INDEX

Aalenian, 661, 687 Algal-Oolitic limestones, 171 Abu Swayel, 208 Alkali basalt, 71, 77, 79, 220, 229, 605 Abyssal fan, 562 Alkali-Olivine basalt, 79, 232, 241, 613, Acoustic basement, 73, 75, 81, 406, 408 623, 625 Acritarchs, 159 Alkaline trachyte, 209 Adamellites, 590 Alpine diastrophism, 241-242, 244-245 Adelaide Geosyncline, 547-548 Alula-Fartak Trench, 87 Adelaidean Belt, 742 Aluvial fans, 154 Aden, 271, 358 Amarante Passage, 26 Aden Volcanic Series, 220, 267, 271, 278 Amba Aradam Formation, 218 Adigrat Sandstone, 273-274 Ambokahave Shales, 677 Aeclian deposits, 161 America-Antarctica Ridge, 97 Aeolan sand, 548 Amery Ice Shelf, 702, 705-707, 730 Aeromagnetic surveys, 554, 726 Amiran Flysch, 326 Afanasy Nikitin Seamount, 77 Amirante Island, 591 Afar Depression, 88 Amirante Ridge, 591 Afar Rift Zone, 87 Amirante Trench, 117 Afar Series, 279 Amirantes, 129 Afar Triangle, 288 Ammonia beccarrii. 382 Africa, 31 Ammonites, 166, 169, 188, 519, 659-660, African-Antarctic Basin, 54, 77, 86, 136 676,692 Agulhas Bank, 73 Ammonoids, 517-518 Agulhas Basin, 54, 74 Ampandrandava Group, 652 Agulhas Current, 6, 28 Ampasimena Series, 661 Agulhas Fracture Zone, 74, 164 Amphibians, 160,659 Agulhas Plateau, 6, 15, 52, 73-74 Amphibolites, 208, 333, 455, 653, 709, 721, Albany-Fraser Mobile Zone, 527 723-729, 735-736 Albany-Fraser Province, 740, 742 Amphistegina. 606 Albian, 82, 127-128, 165, 189,406,664, Amsterdam Fracture Zone, 631 677, 679, 690 Amsterdam Island, 631-632 Alcock Seamount, 422, 424, 427 Anahita Fracture Zone, 91 Algae, 606 Andaman Island, 54

757 758 Index

Andaman Ridge, 408-409 Argovian, 688 Andaman Sea, 405-407, 413, 417, 421-422, Arkose, 165, 176 424-425,427,429,431,441,442,453, Aru Island, 54 500-501 Aruma Group, 262 Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, 406, 413-414, Aseismic ridges, 52, 61, 85-86 417,420-422,424 Assam Valley, 411, 414, 420, 427 Anderson Formation, 520 Aswan, 235 Andesites, 209, 218, 238, 270, 336, 499- Atlantis II Fracture Zone, 99 500,593,637,692 Atoll,588 Andhra, 357 Atrium Plateau Volcanics, 528 Andhra canyon, 357 Aurora Basin, 701 Androyen System, 651-652 Australia, 4, 16, 359, 435, 739 Anhydrite, 192,217,233,274,276,518, Australia-Antarctic Basin, 77, 100 520 Austra1ian Margins, 513 Anhydrite-Gypsum, 215 carbonate deposition, 535 Anjouan Island, 608, 613 collision, 536 Ankarafantsika Sandstone, 679 detrital, deposition, 534 Anorthosites, 607, 718, 734, 739 development phases, 522 Antarctic Bottom Water, 6, 10, 14, 19,37, physiography, 514 571 rifting, 532 Antarctic Margin, 697 stratigraphy, 515 crustal structure, 704 Australian-Antarctic, 34, 545 geochronologic data, 709 Australian-Antarctic Discordance, 565, 572 geology, 708 geophysical investigations, 704 Badong Conglomerate, 490 physiography, 701 Bagh beds, 367 Antarctica, 4,31,432,435 Baid Formation, 214 Antrium Plateau Volcanics, 521 Bajocian, 675, 687 Aptian, 83, 127, 165-166, 189,518,668,677 Bajocian-Bathonian, 188 Aptian-Albian, 31, 165,575 Bakhtegan beds, 325 Arabian Basin, 37, 89, 91-92, 96 Bali,414 Arabian Peninsula, 6, 16, 28, 194 Baling Formation, 458 Arabian plate, 317, 327, 333, 335, 337, 342 Baling Group, 463 Arabian platform, 318, 320 Baluchistan, 358 Arabian Sea, 4, 6, 16,28,38-39,67,86, Banda Are, 413 253, 300, 354, 359 Banded iron formation, 726-727, 741 stratigraphy, 257 Bangemall Basin, 527 Arafura Sea, 536 Bangestan Group, (325 Arakan coast, 358 Baram Group, 498 Arakan Yoma, 359 Barapasaurus tagorei, 370 Arakan Yoma-Chin-Naga Foldbelt, 455 Barisan Fault, 453, 500, 503 Arakan-Chin trench, 493 Barito Basin, 497 Aravalli, 362 Barremian, 83, 263, 275, 409, 677 Aravalli Mountains, 364 Barrow FQrmation, 519 Aravalli structural trends, 354 Bartonian, 681 Archaeocetes, 370 Basal sands, 188 Archean, 149, 525, 727 Basalt, 16, 43, 64, 73-74, 79-80, 82, 88, 91, Archean-Cretaceous, 366 96-97,115,117,123-124,127-128,132, Arero Group, 208 162,194-195,197,229-231,267,270, Argentine Basin, 26 278, 293-294, 321, 326, 332, 336, 369- Argillites, 730, 737 371,382,497,498,505,518,520-521, Argo Abyssal Plain, 54, 84-85, 122, 124- 527,534-535,559,594-596,599,601- 125, 128-129, 136,514,534 602,621,627,630,634-635,637,640, Argo Fracture Zone, 96 653,671,679,708,718,733 Index 759

Basanites, 219, 501, 595, 611, 613-615, 627, Bokkeveld Group, 156 642 Bombay, 358, 362-364 Basement, 4, 65, 74, 79, 82, 97, 115, 117, Bombay High, 362, 364 123-124, 127, 130, 132, 150, 155, 185, Bonaparte Beds, 521 187, 195, 198,208,228,242,257,261, Bonaparte Depression, 515 263,267,271-272,276-277,326,329, Bonaparte Gulf Basin, 521, 527-528, 531 340,343,360,362,363,367,455,481, Border Creek Formation, 521 515,525,547, 552, 559, 598, 609, 622- Borelis, 637 623,629,657,672,682,708,721 Borneo, 476, 480, 489, 491 Basement Complex, 281 Borneo basement, 472 Bass Basin, 554, 559-560, 575, 577 Bostonite, 218 Batavia Fracture Zone, 83, 125, 127 Bottom current deposits, 24 Bathonian, 212, 260, 367, 669, 674-675, 687 Bouguer anomalies, 666, 707 Bathymetric data, 59 Bouleiceras, 188 Bathymetric profiles, 91-92 Bouvet Triple Junction, 51, 86, 96, 99-100 Bawdwin, 460 Brachiopods, 169,260,517-519,659 Bawdwin Volcanic Series, 458 Breccia, 193,212,274,328,478,599,631, Bawygo Group, 476 657, 691, 733 Bay of Bengal, 4, 6-7, 16,26,28,35,39, Breccia pipes, 453 54,380, 385, 387, 402, 405, 407-408, Broken Ridge, 34-36, 54, 59, 62-63, 77, 80- 411, 413-414, 417, 420, 429, 432-433, 83, 122, 439, 566 438 Browse Basin, 520 Beachport Plateau, 561-562 Bruce Plateau, 83 Beaufort Group, 160 Bruce Spur, 703 Bela Ophiolites, 341 Bruhnes-Matuyama reversal, 29 Belagoan, 364 Bryozoans, 464, 469, 519 Belemnites, 519, 676 Buba cataclastic zone, 209 Belo Sandstones, 165 Bukit Timah Granite, 479 Bengal Basin, 402, 405, 407, 410-411, 413- Bunger Hills, 721, 723, 741 414,420,427,432 Burdigalian, 267, 657 Bengal Deep-Sea Fan, 408-410, 413-414, Burma, 421, 460-461, 463, 466, 473, 476, 417, 432, 435, 443 487,490 Bengal fan, 4, 19,22, 38,63,402,405,407, Burma plate, 425, 427 417,420,429-430,446 Burma Sea, 441 Bengal Geos yncline, 40 I, 410-411 Burmese Cental Basin, 493 Bentong Group, 466, 471 Burmese volcanic arc, 359, 453, 500 Bentong-Raub, 453 Burnei Group, 498 Bentong-Raub Line, 469, 478, 481, 485, 500 Cadda Formation, 518 Berg Group, 741 Calcarenites, 169, 171-172, 175,477,497, Berg Series, 728 519 Berriasian, 675-677 Calcareous oozes, 7, 9, 30, 568 Berriasian-Aptian, 688 Calcareous sands, 567 Betsiboka Sandstone, 677 Calcareous sandstones, 192 Billeranga Group, 527 Calcareous sediments, 7, 19,34, 122,382, Bioclastic limestones, 173 385 Biogenic sediments, 7 Calcilutite, 519 Biogenic silica, II, 569 Callovian, 274, 369, 668-669, 675-677, 684 Biogenous deposits, 26 Callovian-Tithonian, 261 Birmania Formation, 367 Cambay, 360, 362-363, 367 Black Series, 618-619 Cambay Basin, 367 Blina Shale, 520 Cam bay graben 342 Blueschist, 724 Cambrian, 211, 218, 237, 259, 281-282, 317, Boane Sandstone, 166 464, 515, 528 760 Index

