W ING AY K F A O R M

P On this road in Santa

E S

D E Barbara, California, motor E L vehicle lanes were replaced S C T Y by a bidirectional bike path, R C IA BI separated from car traffic. NS AND P H O T O :

R A L P H F E R T I G

Walking and Cycling in Western Europe and the United States Trends, Policies, and Lessons

RALPH BUEHLER AND JOHN PUCHER

alking and cycling are the most sustain - ments in public infrastructure. Walking and cycling Buehler is Assistant able means of daily travel. They cause vir - are affordable by virtually everyone and therefore are Professor, Urban Affairs W tually no noise or air pollution and the most equitable of all transport modes. and Planning, School of

2 consume far fewer nonrenewable resources than any Following is a brief overview of cycling and walk - 1

0 Public and International 2

motorized mode of transport. The energy that walk - ing trends and policies in the United States and West -

E Affairs, Virginia Tech, N ing and cycling require is provided directly by the ern Europe, with a focus on the United Kingdom, U J Alexandria, Virginia. – traveler, and the use of that energy offers valuable Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, the coun - Y

A Pucher is Professor,

M cardiovascular exercise. tries for which the most comparable and detailed

0 Bloustein School of

8 Walking and cycling require only a fraction of data are available ( 1–9 ). 2 Planning and Public S the space needed for operating and parking cars. W

E Policy, Rutgers

N Moreover, walking and cycling are economical—they Variations and Trends

R University, New T cost far less than the private car or public transport, The share of daily trips by walking and cycling Brunswick, New Jersey. 34 in terms of direct outlays by users and of invest - varies greatly from country to country (see Figure 5

TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 3

s

f ) c

d

s 6

8 i

t 5

o

0 i e

t n 2

' 2

( r s , r

a

i

s m

a

a

a n t d i ,

l c

) n )

h

e a

a

i

f 8

a

s 8 6 l T t

s

r y 0

r

' .

o 1

1

l h ( S

e e n

s

O

t

h e

k a ,

i y t

r o e

D e m T h i

r

a d s )

(

t t t N w

9

4 m

i 0 A o

u

O s

0 ;

'

n i s

2

1 n

( n

d e

y

i

h m y n M n

D o r

e

f i t

n i

t e

r

a e k t e

) n

c

n r 6 M

m o

3

a h

d

a

9 r 0

' a r t u

2

e

( T

i N

h r

e g G

m

o

n . s l e

, m

o r i

e c

e ) e b h

d s

e p

n 5 e t

h a s

p 9 0 e

m a ' i G w i

( c

n S o r

a r

, D d a m r

t a ) a

n n

Walkin

:

e r o

u

a v ) T n

l s

r

s T

9 f E

r

n ’

u f

4 0 i e

' d

22 22 22 22 .

f F ,

y ( o

8 0 0 D 2 c

o

s n ) r e S (

f n 6 y d r o i 8

c .

t

a

p R 1

a h 1 e

t u

i

t

) s d

w n

t

U E 0 0 0 r 2 e

, v r

r 5

o

n i 5 4 e s

p

t o ,

0 0 u f o

' g i G

21 S r

s

1 ( e

N T 2 o (

[ r

o f

o p

n e

a 5 9 9 u 1

t

i c i

s

h .

O o

m 5 0

Cycling r

y d y

K t

t

) t

n

e n 1

2 s y

t 2

8 h m n

r e l D r i 3

u M r ]

i k

0 a 1 8 9 i 1

2

c l

' . r a w

A t a r ( r e i 8 0

o s

a

a

a h

T e 1 2 f o ,

p o b

m

c d

w e

c d s

h

5 7 9 1

)

h e

r r n t a r

s n w

1 7 9

a s r s d f r

y e r o 8

p

a

9 D 2 1

a l

' y 16 F e o

a

o f s ( e l o e e s .

