph.D., author of The Turin. p.m. to 4:30 p.m. at ment, gardens and Gardens to Light: New and Catherine Arbuthnott, Gilded Age: Edith Wharton At the same time, partici- the Bard Graduate Center, landscapes are subject to Archaeological Discoveries at this show introduced visitors and her Contemporaries pants will read writings of 38 West 86th Street, change and are thus connect- the Imperial Palace, Nara, to one of the least under- (1996) and Diana Vreeland those who made and enjoyed 6th floor Conference Room. ed with the passing of time. Japan.” stood figures of the Victorian (2002), will take up the these villas and their gardens Four lectures invite you to Lecture will be held at design reform movement. theme of gardening expatri- or who spent time in Italy “Nature and Art in the consider and reconsider the Bard Hall, Jeckyll pioneered the Anglo- ates in “The Lure of Italy: Its in order to understand their Garden” with Erik de Jong relationship between history, 410 West 58th Street. Japanese style in his beautiful Atmospheres and Gardens.” near-magical atmosphere. The Garden History and gardens, and landscapes. metalwork and furniture. Like Through readings in The course will examine how Landscape Studies program Wednesday The Bard Graduate Center the previous BGC exhibits fiction, memoirs and garden the villas and gardens served offers BGC Garden Circle October 1 Open Houses devoted to A. W. N. Pugin history, the course will focus as the setting for characters members the chance to enroll 5:45 p.m. October 15, November 15, and E. W. Godwin, this show upon Italian villa gardens and in novels and also as homes in “Nature and Art in the Kathryn Gleason, “The December 15 demonstrated a Victorian those who made and enjoyed for certain wealthy individu- Garden.” This course will Archaeology and Design of 6:00 – 8:00 p.m. sensibility that is also present them. This impressive and als who sought in Italy a consist of two visits to the Ancient Roman Gardens.” Learn about admission to pro- in contemporary garden evocative garden form origi- more aesthetic mode of living Metropolitan Museum of Art, Lecture will be held at grams at the Bard Graduate design. Jeckyll employed con- nated in the Renaissance and than they could have found in where an hour-long visit will the Bard Graduate Center, Center, including Garden summate craftsmen to exe- produced such places as the America or England at the concentrate on objects from 38 West 86th Street. History and Landscape cute his designs, which Villa d’Este at Tivoli, the Villa turn of the twentieth century. the museum collections that Studies. include several for the fine Lante, the Villa Farnese at Subjects that will be dis- reflect gardens and land- Wednesday Open Houses will be held at gates of entrances to impor- Caprarola, and the Medici cussed include: Edith scapes through a diversity of October 29 the Bard Graduate Center, tant parks and gardens. gardens on the hillsides Wharton’s Italian short sto- objects: painting, sculpture, 5:45 p.m. 38 West 86th Street. around Florence. ries and her Italian travels Mark Laird, “Replanting While the course will and friendships; the activities Painshill Park and the Next review the form of the Italian and friendships of the I Tatti Twenty Years.” garden by studying early group, which gathered Lecture will be held at around Bernard Berenson; the Bard Graduate Center, John Singer Sargent’s paint- 38 West 86th Street.

Filial from the Norwich Gates by Thomas Jeckyll, ca. 1859-62. Wrought iron.