Cambrian (conI.) Central Indian Ridge, 52, 86, 92, 95, 113 early, 211, 548 Central Marginal Basin, 463, 465, 469, 471, middle, 521 478,482 Campanian, 106, 123, 166, 197,262,406, Central Sumatra Basin, 496 671, 680, 682, 690-691 Cerodotus, 680 Campanian-Maestrichtian, 34, 212, 330 Cetaceans, 371 Camptonite, 218 Chagos Archipelago, 64 Canning Basin, 519, 525, 527-528 Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, 36, 52, 54, 62, Cape Fold Belt, 149, 151, 160 64-65,67,85,89,95-96,100,113,430 Cape Range, 536 Chagos-Laccadive Trend, 365 Cape Supergroup, 152 Chagos-Maldive-Laccadive platform, 364 Carbo-Permian, 455, 472 Chain Ridge, 89, 92, 129, 131, 187, 194, Carbonaceous shales, 462, 475 195, 197 Carbonate compensation depth, 37 Chalk, 79, 96, 130, 261, 265-266, 277, 406, Carbonate critical depth, 9-10 518, 681 Carbonate lysocline, 9-10 Chaman fault, 333-334, 337, 342, 346 Carbonate platforms, 35 Charnockites, 379, 717, 719, 723-725, 729, Carbonates, 9, 11,27,39,82,85,97,171, 734-735 190-192,216,260-261,263,266,274- Chaung Magyi Supergroup, 455, 461 276,282-283,317-318,321,325,330, Cheringoma Formation, 171 382,515,521,527-528,535-536,548, Cherts, 81, 406, 420, 462, 469, 478 559-560,577,588,590,591,637,662, Cherty limestones, 325 674,690 Chiang Mai-Tak Gneiss Belt, 455 Carbonatites, 162, 369, 531 China plate, 425 Carboniferous, 151, 156-157, 159, 187,240, Christmas Island, 635-638, 642 462, 464, 466, 469, 481, 482, 504, 520- Christmas Island Group, 54, 122 521, 528, 684-685 Chuang Magyi Supergroup, 458 early, 238 Chuping Formation, 475 late, 218 Circumpolar current, 4 lower, 212 Clansayesian, 677 Carboniferous-Permian, 156 Ciaraia, 659-660 Cardup Group, 524 Clarens Formation, 161 Cargados Carajos Bank, 65-66 Clastic sediments, 190, 192 Carlsberg Ridge, 20, 37, 52, 87, 89, 92, Clastics, 559-560, 567 118, 194, 197, 280, 297, 300 Clays, 7, 9,15-16,18,28,30-31,34,37,39, Carnarvon Basin, 34, 515, 518, 527-528, 43,82,130,131,166,173,192,379, 535-536 382,387,497,499,661,676 Carnian, 420, 478 Claystones, 73, 520 Carpenteria, 637 Ciypeasler, 215 Carribuddy Formation, 519 Ciypeoceras, 660 Cauvery, 374 Coals, 159-161, 498-499, 520, 685 Cauvery Basin, 372 Cochin, 358 Ceduna Plateau, 550, 552-553, 561-562 Cockleshell Gully Formation, 517 Cenomanian, 79-80, 165-167, 190, 202, 268, Cocos Islands, 122, 359 276, 330, 367, 664, 668, 679, 690 Colombo, 358 Cenomanian-Turonian, 167-168, 195,325, Comores, 129, 187,200 575 Comorin High, 429 Cenozoic, 29, 31, 59, 80, 85, 136,212,219, Comorin Ridge, 429-430 263,362,559,651,662,731 Comoro Archipelago, 608 Cenozoic igneous activity, 500 Comoro Basin, 130 Central Basin, 475 Comoro Islands, 131 Central Indian Basin, 35, 54, 67, 77, 86, Conglomerates, 154, 159-162, 165-166, 171, 96, 100, 107, 112, 122, 124 176,214,216,260,262,272,277,325, Index 761

Conglomerates (cont.) Crozet Ridge, 617 330, 340, 418, 420, 461, 478, 515, 520- Crustaceans, 169 521,548,559,625-626,657,686,691, Crystalline basement, 193 719,730 Crystalline schists, 472-473 Coniacian, 132, 166,333,671,680 Cuddalore Canyon, 357 Conodonts, 462, 465, 518-520 Cuddalore Sandstone, 367 Continental crust, 89, 130,228,291,293, CUddapah System, 741 360,410, 415, 421-422, 429, 430, 442, Culvida Sandstone, 520 536, 552, 707, 736 Cuvier Abyssal Plain, 54, 84, 122, 124-125, Continental Margin Basins, 498 127-129,514 Continental margins, 4 Cuvier Basin, 127 abrupt, 4 Cuvier Fracture Zone, 83 passive, 4 Cuvier Rise, 83-84 stable, 4 Cyathophyllum. 657 Continental shelf, 365 Cyclolobus. 657 Continental slope, 360 Cynognathus. 370 Coral atolls, 66 Coral Islands, 375 Daban-Dubar Group, 277 Coral reefs, 193, 593-594, 597 Danhol,363 Corallina, 606 Dacite, 28, 691 Corals, 169, 171,518,637,657 Dacite breccia, 498 Corbula. 675 Dalat Series, 458, 461-462 Cretaceous, 34, 39,41-42,67,73, 125, 128, Dalnashin beds, 325 131,162,165-166,168,169,176,189- Dammam Formation, 265 190, 198-199,212,216,218,240-241, Danakil,280 260, 261-262, 268, 275-276, 283, 323, Danakil Alps, 280, 289, 292 328,333,362,364,366,367,371,373, Danakil horst, 289, 291 388,405,411,417-418,430,489,493, Danakil Series, 277 496, 498, 519-521, 534, 548, 553, 562, Danian, 115, 681 591,609,662.665,671,676,691,731, Daonella, 477,479 733 Daptocephalus, 161 early, 31, 34, 40, 61, 83, 129, 164, 197, Dar-es-Salaam embayment, 187-189, 192, 212,301,369,371,407,500,516,518, 194,200 548,559 Darling fault, 548 early-late, 123, 127 Darling Mobil Zone, 527 late, 34, 39-40, 51, 59, 61, 63-64, 69, 74- Davie Ridge, 130-131 75,80,82,84,91,96, 100, 106, 112- Davis Sea, 77 113, 117-118, 124-125, 127-128, 130, Deccan, 16 136,169-170,219,232,238,241,267, volcanics, 379 269, 303, 325, 369, 429, 592, 693 Deccan plateau basalts, 340 Lower, 165, 188, 191,202,318,372,575, Deccan Traps, 360, 362, 364, 370, 379 688 Deep-Sea Drilling Project, 6 Middle, 283, 318, 370, 535, 575, 688, 690 Site 211, 39, 56, 122 Upper, 166, 190,202,263,283,318,560, Site 212, 31, 56, 122-123 575,690 Site 213, 31, 35, 39, 56,122-123 Cretaceous-Eocene, 359, 496 Site 214, 30, 35, 56, 62 Cretaceous-Paleocene, 554 Site 215, 31, 39, 56, 112,410 Cretaceous-Tertiary, 171, 560 Site 216, 30, 35, 40, 56, 62 Crinoids, 519 Site 217, 56, 62, 406-407, 411, 443 Crozet, 9, 17 Site 218, 56, 407, 410-411, 443 Crozet Basin, 52, 54, 75, 77, 80, 86, 100, Site 219, 56, 62, 371 102, 106, 112-113, 124 Site 220, 56, 91 Crozet Plateau, 52, 68-69, 71, 623 Site 221, 31, 38, 56, 91 762 Index

