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The Anoka Focus University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations Anthropology, Department of 1962 The Anoka Focus Thomas A. Witty University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses Part of the Anthropology Commons Witty, Thomas A., "The Anoka Focus" (1962). Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations. 8. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE ANOKA FOCUS by" Thomas A• Witty A. THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College in the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology Under the Supervision of Dr. John L. Champe Lincoln, Nebraska May 7, 1962 FOREWORD The specimens and the data used in reporting the Lynch site and the other Boyd County, Nebraska sites are on file at the Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Nebra'ska. The writer wishes to thank Dr. John L. Champe, Dr. Preston Holder, Marvin F. Kivett, Franklin Fenenga, Dr. Carlyle S. Smith and Dr. Warren M. Caldwell for their valu­ able suggestions and comments concerning this study. Lloyd Tanner identified the faunal remains from Area 591 at the Lynch site and Dr. William Bass identified and measured the human skeletal remains from that site. Additional appreci­ ation is expressed to Mrs. Norline Baum for the final thesis typing and to Jack Casner for the plate photography. Lastly the writer wishes to thank his wife, Mary Anne, for all her efforts and quiet patience during the preparation of this study. May 7, 1962 Thomas A. ltJi tty i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 II. THE. LYNCH SITE" 25BDI. • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 5 THE SITE DESCRIBED • 0 • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 • 5 The Early History of the Area • 0 10 • • • • • • • 12 Archeological Investigations. • • • 0 • • • • • 14 AREA 361 • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • Excavation Jl • • 0 • • • • • 0 • • • • • 14 Excavation J2 • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • 16 Excavation J3 • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • 16 Excavation J4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Sununary • • • • • 0 • • 18 • • • • • • • • • 18 AREA 362 0 • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • Excavation Sl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Excavation S2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Excavation S3 0 25 • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • Excavation 0 0 28 s4 • • • • • • • • 0 • • • Sununary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • 28 AREA 591 • • • • • • 0 0 • • 30 Excavation• • • • • • • • 51 • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 33 Excavation 52 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 Excavation 53 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 Excavation 54 • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Excavation 55 • • 37 ~ • • • • • • Excavation 56 • • • • • • • 38 Excavation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 57 • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • Excavation 58 • • • • • • 39 Excavation 59 • • • • • • • • 40 Excavation 60 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 Excavation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42 61 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Excavation 62 • • • • • • 0 • • 0 • 43 Excavation • • • 44 63 • • • • • • • • 0 • • Excavation 64 • • • 44 • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • Excavation 65 • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • 45 Excavation 66 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 47 Excavation 67 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47 Excavation 68 • • • • • • • 47 Excavation • • • • • • • 48 69 • • • • • • 0 • • • • 0 • • Excavation 70 • • • • • • • • • 48 Excavation • • • • • 71 • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 49 Excavation 72 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Excavation 73 • • • • • • 50 Excavation • • • • • • • • 50 74 • • • • • • 0 Excavation • • • • • • • 50 75 • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • ii Archeological Interpretations • • • • • • • • • 51 HOUSE 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 HOUSE 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 HOUSE 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 HOUSE 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 CACHE PITS AND BASINS • • • • • • • • • • • 68 MIDDENS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 GENERAL VILLAGE AREA. • • • • • • • • • • • 76 Artifacts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 CERAMIC S. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 POTTERY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 Paste • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 782 Form • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Decoration • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85 Pottery Classification • • • • • • • • • 90 The Arzberger Group • • • • • • • • • • • 92 Type; Arzberger Plain •••••••• 93 Type: Arzberger Horizontally Incised 93 Type; Arzberger Crosshatched •••• 95 Type: Arzberger Diagonally Incised • 96 The Hughes Group • • • • • • • 0 • • • • 97 Hughes Group Vessels with Incised Rims 97 Hughes Group vessels with plain Rims .100 Type: Hughes Beveled Rim •••••• 105 Shell Tempered Sherds •••••••••• 107 PIPES ••••••••••••••••••• 109 FIGURINES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 109 CHIPPED STONE ••••••••••••••• 110 Points ••••••••••••••••• 110 Blades ••••••••••••••••• 111 Scrapers ••••••••••• 0 •••• 114 Drills ••••••••••••••••• 115 Celts •••••••••••••••••• 115 Modified Flakes ••••••••••••• 116 Cores •••••••••••••••••• 116 GROUND STONE •••••••••••••••• 117 Abraders •••••••••••••••• 117 Milling Stones ••••••••••••• 117 Hemati te • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118 UNWORKED STONE. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118 WORK IN BONE. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 119 Hoes •••••••••••••••••• 119 Knives ••••••••••••••••• 120 Awls • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 121 Notched Ribs •••••• 0 ••••••• 122 Shaft Wrenches • 0 ••••••••••• 123 Ulna Picks ••••••••••••••• 123 Deer Ramus Pick. 0 • ~ ••••••••• 123 Fork • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 0 • • 124 Bone Tube • • 0 • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 124 iii MISCELLANEOUS BONE ARTIFACTS • • • • • • • .124 WORK IN ANTLER ••• 0 ••••••••• 0 .125 tvORK IN SHELL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .126 FAUN.AL REMAINS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .127 MOLLUSCAN REMAINS •• • • • • • • • • • • .134 VEGETAL REMAINS •• • • • • • • 0 • • 0 • .134 HUMAN REMAINS •• • • • • • • • • 0 0 • • .131.j. Site Dating •••••••• 0 •••••••• ~136 DENDROCHRONOLOGY • 0 • 0 • • ~ • • • • • • .136 RADIO-CARBON • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • ~ • .138 Summary of Lynch Site •••••••••••••139 III. OTHER RELATED SITES • • • • • • • • 0 0 • • • • .148 THE ARZBERGER SITE" 39HU6 • • • • • • • • • • • .148 25BD2 ~ .152 • • • • • • • 4! • • • • • • • • • • • • 25BD3 • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0153 25BD4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .155 IV. THE ANOKA FOCUS IDENTIFIED • • • • • • • • • 0 • .157 VILLAGE ARRANGE~mNT • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • .169 STRUCTURES AND PITS • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 0170 ARTIFACTS OF STONE" BONE, AND SHELL • • • • • • .172 CERAMICS • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • .175 SUMMARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • .177 v. THE ANOKA FOCUS IN TIrvIE AND SP ACE • • • • • • • .178 THE AKSARBEN ASPECT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .178 THE FORT PIERRE BRANCH • • • • • • • • • • • • • .180 THE CAMPBELL CREEK FOCUS • • • • • • • • • • 0 • .181 THE REDBIRD FOCUS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .182 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • .183 REFERENCES CITED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0185 APPENDIX I •••••••••••••••••••• 189 Human Skeletal Material From 25BD1" the Lynch Site. by Dr. William H. Bass DESCRIPTION OF PLATES •• • • • • • • • • • • • .193 PLATES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Pits within Area 591 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2. Distribution of skeleta~ elements within Area 591 ••••••• 0 • • • • • 128-131 3. Dendrochronological dates from the Lynch site ••••••••••••• 0 • • •• 137 4. Rim classification by area proveni,ence at the Lynch site ••••• ~ • • • • • • •• 141 5. Body sherd surface treatment by area provenience at the Lynch site •• 0 • • • • • 142 6. Rim classification by prove~ience within Area 591 •••••••••• • • 0 • • 143 Body sherd treatment by provenience within Area 591 ~. ~ ••••• 0 • • • • • • 144 8. Trait list from Anoka Focus sites • • • • 158-168 MAPS Map 1. 25BD1~ Areas of investigation • • • • • • 11 Map 2. 25BD1~ Area 591~ excavation units • • • • 31 v LIST OF PLATES 1. A. General view, 25BD1. B. Restored Vessel, 25BD1. 2. A. Restored Vessel, 25BD1. B. Restored Vessel, 25BDI. 3. House 1, 25BDI. 4. House 2, 25BDI. 5. House 3, 25BD1. 6. Artifacts of stone, 25BD1. 7. Artifacts of bone and shell, 25BDI. 8. Pottery, 25BD1. 9. Pottery, 25BD1. 10. Pottery, 25BDI. 11. pottery, 25BDI. 12. Pottery, 25BDI. 13. Pottery, 25BDI. 14. Pottery, pipe and figurine, 25BDI. vi THE ANOKA FOCUS I. INTRODUCTION In 1936" the Lynch site" 25BDl" in North Central Nebras­ ka was investigated by a party from the University of Nebras­ ka" under the qirection of Dr. Earl H. Bell. Preliminary estimates of age measured in many hundreds and even thousands of years created widespread interest. These data" with more conservative conclusions as to their ambiguity" were consid­ ered by Freed (1954) in her Maste:::~ f s Thesis on file at the University of Nebraska. In 1939, the Arzberger site, 39HU6, near Pierre, South Dakota, was excavated by a party from Columbia Unive2:'sit:1 led by Albert C. Spaulding, under the general direction of the late Dr. W. D. Strong. The final report of this work was pub­ lished by Spaulding in 1956. His statistical analysis of the artifacts, and the insights
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