10 In Memoriam development of its curriculum and helped conceptualize the 3,300 volumes and its research collection to 13,000 books and content of the course “Reading the Landscape” now taught by periodicals. She instituted the annual symposium and the publi- Erik de Jong. cation of symposia papers and monographs relating to land- A learned, kind, and unassuming man, David Coªn will be scape history. The near simultaneous deaths of David R. Coªn and Elisabeth remembered most as an inspiring teacher, a generous scholar, Educated at Vassar College, Professor MacDougall subse- Blair MacDougall has deprived the field of Garden History and and calm mentor. – Vanessa Bezemer Sellers quently received her M.A. from the Institute of Fine Arts at New Landscape Studies of two important leaders in the field. York University and her Ph.D. from Harvard University. She David Coªn’s passing calls to mind an image from a visit to the served on the Committee on Historic Gardens and Sites of the David R. Coªn gardens of Stowe many years ago when I happened on a secular International Committee on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS); March 20, 1918 – October 14, 2003 oak that had recently fallen athwart one of the garden paths. as a juror for the Rome Prize of the American Academy in David Coªn, Howard Crosby Butler Memorial Professor of the The micro-environment that had grown up in the generous shade of Rome; and in various elected and appointed positions within the , Emeritus, Department of Art and the great tree was already adapting to the new circumstances, Society of Architectural Historians, including that of editor of Archaeology, Princeton University, died on October 14, after but the extensive root system left behind ensured that the garden the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. In addi- a long and distinguished academic career in which he pioneered would continue to bear its imprint as an extended legacy for many tion, she was a frequent lecturer at the Graduate School of the study of landscape design as a branch of art history. A more years. – John Pinto Design at Harvard University. graduate of Princeton, he spent most of his professional life Her dissertation was on Roman sixteenth-century villa there, becoming professor in 1949 and retiring in 1988. David Coªn organized the first symposium at Dumbarton Oaks gardens, and her continuing scholarship resulted in articles on Professor Coªn, a prolific author, continued his studies even in the spring of 1971 on Italian Gardens, the volume of which he the Sleeping Nymph, sixteenth century garden fountains in after retirement, publishing several books between 1988 and edited in 1972, the same year that Elisabeth MacDougall was Rome, the gardens of the Villa Mattei, the decoration of Roman 2003. He was an authority on the Italian villa gardens of Rome, appointed the first Director of Studies in Landscape Architecture. Renaissance gardens, and the use of ancient Roman statues and his works include The Villa D’Este at Tivoli As her present successor, I have drawn as much in Renaissance gardens. These papers were published in 1994 (1960), The Villa in the Life of Renaissance inspiration as she did from the methodological by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library in the volume Fountains, Rome (1979), Gardens and Gardening in Papal ingenuity and the enthusiasm David brought to Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth Rome (1991), and The English Garden: Garden Studies. – Michel Conan and Seventeenth Centuries. Meditation and Memorial (1994). His last book, An exceptionally thorough scholar who was classically trained which deals with Pirro Ligorio, will be pub- Hundreds of Princeton undergraduates, destined and was able to work with very different types of documents, lished in January 2004 by Pennsylvania State for careers outside of the academy, were intro- MacDougall was also one of the first women to work in the field University Press. duced in David Coªn’s garden history survey of garden history in what was a transitional period for women Professor Coªn chaired the department of course to the great pleasures of the Villas d’Este, scholars. Her work was nourished by her contact with several Art and Archaeology at Princeton from 1964 Madama and Lante, and the many other great eminent professors, among them Richard Krautheimer, until 1970, while also serving as the director of various profes- physical and intellectual landmarks in the history of garden design. Wolfgang Lotz, John Coleridge, and James Ackerman. She was sional organizations, including the College Art Association After Professor Coªn, we would never see the world in quite the preparing a long study of the architecture of city council halls (1957-61) and the Society of Architectural Historians (1967- same way again. His great gift to all of us was the life-long compul- and their political contexts in medieval and Renaissance Italy at 1970). He received many fellowships and book awards from var- sion to see all landscape through the lens of the time of her death. – Miroslava Benesˇ ious distinguished foundations and societies, including the J.S. a thousand-year cultural tradition. Because of David Coªn, many Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1972-73) and the Howard T. of us, myself included, also found irresistible the urge to create Before Betty, there was a distinguished handful of amateurs, but Behrman Award in the Humanities (1982). In 1970, as a mem- gardens of our own. – Frederic Rich she was one of the few who went into the field professionally and ber of the Garden Advisory Committee, he was instrumental in really raised the standards of the discipline. – John Dixon Hunt establishing the Studies in Landscape Architecture program at Elisabeth Blair MacDougall Dumbarton Oaks, and in 1971, he organized and chaired its January 1, 1925 – October 12th, 2003 Collaboration with Elisabeth MacDougall – whether as author, edi- First Colloquium, which was devoted to the Italian Garden. As a Elisabeth Blair MacDougall, the first director of Studies in tor, or faculty colleague – was always a privilege, a pleasure, and, member of the advisory board of the Bard Graduate Center’s Landscape Architecture at Dumbarton Oaks above all, a valuable learning experience, thanks to her meticulous program in Garden History and Landscape Studies, Professor and associate professor in the Faculty of Arts readings and informed suggestions. – Naomi Miller Coªn made several important suggestions relating to the and Sciences at Harvard University, died on October 12. At Dumbarton Oaks, Professor MacDougall enlarged and administered the fel- lowship program while also increasing the library’s rare book collection to more than

11 18 West 86th Street, New York,NewWest Street, 10024 18 86th NY Program Studies Landscape and History Garden Culture and Design, Arts, Decorative the in Studies for Center Graduate Bard The

Volume 1, Number 1 Fall/Winter 2oo3/2oo4

Editor: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Associate Editor: Erik de Jong Production Manager: Alexa Georgevich Design: Skeggs Design

For more information about Garden History and Landscape Studies at the Bard Graduate Center, please call 212-501-3060 or e-mail georgevich@ bgc.bard.edu. You may also learn about the program at www.bgc.bard.edu and www.elizabethbarlowrogers.com.