Deep-Sea Drilling Project (cont.) Deep-sea fan deposits, 19 Site 222, 56, 91 Delta facies, 192 Site 223, 56 Deltaic beds, 202 Site 224, 56 Deltaic sequences, 189 Site 225,56 Devakkottai-Mannargudi Ridge, 373 Site 226, 56, 216 Devonian, 218, 460, 463-464, 471, 481, 504, Site 227, 56, 216-217 518,521,528 Site 228, 56 early, 520 Site 229,56 late, 516 Site 230, 56 middle, 520 Site 231, 30, 56, 88 Dharwar orogeny, 354 Site 232,56 Dharwar structural trend, 354 Site 233, 56 Dharwarian, 354, 362 Site 234, 37, 56, 131, 194-195 Diabase, 122, 718 Site 235, 56, 194-195 Diamantina Fracture Zone, 80, 82, 125, Site 236, 56, 92 566,572 Site 237, 56, 62 Diamictite, 156-157 Site 238, 30, 37, 56 Diapiric structures, 195 Site 239, 56, 117 Diapirs, 333 Site 240, 56, 117, 194-195 Diastema, 195 Site 241, 34, 56, 130-131, 194-195,201 Diastrophism, 218 Site 242, 56, 130 Diatoms, 12,567 Site 243, 56 Diatremes, 162 Site 244, 56 Dicroidium, 161 Site 245, 56, 115 Didymograptus bifidus, 259 Site 246, 56, 62, 68 Diego Basin, 651, 656-664 Site 247, 56, 68 Dike swarms, 364 Site 248, 39, 56, 131 Dinantian fossils, 466 Site 249, 30, 56, 62, 73, 82 Dinding Schist, 458 Site 250, 31, 39, 59, 132 Dingo Claystone, 519 Site 251,30,59,97 Diorites, 209, 236, 482, 625, 728 Site 252, 59 Dirck Hartog Ridge, 125 Site 253, 30, 59, 62 Discocyc/ina ramaraoi, 372 Site 254, 59, 62, 440 Djambi Nappe, 473 Site 255, 59, 62, 81-82 Djibouti, 278, 280 Site 256, 31, 59, 125, 127 Dogger, 656 Site 257, 31, 59,125,127 Dolerites, 162, 332, 340, 526-527, 575, 590, Site 258, 59, 62, 82 593,599,605,611,690,708,717,719, Site 259, 30, 59, 125, 127 722, 732, 734-735, 738 Site 260, 59, 128 Dolomites, 260, 265, 276, 519-521, 527 Site 261,31,59,84, 128-129,534 Dolomitic limestones, 161,216,261,681, Site 262, 59, 536 685 Site 263, 59, 128 Domo Formation, 166 Site 264, 62, 82 Drakensberg Tholeiites, 163 Site 265, 572-573 Dunites, 607, 616 Site 266, 572-573 Duntroon Basin, 559-560 Site 267, 572-573 Durk Hartog Formation, 518 Site 268, 572-573, 732 Duvalia, 688 Site 269, 572, 732 Dwyka, Upper, 157-158, 161 Site 280, 572 Dwyka glaciation, 155-156 Site 281, 572 Site 282, 572 Earthquake epicenters, 89, 96-97, 130,226 Site 330, 164 Earthquakes, 291, 323, 334, 343, 359, 455, Deep-sea fans, 4 500, 704, 738 Index 763

East Africa, 367 Evaporites, 166, 171, 176, 188-189, 195, East African Rift Valley, 87 201,216,260-261,267,275,276,282- East Coast Belt, 453 283, 323, 382, 51S, 520, 528 East Island, 620-622 Exmouth Plateau, 54, 82, 84-85, 125, 127- Eastern Ghat, 354, 365 128, 514, 534 Eastern Iran, 359 External Zagros, 328 Eastern Massif, 476 Eyre Plateau, 552, 562 Eastern Somali Basin, 89, 91-92 Eastern Stable Belt, 478, 482 Failed arm, 527 Eastern Stable Formation, 479 Fairfield Formation, 520 Eastern Stable Massif, 472 Falkland Plateau, 74, 164 Ecca Group, 158, 161, 176 Fault scarp, 365 Middle, 159 Faults, 359, 362-364, 366 Upper, 160 Feni Ridge, 26 Eemian, 172-173 Ferromanganese nodules, 15, 28 Eight Degree Channel, 64 Ferrunginous nodules, 679 EI Qoseir, 212, 241, 243 Flemingites, 660 Elasmobranchs, 371 Flysch, 189, 328, 331, 333, 336, 359, 418- Elliot Formation, 161 420, 493, 498 Ellison Trough, 559, 575 Foothills Formation, 466 Elphidium, 606 Foraminifera, 97, 115, 124, 158, 169-173, Enchinoderms, 169 217, 371-372, 382-383, 385, 519, 606, Enderbites, 717, 723 629,637 Enderby Basin, 54, 75, 136 Fort Dauphin Group, 652 Enderby Land, 432-433, 707, 714, 723-724, Fortune Bank, 66, 85 730,732-733,739 Fracture zones, 552 Eocene, 35-37,40-44,61,67-69,79-80,88, Fumaroles, 79 91,96,99-100, 102, 106, 113, 124, 130, Fusulinids, 472, 659 136, 169, 171, 190, 194-195;197,214, 216,238,240-241,265-266,271,276- Gabbros, 63, 270, 321, 326, 333, 340, 482, 278,283,299,301,326,340,342,367, 599,606-607,611,625,627,725,729 370, 388, 418, 420, 439, 493, 496, 498- Gagau Group, 491 501,554,577,637,662,664,681,690, Gallieni Fracture Zone, 99 731,738 Ganges Cone, 378 early, 81, 364-365,434,573,732 Ganges Delta, 354, 375 late, 81, 493 Ganges-Brahmaputra River, 3, 16,28,38 middle, 81, 190, 195, 197,202 Gargasian, 677 upper, 190, 266, 561 Gas reservoir, 519 Eocene-Oligocene, 336 Gascoyne Abyssal Plain, 54, 84, 122, 124- Eolian dunes, 175 125, 127-129 Eolian sandstones, 172-173, 176 Gastropods, 519, 692 Eotriassic, 656 Gaussberg, 702, 708, 743 Epeirogenic movement, 170, 304, 358 Gawler Block, 548, 559 Epistomina alveolata, 369 Gearle Siltstone, 519 Equatorial current, 5 Ghoubbet-Assal Rift, 87, 89 Eritrea, 274 Gibbland Basin, 575 Erratics, 727 Gingin Chalk, 518 Erskine Sandstone, 520 Glacial, 18-19,340,374,385 Esh El Mellaha, 212 Glacial deposits, 516 Ethiopia, 188, 194,219, 273, 275, 303 Glaciation, 375, 739 Ethiopian Plateau, 289 Glauconite, 159,214,676-677,679 Ethiopian rift, 228, 280, 292, 305 Glauconitic calcareous sands, 68 EucIa Basin, 548, 559-560, 567 Glauconitic sandstones, 171,497,518 Eurasian plate, 337, 342 Globogerina sp., 629 764 Index