G t

e r t

h e s p k

c t

f S m u

e ,

i

v

t r e .

u x

e

s r a

n s ) r

i

o

m b

e a 8 h

g e y i

8 0 0

U 2 a R

. e e

2 l

u s

0 t

o

2 h 22 ' e v t e

s , 2

( s h 9 d m e c

s c

B e

2

m

i e a

s

l s n

e u 0

K n

l

t

2 0 0 2 r

t

r

N s n

e U e e

a 0 r a 7

) a m

g

S 2 p

, u 6 v o o

h

1

2 K h e 2

a

2 i

0 d o

n T t k

' t r 1 a o

p – 1 9 9

t 1 i d ( U

l d p

j r o n r

6 c n u

t

4 O 2 * k e

a e e t

i

3 t l

o d u t . e e r

B

7

m r ) i

l n

c D

5 8 9 r 1 a

w M

e 9 p l

6 m 9 u

a s

1 1 l

l o n

E 1 i 0 a 2

e t

' 0

o

e l 1

1 4 h

w ( u d n

b

r p p

p f

U

I c h p s 0 i s

,

5 7 9 1 * s

e a

i a

t e

) r

o d a a 4

l 2

t

n

3 r e a n

n

i t n d i ) c 4 f

– i K

n i m

t e

a 9 r

e h

a l o

y r

1

n 9 o t 0 l a i a t b

t 11 l D

' C v

B d

a

( t e

(

9 a

a

C d u i

. y n

a ,

e g A

m

n

9 t t h G )

r S t i S 8 0 0

2 n k o i

i

t

. n

t

n ) i o

1

l r 2 , T

U t i

o i s o

3

6 i f s

c

l

s

5 2 T ,

1 f U h a

0 y

e

' n O

s

c e b p

( c 4 9 9 1 n a

l t ,

e i g O

i I i

e y 4 s a d m * s

r

3

l e i a

i

M

h

a r o

2

h

l t i C t n (

d

l

l v a t M

n

R

e

) i

a

2 8 9 1

y

a

r l

e 8 F

w n r a o

t r e a

y 2 3

t

t 0 p 4 e i n l 0.5 h r 1

r

' b

s , a a

3

i D d i

( h

s

t c

l l v

u

g

a o

k i

4 7 9 m 1 * a r r T E o

u i s

A n t s

e d

0 A p 0 0 r

4 i e o : d u R 0 e h c

S e 5 m A s

n 50 40 30 2 1

r c s a t t i

w e l r U h e

U n l s a e l r t v

t a e

F d

e s e

t f

t a a , G

o e i o

g n i k l a w d n a g n i l c y c y b s p i r t f o t n e c r e P ,

s n I ) r

d

h e h S m f

T 8 0 0 2

N N T t D a r t a N F n K f 1 5 o d n

a 2 2 i

U D

e

(

e , 0 0 0 2 t

r e 0 4 i h g

2 2 a s g n m

) L i n . . , t - -

r 0 9 9 1 . e e e e e h i y y y y n 5 t d d h h n n n n o s N U s s 8 8 g l l i g n s i i i i t t h

u a e e b h h b h h h i 3

t

r 1 2 c

a d

m

r e u a t c n t t t t

t

t

n e i n i o l h a

i g i 5 8 9 e 1 B r

g h

i g d e

f l t t u n

l c o

l n e , h d 0 8 A t

d n , a n

m n g

e s n n t e t

, t i e c

2 2 o n K i t e i i 2 i w n i t n i

T f

- e e s a

l i f i l

d e

s l t i d y k

r t U t f l s r a a - e K r

l m s d O l e a g

c

e

d b c u

a

a o n i e n e e

y r a o l n , m s s a o

t

l f y e p b n d a l d e d - r R

f M n

c e t i h s s e o u o

h c p h

r e w e i c e

t t s n o d r i

e o

c t a o c -

a k

n t g r n a

s

h

i f

r i a l y i i n y e n g

i e

e d

c h n f d s h e d l t c a

O g

r 8 0 0 i 2 t a i i y

e l t n s

F

a m l n

n 4 0 n

n e r U s e

p n r t s m n

a t v n b i . r t

l g

e 2 1

r

U l c w a i e o a o o n a e

l

r

n

r

)

