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(Diptera: Tephritidae) Control in Mango

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(Diptera: Tephritidae) Control in Mango OPTIMIZATION OF AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) CONTROL IN MANGO: A CASE OF MANICA PROVINCE, MOZAMBIQUE LAURA DA GRAҪA JOSÉ CANHANGA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2018 ii EXTENDED ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to reduce the losses caused by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in Manica province, Mozambique, through an optimized integrated pest management (IPM) package. It involved interviews with farmers to collect baseline information on awareness of fruit producers regarding fruit fly pests and their management so that an IPM package can be developed based on the farmers’ needs. Additionally, systematic trapping data of B. dorsalis seasonality and damage were collected and economic injury level (EIL) for B. dorsalis was estimated. Based on EIL, the IPM for B. dorsalis control developed in Tanzania by the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA IPM) was optimized. The SUA IPM included calendar GF 120 NF bait sprays and orchard sanitation while for the optimized IPM the GF 120 NF was only sprayed in the subplots inside the orchard when the threshold of 30 flies/trap/week was reached. The effectiveness of SUA IPM and its optimized version were also tested. Results showed that fruit flies were the main pest problem in mango and citrus orchards. More than 70% the respondents indicated low fruit quality and increasing volumes of uncommercial zed fruits as consequences of fruit flies infestation. The monetary value of losses reached a value of USD 135,784.8 during 2014/15 mango season. Results on seasonality revealed that population of B. dorsalis started to build up in November and reaching its peak in January. It was significantly affected by temperature, month and host availability, being observed that B. dorsalis were most abundant during hot season and at mango maturation stage. EIL varied among orchards and was estimated an average of 33.14 B. dorsalis/trap/week. The SUA IPM and optimized IPM had significantly less number of damaged fruits, pupae and B. dorsalis iii infestation rate when compared to untreated orchard. However, the SUA IPM and the optimized IPM were not significantly different although in the optimized IPM significantly less volume of the bait was used. It can be concluded that spot application of GF 120 can provide the equivalent level of the pest control when compared to calendar spraying and should, therefore, be used to reduce the fruit losses caused by fruit flies. iv DECLARATION I, LAURA DA GRAÇA JOSÉ CANHANGA, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that, this thesis is my own original work and that it has neither been submitted nor concurrently submitted for a degree award in any other institution. _________________________ _________________________ Laura da Graça José Canhanga Date (PhD candidate) The above declaration is confirmed __________________________ _______________________ Professor Maulid W. Mwatawala Date (Supervisor) _________________________ ______________________ Professor Domingos R. Cugala Date (Supervisor) ________________________ ________________________ Dr Marc De Meyer Date (Supervisor) v COPYRIGHT No part of this thesis may be produced, stored in any retrievable system or transmitted in any for or by any means without a prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture in that behalf. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Belgian Cooperation for funding this research and the scholarship. I am grateful to my supervisors Prof. Maulid Mawatawala, Prof. Domingos Cugala and Dr. Marc De Meyer for the continuous support of my PhD research, for their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. To my mentors, Prof. Domingos Cugala and Prof. Luisa Santos, I have no words to thank for inspiration and guidance. I could not have imagined having a better supervisors and mentors for my PhD. Besides my supervisors, I would like to thank the team of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture of Sokoine University of Agriculture, for their insightful comments and encouragement, but also for the hard questions during the seminars presentations which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. My sincere thanks also goes to my colleagues of the Crop Protection Department at Eduardo Mondlane University, who provided me with an opportunity to join their team as research assistant, to the mango farmers in Manica province for their cooperation and to the stuff of Chimoio Fruit fly lab, specially, Luis Bota and Braine Fabião who helped me in data collection. Without their precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research. vii Last but not the least, I would like to thank my husband Betuel Canhanga and the little ones Auro Canhanga and Alisha Canhanga for the support and encouragement; to my father, brothers and sister for supporting me spiritually throughout data collection and writing this thesis and life in general. To my family in general, my special thanks for the support. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family who was always with me since the beginning of this journey. To my father José Cunaca and my mother Helena Correia (in memoria), who laid the foundation of my career and personality. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXTENDED ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... iv COPYRIGHT ......................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xiv LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 General introduction and literature review ........................................................................ 1 1.1 General description of the Mozambican fruit sector .......................................................... 1 1.2 The threat of the oriental fruit fly to the Mozambican fruit sector .................................... 2 1.3 Bactrocera dorsalis co-existence with other fruit flies species in mango .......................... 8 1.4 Management of fruit flies, with emphasis on B. dorsalis ................................................... 9 1.4.1 Monitoring of fruit flies ........................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Control strategies ................................................................................................... 11 1.4.2.2 Curative control strategies ......................................................................... 13 1.5 Fruit flies integrated management across African continent ........................................... 18 1.6 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 21 1.6.1 Overall objective .................................................................................................... 21 1.6.2 Specific objectives ................................................................................................. 21 ix REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 34 2.0 Perception of fruit farmers on the occurrence of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its associated economic impact in Manica province, Mozambique ...................................................................... 34 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 34 2.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.3 Material and methods ....................................................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Study area ............................................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Survey methods ...................................................................................................... 37 2.3.3 Data analysis .........................................................................................................
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