Glorioso Islands, 616 Gulf of Aden, 52, 56, 86-89, 197,228,244, Glossopteris, 156, 159, 161,685 253,263,271,278,282,283,289,292- Glyptophyceras, 66O 293,295-297,300-301,303 Gneisses, 149, 208, 329, 384, 522, 525, 609, structure, 280 718, 725, 728 Gulf of Aqaba, 205, 243 Gneudna Formation, 518 Gulf of Bengal, 100 Goa, 363 Gulf of Cambay, 354, 359, 362-364, 384 Gobgrained Hawthomden Schist, 461 Gulf of Kutch, 360, 381 Godavari Rift, 374 Gulf of Martaban, 427 Godavari Rivers, 356 Gulf of Oman, 89, 269, 327, 359 Godavari Valley, 370 tectonics, 315 Godavari-Krishna, 380 Gulf of Suez, 205, 211-212, 218, 238 Godavari-Krishna Basin, 372, 374, 409 Gulf of Tadjura, 289, 291-292, 294, 297 Goldwyer Formation, 519· Gulf of Thailand, 453 Gondwana, 185, 197, 315-316, 685 Gumbelina sp., 629 Gondwanaland, 83, 130, 136, 155, 159, 164- Gunerus Bank, 703 165, 168, 176, 187,200,353,369,371, Gunung Jerai, 458 387,401,432,437,440,485,530,590, Gunung Rabong Formation, 479 716, 740, 742 Gymnosperm spores, 657 Grabens, 160, 165-166, 170-171,200,369, Gymnosperms, 165 372, 493, 497, 619, 664, 682, 685, 693, Gypsuin, 265-266, 276, 382, 490, 662, 676, 706,737 679,726 Gran Comoro, 610 Gran Comoro Island, 592, 608 Hail arch, 241 Granite-Migmatites, 522 Hajar Supergroup, 330-331 Granites, 66, 79, 149, 155, 162, 208-209, Halimeda, 606 232,235-236,280,321, 329, 379, 471, Halite, 217, 520-521 500, 522, 526, 548, 590, 609, 626, 664, Halls Creek Mobile Zone, 525, 527 709,719,723,725,728-729 Halobia, 477-478, 480 Granodiorite, 209, 236, 590, 719, 729 Hamersley Basin, 527, 741 Grant Formation, 520 Hamersley Range, 515 Granulites, 548, 652, 709, 714, 716, 719, Hanifa Formation, 212 721,723-726,730,734,736 Harpoceras, 661 Graphite, 652, 718 Harris Sandstone, 518 Graphite System, 651-652 Harzburgite, 607, 616, 642 Graptolites, 461-462, 519 Hauterivian, 128, 664, 677 Gravels, 36, 172, 548 Hawaiite, 219, 595, 601-602, 613-614 Gravimetric data, 59, 74 Hawasina Group, 268 Gravimetric surveys, 704 Hawasina Nappe, 329, 331-332, 341 Gravity anomalies, 75, 291, 335 Hawasina Supergroup, 331-332 Gravity profiles, 84, 363, 403, 554 Hawthomden Formation, 465 Gravity studies, 590 Heard Island, 79, 439-440, 588-589, 628, Gravity surveys, 364, 707 630, 639, 642 Gray Series, 618-619 Heat flow data, 359, 403, 405, 566 Graywackes, 455 Hemipelagic sediments, 9, 22 Great Australian Bight, 550, 561-562, 577 Hercynian Orogeny, 329, 469, 481 basement structure, 552 Hercynian Uplift, 466 Great Rann, 369 Heterostegina, 637 Green Harbour Intrusives, 726 Himalayan Orogeny, 19 Greenschist facies, 333, 472, 482, 724, 726 Himalayan Uplift, 372 Greenstones, 149 Himalayas, 3-4, 16, 37-39, 107, 316, 333- Grudja Formation, 166, 171 334,342,378,387,401,402,421,437, Gua Musang Formation, 478 441,659 Index 765

Hog Island, 620-621 International Indian Ocean Expedition, Holocene, 16, 18-19,28, 175-176,217-218, 354,359 220, 244, 380, 548 Intracratonic basin, 362 Hormuz Salt, 321, 323, 326-327, 333 Invertebrates, 367 Horsts, 193, 199, 497, 619, 668, 682, 685 Investigator Fracture Zone, 122-125 Hot spots, 63-65, 81, 83, 293, 365, 435, Investigator Fracture Zone Ridge, 430 437,439,635,639-640 Iran, 327 Iraro Shale, 659-660 Iron Deposits, 482 Igneous activity, 480 Ironstone, 169, 407 Ignimbrites, 278-279, 472, 501, 691 Irrawadi River, 3 lie aux Cochons, 71 Isalo Formation, 673 lie de la Possession, 69 Isalo Group, 684, 687 lies aux Apotres, 71 Isalo I sediments, 656, 669 lies aux Pingouins, 71 Isalo II sediments, 669 India, 353, 359, 739 Isalo III sediments, 669 India Ad Series, 272 Isalo Sandstone, 660, 666, 674 Indian Continental Margins, 353-354 Island arc, 359 coastal basins, 367 coastal physiography, 354 Jaffna Limestone, 371 evolution, 387 Jaisalmer Formation, 367 geotectonic framework marginal basins, Jaspilites, 726-727 358 Java, 28, 453, 491 marginal sedimentation, 375 Java Basins, 496 paleontology, 367 Java Trench, 128 sea level fluctuations, 358 Jelai Formation, 479 stratigraphy, 367 Jen Ho Chiao Series, 462 structural trends, 359 Jengka Pass, 475 Indian Ocean, 353-354, 364, 656, 727, 729 Jurassic, 31,122,151,162,166,176,198, climatology, I 201, 260, 269, 274, 275-276, 283, 288, ocean floor, 359 301,318,325,362,388,440,485,487, physical oceanography, 4 490,496,501,517,519,534,575,656, physiography, 3 669, 673, 693, 732 shelf,359 Early, 162, 188 Indian Ocean Ridge, 585 Late, 61, 84-85, 128-129, 170, 366, 534, Indian peninsula, 365 559 Indian plate, 337, 353 Lower, 188 Indian Shield, 367 Middle, 164-165, 187-188, 197,201,367, Indoburman Ranges, 420-421, 441, 501 369, 518, 534, 573, 662, 688 Indochina, 458, 461-462, 465, 471, 475, Jurassic beds, 189 478, 488, 490 Jurong Formation, 479 Indonesian Island Arc, 28, 39, 54 Indonesian Margin, 3 Kaapvaal craton, 149-150, 154, 175 Indonesian volcanic arc, 3, 536 Kadan Taung Group, 490 Indosinias Inferieures, 471, 475, 478 Kaeng Krachan Group, 469 Indosinias Moyennes, 478, 488 Kaki Bukit Limestone, 461 Indosinias Superieures, 488, 490 Kalaw Redbed Formation, 487, 490 Indus Basin, 359 Kamawkale Limestone, 477, 488 Indus Cone, 54, 89, 378 Kampong Awah, 475 Indus fan, 4, 19,22,31,38 Kanchanaburi Formation, 462 Indus Flysch, 388 Kanpetlet Schists, 455 Indus River, 16, 39, 354 Kanya Kumari, 354 Internal Zagros, 327-328 Kaolin, 16-17,42 766 Index

Karachi, 354, 358, 360, 363 Kori High, 360, 364 Karachi embayment, 359 Kori Marginal Trough, 360 Karak Formation, 465-466 Korojon Calcarenite, 519 Kardiva Channel, 64 Kota Formation, 370 Karen State, 466 Koyna Earthquakes, 364 Karkar Formation, 277 Krishna Canyon, 357 Karoo, 131, 187-188, 194, 198, 201~202 Krishna River, 356 Karoo Basin, 157, 159-161 Krishna Valley, 365 Karoo dolerite, 168 Kuala Lumpur, 465 Karoo sedimentation, 691 Kuala Lumpur Formation, 463 Karoo Trough, 150, 158, 160. Kuala Lumpur Limestone, 461 Karoo volcanism, 197 Kuantan Group, 472 Karst, 173 Kubang Pasu Formation, 471, 475, 478 Karst topography, 687 Kuching Zone, 480, 491, 498 Kartala, 611 Kulshill Formation, 521 Katberg Sandstone, 160 Kumool System, 741 Kathiawar, 358, 363 Kutch, 367, 369 Kathiawar Basin, 367 Kutch Basin, 367 Kennedy Group, 519 Kenny Hill Formation, 465 La Digue, 590 Kenya, 129-131, 133, 187-190, 193-194,369 La Reunion Island, 117-118 Kerait Schist, 472 La Touche, 463 Kerala Basin, 367, 371 Laccadive Islands, 364 Kerala-Tamil Nadu coast, 358 Laccadive-Chagos Ridge, 359, 372, 378 Kerdau Formation, 479 Laccadive-Maldive Ridge, 364 Kerguelen Island, 79, 81, 440, 589, 623, Laccopteris, 673 640,642 Lacustrine, 160 Kerguelen Plateau, 35, 83, 435 Ladinian, 477 Kerguelen-Gaussberg Ridge, 80, 623, 628 Laganum, 215 Kerguelen-Heard Plateau, 52, 54, 77, 80- Lake Nyasa, 187 81, 85, 102, 106, 112,439, 623 Lake Toba, 480 Khlong Kaphon Formation, 469 Lamellibranchs, 659, 680, 692 Khondalite-Charnockite series, 358 Lampang Group, 477 Khondalites, 379 Lamprophyre, 733 Khorat Group, 487-488 Lamu embayment, 190-191, 193, 198,200 Khorat Plateau, 453, 482, 487, 504 Langkawi, 458, 461, 464, 469 Khums Formation, 212 Laplatosaurus madagasarensis, 370 Kidodi Basin, 187 Latham Bank, 200 Kimberly Basin, 525, 527 Lavas, 594, 597, 604, 617, 662, 679 Kimberly Plateau, 515 Lawin Tuff, 461 Kimmeridgian, 189, 212, 676, 688 Lazarev Ice Shelf, 705-706 King Leopold Mobile Zone, 525 Learmouth Formation, 519 Kinta Valley, 465, 471, 500 Lebombo Basalt, 163 Kipini-Lamu, 193 Lebombo Belt, 162 Kirthar-Suleiman Mountains, 316 Leederville Formation, 518 Kisap Thrust, 485 Lena Seamount, 52, 54, 75, 100, 102, 106, Kiswere, 200 136 Klong Kapon Formation, 460 Lepidocyclina, 637 Kochatea Shale, 517 Lesueur Sandstone, 517 Koddiyar, 358 Lherzolite, 607, 642, 733 Koddiyar Bay, 357 Li-lu Formation, 460 Kohlan Sandstone, 261 Liassic, 260-261, 274, 367, 488-489, 656, Konkan coast, 363-364 674,694 Kontum Massif, 455 Upper, 660, 668-669, 673, 675 Index 767