a n

i

a h

i e c 2 0 0 g 2 u e F i e n 5 n f n k , i c p

d e o r

3 y i s u

g

g l

D v m h n n o 2 w t a 9 d o o e

y

2 s e m h n n p i e e

i t b s a k

n

n e n : r a i

c

t

o d i

t r c n l A 9 8 9 s 1 a

i l i

a e r p s e

l l t k R l

l

E c s 8 2

x

, a h

i w a r l i e u

c E e n d k h o e y o , )

e

u 2 1 r e a

h e l s c a l o f e f d t n d c

y r b a y l o G v t n

w

t y R f

2 8 9 1 b r

b g l r r a a v b a

r h

o c h

n c n r u 1 a 8 i a F

e

n b n g c t f r p a s o e u s

a s i ( ,

r 1 2

a a i

r

w o C e

r E h

d c u t n o

k l o t o p p h

b n d

e e 6 7 9 1 y e 2 t

t l c . , o i

e i

e f

l a S o r a a m N -

a c l g 4 t a a o v n n a u c r t e 9 l n (

k s

n r o c i a t r i 3 e i

d e , a t e t r m r i f a n n r n

a n

.

l t i o e W m e

r l a i p e o f a n i p s d a n s t a s r , b o a a

c e u a r n o t s r d

r u

k r

r e o o G p o e f h o n d a r

d 1 h s o e a

t

i l m t

i e m r m

r n F

g

s 9 0 0 . 2

F e 0 0 r n e I c e n

T n d t e n s i a

s h n .

a 1 e

y

o i ,

s n t e y n u r

t 0 c e a a

. e ) i

1 p e

1 c u o v u F h t l e n b

n

p

s

b a w

h e w W a 2

E L g n k n 1 0 0 i 2 o i

h r a s

s

h

o

a g l

A e 9 h d n

, h o r

t r D i T

l . t i e f e N i N 9 c d o

n e h l e d w l a

r

f

t l s

g

( t s i 0 . n e

g u

i

l e

r l

i o i

h a

n s m i s o e 0 9 9 h 1 n d d e a c e g r s w v t y e e a s

a

m y

i

h 9 t n E A a a

h d a y l o d h v . l n ( h 7 a

t

a

e

s

n h

d k S y h a h i s d r l C 0

w t , d

-

a o i r n i a d s t

t e e - i 0 s

e e 3 8 9 e 1 r n c U h a

a

t s r i N s e

e 8 e g k s k b e e v p 9 c t

. h l n t s h a t e g

o p y r m l 9 d u i m i e t

r l i n i l i t 0 9 r d

n e e i

n

f n e

T r e s

a r A T r o

a n i f N a 7 7 9 1

s l

c o b 1

v t o h e

n o r t t d h

a

e 7 h

h e s

a s .

i e

o e . . r

w t a i

9 K t a e p S d 2

t

) h v u m e

1 h s y n A 0 s l

T r

e h y h t y i t i s

e

m c t D n n y n

f r a l

e t l

t e n E n b t a E . .

r r d d i r f l e i

n a h 0 0 0 0 0 0 e

e i

. a r

b 0 e t e r s e i e c : h d r

R

,

e e t p e b 1 2 6 5 4 3 a t e a e g a e l , n e N t t e - h s n s e a g i i s u h c c

w U D A I i i d D T t

d v t b l t G e m r i d t m c

r

t p m u p u

o g e

a

o e e g n i k l a w d n a g n i l c y c y b s p i r t f o t n e c r e i P n n a i a i G o O i e e o f , n e n t o o o I t o h r w r r n n F o 1 c S t M w N p t r F t i U t d d c N s U o i c t N m b u D P H O

T Walking and cycling trends in the United States O :

R

A are difficult to gauge, because the national travel L P H

B survey methodology changed in 2001, increasing U E H L E

R the walk mode share by capturing previously unre - ported walk trips. The survey results in Figure 2 suggest slight increases in walking and cycling lev - els in the United States in the past two decades, but in the long term, the walk mode share probably declined. The U.S. Census, which has applied a consistent methodology, reports a substantial decline in walking and cycling to work, from 7.9 percent of workers in 1970 to 3.5 percent in 2009 (10, 11 ).