Lignites, 192,497,656,661, 677, 679, 731 Magnetic lineations, 51, 71 Lignitic sandstones, 190 Magnetic profiles, 61, 65, 74, 79, 84,91-92, Limburgite, 501, 622, 627, 629-630, 637, 106, 118, 133, 403, 554, 693 640 Magnetic surveys, 363, 704 Limestones, 65, 81, 165-167, 169, 189, 193, Mahadevan Canyon, 357 201-202, 212, 214-215, 260, 262, 266- Mahanadi Valley, 365 267,272,274,276-277,318,325,328, Mahang Formation, 463 330,331-332,367,371,406,418,420, Maharashtra-Konkan-Goa coast, 358 441,460,472,497,498,520-521,548, Mahe, 590 604, 606, 616, 629, 635, 637, 660, 661- Mahe Island, 589 662, 664-665, 675, 679-680, 686 Main Range, 466 Limpopo, 167 Main Range Granite, 482 Limpopo belt, 149-150, 162 Main Range Massif, 465, 475, 478, 482, 485 Limpopo Fan, 19 Main Range-Tenasserim-Shan Belt, 453 Lindi Bay, 193 Main Range-Tenasserim-Shan Massif, Lingsing Beds, 491 458,485,499 Lingulella c/. Nicholsoni. 257 Majunga Basin, 651, 664-681, 694 Linniu Formation, 476 Makonde, 192 Liveringa Formation, 520 Makran Margin, 3 Locker Shale, 519 Makran Mountains, 316 Loi-An Coal Measures, 487 Makran Ranges, 315, 318, 327-328, 333, Lotong Sandstone, 490 336-337 Lower Detrital Member, 462 Malacca Strait, 424 Lower Flysch, 358 Malay Basins, 497 Loza-Mahavavy sub-basin, 668-669 Maldive Islands, 64, 365 Luang Prabang, 453 Malita Graben, 531 Lutetian, 656, 671, 681 Manchinchang Formation, 458 Lystrosaurus. 161,370 Mandawa, 193 Mandawa salt basin, 200 Macquarie Ridge, 564 Mandera-Lugh basin, 189 Macquarie Ridge Complex, 51, 100 Manganese nodules, 568 Madagascar, 34, 67, 129-130, 133, 194-195, Maputo Formation, 165-166 197,369,587.591,608,649,693 Marbles, 723, 726, 728, 741 basement, 651 Marie Celeste Fracture Zone, 96 basins, 656 Marion Dufresne Seamount, 52, 54, 75, 77 Madagascar Basin, 9, 54, 56, 69, 86, 112- 100, 102, 106, 136 113, 117-118 Marion Island, 69, 97, 589, 617-620 Madagascar Fracture Zone,99 Marls, 171,215-216,260,265-267,274, Madagascar Ridge, 52, 54, 56, 59, 62, 68- 277,325,330,497,521,548,660-662, 69,71,73, 112-113, 117-118, 129 675-676, 679 Madras, 358, 365 Marly sands, 192 Mae Sot Series, 499 Martaban beds, 474 Maei Moei Group, 477 Mascarene Basin, 26, 52, 56, 68, 87, 112, Maestrichtian, 106, 113, 117, 166-167, 195, 117, 128 212, 262-263, 266-268, 275, 276, 326, Mascarene Islands, 592, 606 331,656,664,671,681,690-692 Mascarene Plateau, 36,52,56,62,64-67, Maevarano Sandstone, 680 95-96, 117-118 Mafia Island, 192-193, 198 Mascarene Ridge, 54, 589 Magnetic anomalies, 59, 63, 67, 75, 80, 83- Mauritian Trench, 593 84,88,91-92,96,99-100, 112, 118, Mauritius Fracture Zone, 113, 117-118 122, 124, 197,200,289,294,297,299, Mauritius Island, 67-68, 112, 117,588-589, 405,422,427,430,432,434,439,552, 592-593,603,607,640,642 566,574, 693, 708 Mayotte, 615-616 Magnetic data, 59 Mayotte Island, 588, 608, 642 768 Index

McArthur Basin, 527 Miria Marl, 519 Mediterranean, 367 Mitsinjo subbasin, 668-669 Meekoceras. 660 Moheli Island, 608, 612 Mekran coast, 358 Mohorovicic discontinuity, 64, 69, 74, 81, Mekran-Karachi coast, 379 706 Mellinjerrie Limestone, 520 Mojunga Basin, 682 Melville Fracture Zone, 99 Molasse facies, 493, 498 Mentawai Basin, 498 Molasse sediments, 209 Menzies Series, 727 Molecap Greensand, 518 Meratus-Bobaris ophiolite, 453 Moloheim Group, 458 Mergui Series, 464, 466, 487 Molteno Formation, 161 Mergui Terrace, 422, 424 Money Shoal Basin, 521 Mergui-Tenasserim, 463 Monotis, 480 Mersing beds, 472 Monsoonal gyre, 4-5 Mesosaurus, 161 Monsoons, 3, 379-380, 382, 384 Mesozoic, 1,29,31,39,51,61,67,80, Moogooree Limestone, 518 122, 125, 127-129, 131, 133, 136, 168, Morondava Basin, 651, 682-690 187-188, 194,201,212,218,245,260, Moscovian, 471-472 273,362,367,369,500,552,559,656, Moulmein Limestone, 466, 474 731 Mozambique, 130, 165, 170-272, 187-188, early, 85, 150 608 late, 85, 167, 187, 362, 560 Mozambique Basin, 4, 26, 34, 39, 54, 59, Mesozoic Basins, 164 68, 73, 86, 129, 131, 133, 136, 152, 650 Mesozoic-Tertiary, 554, 560 Mozambique Belt, 149-150, 154, 209, 237 Metamorphism, 729 Mozambique Channel, 54-56, 59, 129-130, Metasediments, 727, 730 152, 163, 166, 194,201,586,608,609, Metasomatism, 235 650, 682-683, 692-694 Mibayataung Group, 461 Mozambique Fan, 19,22,39 Microcontinents, 3, 61, 63,365,586,623 Mozambique Ridge, 34, 36, 52, 59, 62, 73, Microplankton, 517 132, 152, 197 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 97 Mozambique-Malawi Rifts, 693 Mid-Indian Ridge, 15,51,359 Mud volcanoes, 359 Migmatites, 208, 522, 653, 717, 719 Muderong Shale, 519 Mikindani, 192 Mudstones, 159-161, 167, 190, 192,272, Miliolids, 637 420, 455, 559 Miocene, 19,38-40,42-44,67,69,73,79, Muhatta Humaid Formation, 259 88,91,97,99,169,170,191-193,195, Munabia Sandstone, 518 214,216-217,219-220,233,238,241, Mungaroo Formation, 519 242-244,246,267,271,277,279,283, Murau Conglomerate, 489 288, 292-293, 299, 301, 303, 329, 340, Murchison Province, 525 363, 365, 371, 373, 411, 420, 441, 442, Murray Basin, 548, 567, 577 453,496-497,501,521,554,592,625- Murray Ridge, 89 626,637,638,671,739 Muslimbagh Ophiolites, 341 early, 96, 202, 372, 499, 548, 573 Myophoria. 478-479 late, 19, 268, 365, 536 Lower, 171, 191-192 Naga Hills, 420-421, 427 Lower-middle, 192 Najd Fault System, 237 Middle, 19, 171, 193, 215. 371-372, 378, Namaqua-Natal belt, 150, 152 536 Nambeet Formation, 519 Miocene Limestone-Marl, 499 Namhism Series, 461 Miocene Tuff Marl, 498 Namurian, 471 Miocene-Pliocene, 336, 496 Nanambu Complexes, 522, 525 Miocene-Quaternary, 41 Nangetty Formation, 516 Index 769

Nannoclay, 195 Nummulitic limestones, 190 Nannyarra Graywacke, 518 Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation, 477 Napeng Formation, 477 Napier Complex, 714, 716-719, 735 Nappes, 268, 326, 328 Ob Seamount, 52, 54, 75, 100, 102, 106, Narbada axis, 367 136 Narbada lineament, 369 Ob Trench, 80 Natal, 155, 163, 167, 172 Ocean floor spreading, 364 Natal Embayment, 152, 154-156 Oceanic crust, 30, 52, 61, 63-64, 66, 74, 77, Natal ice sheet, 155 83-84, 86, 112, 115, 123, 124, 129, 152, Natal Trough, 158-160 226, 229, 268-269, 291, 294, 296, 301, Natal Valley, 73, 152, 164 316,333,360,365,407,414-415,429- Natteik Limestone, 477 430,438,498, 552, 623, 707-708 Naturaliste Fracture Zone, 83, 125 Oceanic Islands, 585 Naturaliste Plateau, 34-35, 54,62, 82-85, morphology, 588 125, 127,514, 534 Oceanites, 595, 599, 601-602, 611, 621 Naungkangyi Group, 460 Oil shale, 499 Nautiloids, 519 Oligocene, 37-38, 40, 44, 79-80, 88, 96, 99, Nazareth Bank, 65-66 102,131, 169, 171, 190, 191-193, 195, Negrai, 359 197,202,214,216,219,241,266-267, Neo-Tethys, 316, 328, 332 271,276-277, 283, 288, 299, 303, 329, Neocomian, 165, 189, 518, 671, 690 378,388,418,442,493,496-497, 535, Neogene, 31, 38, 202, 267,493,536,701 548,573,625,664,671,681,690,732, Nephelinites, 595, 611 739 Neyevelli, 366 early, 372, 573 Nicobar Deep-Sea Fan, 443 late, 499 Nicobar Fan, 405, 413, 420, 430, 434, 446 Upper, 195, 561 Nicobar Island, 54 Oligocene Tuff Series, 498 Nicobar Ridge, 408-409, 413 Oligocene-Miocene, 194, 496 Nile Delta, 212 Olistolites, 325, 331 Nile Valley 209, 238 Olistostromes, 420 Nine Degree Channel, 64 Olivine basalts, 218, 220, 229, 270, 598- Ninetyeast Fracture Zone, 430 599, 603 Ninetyeast Ridge, 35-36, 52, 56, 59, 62-63, Olivine tholeiites, 625 80, 100, 106, 109, 112, 122, 124, 403, Olivine tholeiitic basalt, 77 407,409,411,429-430,433-435,438, Oman, 259-260, 262, 266-267, 270, 282, 440,446, 566, 585, 627-628, 635, 639 284, 340-341 Ningbing Limestone, 521 Oman Mountains, 328-330 Nita Formation, 519 Oman Ophiolite-Radiolarite Complex, 267 Nogal Uplift, 285, 288 Oman ophiolites, 269 Noonkanbah Formation, 520 Oman orogenic zone, 281 Norian, 477-478 One-and-a-Half Degree Channel, 64 Norites, 607,729 Oolites, 385 North Atlantic Deep Water, 6, 14 Oolitic limestones, 171, 188,382 North Sumatra Basin, 496 Oozes, 31, 79, 96,195,217 North Trinco Canyon, 357 Ophioceras, 660 Northeast Indian Ocean, 399 Ophiolite, 328 structure, 403 Ophiolite-radiolarite complex, 267, 281 tectonics, 425 Ophiolites, 270, 316, 325, 327, 336, 340, Northwest Borneo Geosyncline, 453, 498 388,417-419,453,466,469,481-482, Nubian, 275, 282 493,498, 503-504 Nubian Sandstone, 212 Ophiomorpha, 173 Nummulites carteri, 681 Orbiculina malabarica, 371 770 Index

Ordovician, 259, 282, 458, 460-461, 481, Pemba Island, 192-193, 199-200 518-519, 528 Penguin Island, 620-621 Early, 515, 521 Peninsular Malaysia, 461-462, 465, 471, Ornach Nal fault, 346 475, 478, 488, 490 Orogenesis, 480 PeralkaIi granites, 209 Osborn Knoll, 63 Peridotite, 63, 333, 627, 733 Osborne Formation, 518 Permian, 122, 158, 187,201,218,260-261, Ostracods, 517, 519 269,282,284,315,330,367,369,372, Otoceras, 659 374,464, 472-473, 480, 482, 515-516, Otway Basin, 554, 559-560, 562, 577 519,520-521,530,534,536,575,656, Otway Rift Valley, 575 664, 685-686, 730, 731 Owen Basin, 270, 296-297, 299 early, 530 Owen Fracture Zone, 87, 91, 129, 187, Lower, 731 197,256,270,296-297,299-300 middle, 694 Owen Ridge, 36, 297 Upper, 659, 694 Oxfordian, 128,668-669,675-677,688 Permian Terbat Formation, 476 Permo-Carboniferous, 155, 273 Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 51, 100 Permo-Triassic, 202, 657, 731 Padang Highlands, 476, 480 Persian Gulf, 317, 320, 340 Padaukpin Reef, 463 tectonics, 315 Pahang Volcanic Series, 472, 481 Perth Abyssal Plain, 54, 83-84, 122, 124- Pakistan, 367 125, 127, 129, 514 Palar Basin, 372 Perth Basin, 515-518, 528, 530, 535, 547- Palar canyon, 357 548,741-742 Paleocene, 61, 63, 67-68, 81, 84, 91-92, 96, Petrel Formation, 521 106,112-113,115,118,128,132,136, Petroleum, 362 166,169,171,190,214,266,283,296, Phanerozoic, 185, 208, 218, 245, 708, 732 326, 340, 365, 369, 371-372,411,441, Phonolite, 615 559, 577, 681 Phosphates, 160,212,587,638 early, 115 Phosphorite, 15 late, 124, 365 Phu Loi Massif, 462 middle, 92 Phuket, 469 Paleocene-Eocene, 266, 554 Phuket Group, 464, 474 Paleogene, 37, 79-80, 190, 263, 266, 288, Phuket-Tenasserim belt, 500 430 Phyllites, 272, 491,727,737,741 Paleomagnetic data, 64 Pichakun Series, 325 Paleomagnetism, 29, 130, 156, 200-201, Pietermaritzburg Formation, 158 282, 296, 320, 343, 364, 370, 387, 485, Pilbara Block, 522, 525, 527 501, 503 Pindaya Group, 460 Paleozoic, 85,130,152,154-156,163,211, Pine Creek Area, 525 259, 362, 367 Piton de la Fournaise, 68, 118, 597, 599, early, 149,708, 728, 730 602-603, 640 late, 150, 367, 708, 730, 742 Piton des Neiges, 597-599, 601, 603, 607, Palygorskite, 16 639-640 Pan African event, 652-653 Plankton, 3 I Pan African Orogeny, 237 Planorbuinella larvata, 606 Pan Laung Formation, 490 Plateau Limestone, 463, 466 Pangno Evaporite, 476, 487 Pleistocene, 4, 18-20, 22, 27-29, 82, 88, Panvel Flexture, 364 167, 170-172, 175, 177, 215, 217, 229, Papulut Quartzites, 458 246, 277-278, 293, 343, 358, 372, 375, Paulau Langgun, 465 383,385,500-501,548,569,595,627, Peats, 159-160, 173,499 664,733 Pegu Yoma volcanic are, 493 Pleistocene glacial period, 357 Pelagic limestones, 79 Pleistocene-Holocene, 381 Index 771