Gender and Age Groups Cyclists comprise virtually all segments of society in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. In the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, women account for approximately one-fourth of all Since the early 1970s, an the early 1970s were roughly comparable, at bike trips; women in Denmark, Germany, and the increasing number of approximately 40 to 50 percent, but the most recent Netherlands make approximately half of all bike German cities have surveys indicate that active travel in Denmark, Ger - trips. Cycling is gender-neutral in Denmark, Ger - banned automobiles many, and the Netherlands is at a level almost twice many, and the Netherlands but dominated by men in from the city center, as here in Freiburg, that of France and the United Kingdom. The much the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Germany. smaller declines in active transport in Denmark, In contrast, the share of walk trips made by women Germany, and the Netherlands are attributable to shows little variation among countries. more car-restrictive policies since the 1970s, com - Walking and cycling levels vary significantly by bined with a range of measures to encourage walk - age, but the variation is much less in some countries ing and cycling. than in others. The combined share of walking and

70 Cycling Walking

60 USA UK GER DK NL g n i 50 k l a w

40 d

n 40 a 23 9 g

n 14 25 i 32 l c 2 11

y 22 c 30 21 y 20 15 b

s 2 1 9 9 15 p 9 i 1 r

t 2 20 14 15

f 14 o

34 t 3 32 n 0.8 29 28 e 0.8 0.7 27 c 0.5 24 24 r 21 21 23 21 e 10 20 20 19 20 20 19 18 18 19 P 2 15 13 13 1 12 13 0 11 10 9 2

E

0 N 5 4 9 6 9 9 5 9 5 7 5 4 9 5 9 9 9 9 9 4 7 5 4 4 + + + +

U 1 2 3 1 2 5 6 6 1 1 2 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 8 1 2 4 6 5 J 5 5 5 ------6 – 6 6 6 5 6 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 5 Y 1 2 1 4 1 3 6 1 2 4 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 4 A

M

Age Group 0 8 2

FIGURE 3 Cycling and walking share of trips within each age group in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, S

W the United Kingdom, and the United States, 2009, as percent of trips by all modes for all trip purposes. E N

Note: Each country uses somewhat different age categories in travel surveys. The percentages shown refer to R

T the walking and cycling share of all trips made by persons within each age category. (Sources: Danish MOT, 36 British DfT, German MOT, Netherlands MOT, and U.S. DOT.) 7

TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 3 s . e , p g a e 9 s i h

T h 5 s n r t 0 h , e c . e i ,

h T t O e t l d 8 . 0

k y r t e a

0

, h t c i .

– r a e e S 0 g 2 t a t T e n o h e d . s d M a y r r r

s d e 4 a d 0 – r f t r

, n , w r a i c

e

h n e

a i O u ,

U

l s 0 n h

2 4 i y n y l o n t t f

y r s a .

e s m a r c t . t

p i , y r n f 0 l f m c n a e 0 a

n

a i t r M

a o t o y

, r d n r T s o l n n y

l 2 u o 0 i o h m a t t f a n a c i w m f j (

l i e p e e c e

n a i t m

r s h o

2 O i U m m o a s t

b s t o

o i r x

t a n s

s r d i m a d

r d D G l t e , i s i l

c l B t o o a d r y n t r

a

e h e

s f n e M

c

s e i s r n

l r n g

f o e

, s . a n e d d u

e n s n n e

u y

y h G e r s e s s e f t a i i a t e t a e g u a

c s g g

t

t

o u t j c e G d e t o , r c C c i

v d e d d h

r u

n t t

c

i n a n n r D v n a T , i n t a e s n h

u t

u i i n

n n n e r i t o r n n t f l f t d i a e : s a m v k

k e a a 4 n o

i i a i a a f e p S l S K K s e e

b u r t i n l l n D l l

p a o

f

t

r r T s N s c c

s l

t

l a e d w r r r

E a c . a t t

a i o i 3

r r o d

n d d d r e c l s

l a 1 h s s n y

e : e e ) ) R d s i e

w k 2 n r e e t e e e e e . c s a l s m c e e

e u

r

e o e 8 h i h h r t t t t n i c h T U h y t u p p e v e e i t i i i t t c t n t d d d n r d u d d t 0