Pleniglacial Quartzites, 189,272,719,721,727-728, Lower, 217 730,740 Upper, 217 Quaternary, 1, 14, 18-20,22,26-29,38,40, Pleinsbachian, 188 42, 69, 74, 171, 195, 205, 214, 217-218, Pliocene, 69, 79, 88, 169-171, 192-193, 195, 277, 358, 362, 364, 367, 498-499, 503, 215-216,229,267,277,279-280,292- 548,550,567,671,701 293,441,493,498-499,532,534,536, Quilon Beds, 371 627,664,671,681, 690 early, 593 Radiolarian cherts, 325, 331, 418, 623 late, 363, 593 Radiolarians, 12, 372, 567 Pliocene-Pleistocene, 40, 68, 172, 215, Radiolarites, 34, 268, 325, 498 243,298,321,327,496,606,617 Rajang Group, 498 Pliocene-Quaternary, 341,443 Rajasthan, 367, 369 Plutonism, 729 Rajasthan Basin, 367 Plutonites, 208, 236 Rajmahal, 370-371 Poison Hill Greensand, 518 Rajmahal trap basalts, 197 Pollen, 731 Rajmahal Traps, 435, 437 Pondicherry Formation, 372 Ramnad,358 Pongola Supergroup, 149 Ramnad-Palk Strait Depression, 373 Porphyritic granite, 210 Rann, 359 Port Blair, 358 Rann of Kutch, 358-359 Portlandian, 369 Rat Buri Group, 474 Posidonia, 479 Rat Buri Limestone, 469 Possession Island, 620-622 Ratnagiri, 363 Praslin, 590 Raub Group, 471 Precambrian, 3, 66, 122, 149, 210, 218, Rayner Complex, 735 232,235-236,245-246,2)7,267-268, Recent, 79, 187, 193,202,267,271,294, 271-272,317,321,328,354,369,388, 358,360,365,497,500,562,625,681, 460,481,519,530,547,651,682,690, 704,732 708-709,724,727,733,736,741 Red Rock Series, 487 late, 149, 218, 285, 730 Red Sea, 87-88, 205, 214, 220, 271, 279- Precambrian-Cambrian, 210 280,289,292,295,301,303 Prince Charles Mountains, 702, 709, 722- geophysical observations, 222 724,726-730,732-733,736-739,741 gravity data, 222 Prince Edward Fracture Zone, 99-100 heat flow data, 226 Prince Edward Island, 69, 97, 592, 617, magnetic data, 222 619-620 metasomatism, 231 Prince Olav Coast, 724 seismic data, 226 Productus, 657 stratigraphy, 205 Proterozoic, 205, 721, 726, 740 tectonics, 236-244 late, 728 Redbeds, 161, 165-166,214,471,504,685, middle, 208 687 Upper, 208 Reefal limestones, 190,497,499 Pseudoschloenbachia, 694 Reefs, 71, 173,229,262,266,277,406, Puducherry canyon, 357 475, 520-521, 528, 536, 588, 591, 604, Pugu Sandstone, 192 616, 636, 664, 686 Puru Melaju, 472 Reptiles, 160-161 Pyroclastics, 162 Reunion Island, 67-68, 592, 607, 639 Pyroxenites, 627 Rhaetic,489 Rhaetic-Liassic age, 488 Quartz arenites, 154 Rhaetosaurus, 370 Quartz syenites, 590 Rhodesian craton, 149, 175 Quartz tholeiite, 593 Rhyolites, 28, 162, 176,209,219-220,270, Quartz tholeiitic basalt, 77 278,293,458,461,501,503,531,625, 772 Index

Rhyolites (cont.) Schizoneura, 685 634,690 Scott Plateau, 82, 85, 128, 514, 534 Ridge axis, 99 Scythian, 477, 479 Ridges, 4 Sea floor spreading, 92, 122, 226, 300 Rift Valley, 185, 187 Sea level fluctuations, 358 Rifting, 85, 87, 122, 162, 176, 193, 197, Seamounts, 68 279, 294, 367, 388,485, 530, 561, 565, Sediment drifts, 26 575,691,706,737 Sedimentary basins, 366 Rifts, 201 Seismic Robe-Penola Trough, 559 activity, 566 Rodrigues, 603 data, 18, 59, 387 Rodrigues Island, 592, 607, 642 investigations, 373 Rodrigues Ridge, 605 . profiles, 29, 91-92, 198, 216, 296, 343, Rodriguez Triple Junction, 52, 86,92, 99- 536,550,552,559,561,562 100 reflection profiles, 65, 71, 74, 84, 131, Rodriquez Island, 67 403,411,417,693 Ross Orogeny, 742 refraction data,372 Ross Sea-Adelie Coast, 6 refraction profiles, 63, 66, 69, 87, 128, Rough Range, 536 131,226,407,409,411,417,554 Rufiki River, 192 refraction studies, 73, 536, 590 Ruker Series, 727 surveys, 359, 363-364, 554, 560, 701, Rum Jungle, 522, 525 704-706 velocities, 552, 736 Sabatayn Basin, 261 zones, 547 Sabatayn Formation, 261 Seismicity, 291, 334, 341, 359, 388, 425 Sadong Formation, 480 Selut Limestone, 461 Sagaing Fault, 421, 427, 442 Semail Ophiolite Nappe, 332 Saharena Plateau. 662 Semail ophiolites, 341 Sahul Shelf, 515, 536 Semanggol Formation, 478 Saiong Beds, 489 Senonian, 165,262,269,671,680-681 Sakamena Formation, 667, 671, 673 Serpentinite, 270, 326, 332, 420 Sakamena Group, 683-684, 686-687 Setul Limestone, 462-463 Sakmarina, 530 Sewell Seamount, 422 Sakoa Group, 683-686 Seychelles, 194, 199 Salt, 281, 284, 318, 320, 329, 340,490 Seychelles Bank, 52, 64-66, 85, 89, 117, Salt basins, 193-195 131, 589-590 Salt diapirs, 195, 321 Seychelles Islands, 588-589 Salt domes, 214 Shales, 34, 189-190, 192,202,211-212,214- Salt Range, 341, 343, 367, 369 216,233,260,265,273-274,277,321, Sandstones, 131, 154, 159, 161, 166, 171, 340,371,382,406-407,409,441,455, 173, 189, 192, 208, 211, 212, 214-216, 528,548,629,657,677,685,686 233, 260, 263, 272-275, 277, 318, 321, Shan Dolomite, 463 325, 331, 340, 406-407, 409, 420, 497, Shan Massif, 493 520, 548, 559, 609, 657, 676,730 Shan Scarp, 451, 455, 481 Sangamon, 172 Shan Scarp Fault, 421, 427 Santonian, 81-82, 166,333,671,680,690 Shan States, 455, 458, 463, 466, 474, 476- Sapolwana Formation, 169-170 477,487,490 Sarvak Formation, 325 Shan-Tenasserim Main Range, 481, 490 Satpura, 362 Shan-Tenasserim Main Range Massif, 466 Saurashstra, 358 Shan-Tenasserim massif, 493 Saya de Malaha Bank, 65 Shear zone, 365 Schist Series, 485 Sheba Ridge, 52, 86-87, 256, 280, 297, Schists, 208, 272, 321, 461, 472, 491, 718- 299 719,726 Shelf Basins, 491 Index 773

Shields South Australian Continental Margin Africa-Arabia, 3 (cont.) Antarctica, 3 spreading history, 573 Arabo-Nubian, 208 structural units, 547 Australia, 3 South China Sea, 453, 500, 505 India, 3 South Indian Ridge, 95 Shillong Plateau, 427 South Java Basins, 499 Shillong Series, 455 South Sumatra Basin, 496 Shoshonites, 501 South Trinco Canyon, 357 Siliceous oozes, 570 Southeast Asia, 451 Siliceous sediments, 9, II Cambrian, 458 Siliciclastic sediments, 169 Devonian, 463 Silico flagellates, 12 Precambrian, 455 Siltstones, 154, 159-161, 165-166, 189, 211, tectonic subdivisions, 453 214, 260, 272, 515, 548, 730 Southeast, Asia Orogeny, 504 Silurian, 458, 461, 465, 518, 521, 528 Southeast Indian Ridge, 37, 54, 86, 100, Late, 515 102, 106, 564, 569 Siluroids, 370 Southern Ocean, 545 Singa Formation, 471, 475 Southern Pakistan, 337, 340 Sirenians, 370-371 Southern Prince Charles Mountains, 719, 721 Sitampiky Sandstone, 677 Southwest Indian Ridge, 54, 86, 96-97, 99- Sittang Basin, 493 100, 112- JJ3 Slates, 504 Spirifero 657, 685 Socotra, 187, 194, 272-273, 275-277, 284- Spiriferina, 661 285 Sponge spicules, 12 Sodruzhestvo Series, 727 Spreading rates, 88, 91-92, 96-97, 99-100, Somali Basin, 4, 26, 34, 37, 39, 52, 54, 56, 102, 106-107, 109, 112-113, 118, 124- 86-87, 136, 195,200,202,297,299, 125, 127-128, 131, 133, 136, 170,228, 591,650,694 298, 575 Somali Ocean Basin, 185 Sri Lanka, 353, 356-357,359,365,405 Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic St. Johns Island, 235, 243, 245 (Karoo), 188 metasomatism, 232-233 Cretaceous, 188-189 St. Lazarus/Karimba Bank, 200 Jurassic, 188 St. Paul Island, 439, 589, 631-632 Madagascar, 200 Stampian, 681 structural framework, 187 Stirling-Barren Series, 740-741 structure, 194 Stormberg Group, 160-161 Tertiary, 190 Stormberg volcanics, 165 Somalia, 6, 129-130, 133, 188, 195, 197- Stromatolites, 478, 685 198, 263, 272, 274, 276, 279, 284-285, Subglacial relief, 701 303, 369 Submarine canyons, 4, 173,356-357,550, plateau, 278 562 Somalia Current, 6 Submarine erosion, 357 Song Ma suture zone, 453, 455 Submarine fans, 550 Sor Rondane Mountains, 709, 721-722, Submarine plateaus, 61, 71 728, 730, 732, 738 Submarine valleys, 4 Sorites, 606 Sudan, 208 South Australian Basin, 100 Suhul Rise, 531 South Australian Continental Margin, 545 Suleinian Mountains, 341, 343 depositional processes, 567 Sumatra, 28, 54,415,417,429,442,451, marginal basins, 554 453,473,476,489,491,501 marginal plateaus, 561 Sumatra Basin, 422, 496 physiography, 550 Sumatra Fault System, 443 sedimentation processes, 567 Sumba Island, 54 774 Index

Sunda Arc, 413-415, 417 Thamama Group, 261 Sunda Shelf, 472 Thebes Formation, 214 Sunda Strait, 28 Thitsipin Limestone Formation, 474 Sunda Trench, 122, 124-125,406,408,420, Thitteikkon Sponge Bed, 460 446 Tholeiites, 73, 194, 521,534 Sunda-Banda Arc System, 54 Tholeiitic basalt, 162, 176, 218-219, 232, Sundaland, 451, 485, 504, 536 246,271,591,632 Sungei Patani Formation, 463 Thung Song Formation, 469 Superficial Cenozoic Deposits, 499 Thung Song Group, 460 Syenites, 79, 590, 602, 616, 625 Thung Song Limestone, 462, 465 Thyrsocyrtis bromia, 372 Table Mountain Group, 152, 154-156, 175 Tillites, 273, 685 Table Mountain Sandstone, 168 Timor Island, 54 Talchir Shale, 374 Timor Trough, 59, 515, 536 Taleh Series, 276 Tin, 451 Tandalgoo Red Beds, 520 Tirunelveli, 358 Tanesserim, 466 Tithonian, 676, 688 Tanga, 193 Toarcian, 661, 687 Tanimbar Island, 54 Tomistomids, 370 Tanzania, 129, 133, 188, 190, 193, 195, Tonalites, 590, 728 197-198,200,369,693 Tonalitic granites, 209 Taouillah Formation, 212 Tonbo Limestone, 473, 476 Taphrogenic movement, 304 Toolonga Calcilutite, 519 Tarutao volcanic Series, 458 Trachytes, 219, 270, 278, 595, 601, 613, Tasman Zone, 566 615,627,630 Tasmanian Geosyncline, 554 Tranomaro Group, 652 Tasmanian Plateau, 573 Transantarctic Mountains, 704, 738, 742 Tati Limestones, 487 Transcurrent faults, 282 Taungyo Group, 466 Transform faults, 63, 67, 85, 96-97, 100, Tawilah Formation, 266 109, 117, 125, 129, 164, 197,268,270, Tawilah Group, 263 292, 294-297, 300, 365, 593 Tectonic melange, 466 Transgressions, 365, 367 Tektites, 28-29, 37, 503 Transkei, 155, 160 Tembeling Formation, 489 Transkei Basin, 55, 73, 164 Tenasserim, 474, 477, 487 Transvaal ice sheet, 155 Tendaguru Formation, 370 Trap Series, 219-220, 238, 267, 270-271, Terbat Formation, 473 278 Teredo, 166 Travancore region, 365 Terrain Ranges, 488 Trengganu Group, 497 Terrigenous sediments, 7, 17-18 Triassic, 122, 260-261, 325, 369, 388, 420, Tertiary, 169-170, 172, 176, 191, 193, 195, 453,476-478,481,485,517,519-521, 198-200,202,214,241,285,360,362, 656,659,664,671 364,367,373,378,496, 547, 552, 592, late, 164, 504, 673 616, 637, 665 Lower, 370, 657 early, 365, 560 Upper, 274, 370 late, 701, 704 Triassic Orogeny, 482 Tertiary Basins, 167, 187,366,491 Trilobites, 340, 461-462, 519 Tertiary/Cretaceous, 82 Trincomalee, 358 Tethys, 36 Trincomalee Canyon, 357, 365 Tethys Ocean, 485 Triple junctions, 738 Tethys Sea, 387, 401, 440 Tromelin Island, 592-593 Thai Basin, 497 Tropical gyre, 4 Thailand, 455, 460, 462, 464, 466, 474, 477, Tuffaceous sandstones, 497 487 Tuffaceous shales, 488 Index 775

Tuffs, 162,214,272,597,601, 611, 615, Volcanoes, 71, 77, 295, 359, 438, 588, 592, 629,634,637,664,680 609-610,616,625,631 Tugela Fan, 19 Volcanogenic sediments, 34 Tugela Fault, 154 Volksrust Formation, 160 Tugela Trough, 158-159 Vridhachalam, 366-367 Tumblagooda Sandstone, 515, 518 Vryheid Formation, 159 Turbidite flows, 22 Turbidites, 4,19,22,195,325,330-331, Wa She Series, 462 336,380-381,420,526,550,567,569- Wadera Group, 208 570,732 Wadi Araba, 239-240 Turbidity currents, 4, 18-19,22,357,446, Wallaby Fracture Zone, 125, 127 536 Wallaby Plateau, 54, 82-85, 125, 127, 514, Turonian, 131, 166, 190,201,268,370, 534 656, 664, 668, 671, 679, 690-691 Waterberg-Botswana Basin, 160 Turonian-Cenomanian, 165 Waziristan Ophiolites, 343 Weddell Sea, 6 Western Somali Basin, 55, 86, 129-131, 187 Uloa Formation, 169-170 Wharton Basin, 35, 39, 54, 56, 63, 81, 87, Ulu Sedili, 476 122-124, 128,414 Upper Carnian, 477 Eastern, 125, 128 Upper Detrital Member, 460, 465 Wharton Ridge, 430, 434 Upper Gondwana, 366 Wilkes Land, 738 Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, 162 Wilkes Subglacial Basin, 701 Upper Mae Formation, 488 Willara Formation, 519 Upper Plateau Limestone, 473 Willaraddie Formation, 518 Upper Tertiary, 202 Williambury Formation, 518 Urgonian, 189 Wilson Group, 725 Usfan Formation, 212 Windalia Radiolarite, 519 Uttaradit, 453, 482 Windmill Hills, 721, 741 Windmill Islands, 724 Valanginian, 73, 83, 166, 675-677 Witteberg Group, 156 Vema Trench, 96 Woodata Formation, 517 Vertebrates, 369 Wooramel Group, 519 Vestfold Hills, 719 Victoria River Basin, 527 Xenaspis, 657 Visakhapatnam, 356, 358 Yandanooka-Cape Riche Lineament, 524 Vohibory System, 651, 653 Yarragadee Formation, 518 Vohipanana-Ambatokapika Limestone, Yemen, 208, 219, 259, 261, 263, 266-267, 686 270-271,274,280,281,284,303 Vohitolia Limestone, 685 Yerrapalli Formation, 370 Volacnic island arcs, 66 Yidagindy Formation, 518 Volcanic activity, 499 Yilgarn Block, 522, 524-525, 527, 548, 740- Volcanic arcs, 316, 328, 337, 500 742 Volcanic flows, 102 Yunnan, 462, 464, 469,475, 477, 487 Volcanic ridge, 365 Volcanic sediments, 15 Zagros Fold Belt, 320, 322-323 Volcaniclastic conglomerates, 82 Basement Group, 321 Volcanics, 16-17,28,30,43-44,52,68, Competent Group, 321 161, 195, 370, 410, 464, 472, 475, 478- Incompetent Group, 321 481,491,521,525-526,528,597,637, Lower Mobile Group, 321 691, 692 Upper Mobile Group, 321 Volcanism, 34, 37, 74, 77, 86, 150, 162, Zagros Main Thrust, 320, 327-328 176, 197,218,279,293,340,362,568, Zagros Mountains, 316, 318, 333, 340 631 Zagros Orogen, 320, 323, 326, 328 776 Index

Zagros thrust, 269 Zambezi Grabens, 165, 171 Zagros thrust belt, 320, 325-326, 328 Zambezi River, 3, 39 Zambezi, 17, 166 Zambezi Valley, 161 Zambezi belt, 150 Zanzibar, 192-193, 198 Zambezi canyon, 152 Zendan fault, 327-328, 333-334 Zambezi cone, 152, 175 Zenith Seamount, 83-84 Zambezi Delta, 151-152, 171 Zululand, 155, 163, 167