t a i u b t s a j y

C v o i a G e O n o n n n e e e

r i e e e

n n 0 - n n 5 0 n t I h r a o S e n n N D B ( d c U * t l a a i 2 p 5 a S N p U U w U N D a i 1 1 a r N r p A F t - - - s y n n r r s e i b I i b i i e e

l

t . r e . i p p c g t s

l

s t d y 3.7 n p a 0 a 0 1 a i e c i t

l

e 1 s r 8 , a

r s c

t f a

n c n a y o 9.7 e e g e t o a c r

w

s k n d c h

i i i USA 0

t n l r n

i b e 6 i

m c a s

33.5*

f h s e y o s p y t e o .5 .5 c n d

p

l b

i 5

f i , m

l g r t r y o o c d e t s n

c b i e e a t b

e l r r d n y K l t

k i a m

i e l B n p

f p d u c .

b r

o

e s e , n 8 a f c t .3 .3

y

e i d 3 l 0 h o t e

y

r n s 0 a r

h b a t

t 2 m l e U a ,

i S

3.6

o y

b d K n g e d n d i m n U n

i h m a e g i t a t e 5.7 5.7 S

t u

n i

s m i c 0 . n n n a r

) e i 7 K e e l

e 3.3

6 U f r 9

s h G 1 d e c 1 e

e t

r e i e

,

d h t t n d t i i h 5 y

n l

e l g 1 n a a a e n

n (

t i u i

U

k a w o

o a s r f t n t e e

h

a e e 2.4 i t m t h e r t

l b s t l i ,

m i d

a l t t l b

l .9 .9 n a l d i c 1 n n a l t e t y n h e e

e a

D u f c a c c c f

B D : P N E D R U N A O T O H 4.7 1.6 , . . , . l t t t - - - - r s e e e e y g o o o d d l n y s s ) s s r r l e a i t t u n n s t i h a h h h

n e n n

r e

e m

n l 6 d l

t t i e t a s t h b t e a f

a e l

e

a

e a 5 i p o c 3

c n

, g a d l G f l c

c o r y i d d c y t n y i

s a

g r d

a c b e l i

m g 1 , l t y e b c S e f h n n , e s

r n a y e

r s n g

l w c

r k n t t t y p

a i a i t

t l s e c

e i l

a e a a

r l

d s

e o .3 .3 f n u , k e a

r u . t

h 5 a c e d p k h a 1 h m l y , G e ) o b

e s l

t t d

u b r u m a m y 1 a ,

i i

c m i n e n s a

e y , m d e t i c n n o r o s y , r 3 l l

a n i v e .3 .3 t l y w m

n t k GER GER a n e

s e b n

i w r 2 N e G r

n d h t a o r t e

e e U

s

K a 5 p

m d s a k . B

r a d g

A s a n a f

b . v r n r

e w y

l

h D p

n D e .5 .5 r e i a s o u l a u l r e e i n 5 o . e i

m

e c

r 1 y

a h t .

t m r e y a h r e

s g

a r t , o s s l t h a b t s i t t b i n

e n G e 0 a

s r a r n e

3 p i

4 i

i c

u t n

r a

,

e

d , F d g f e e d d

t

t s y r a

y n

o 1.6 e t l s d G s , e D i s e s i o k n h o m S r a

r e o p D e r e a n

n

e r n i

t t n r e e i n g f

i e a o l t t

e r

n i

a e .

d e u a a n t r d m a i e e d s s

c g r a t r e d i

r t e n

S a

g e t t n l r ( e r e r i

. y t r a N e g m i n n s t m

m a

a h h S

t e e i n m r e c a d p a T s n e h n t

t

F t

u n U e e o

i t , e e

n i o n u s

h e a d w d w e d d o

s y h

t a y e f a p

c n y o d K w m t G

e o t

c w n

U d

e n g c r e u D b

a g

c l

t h g f b r

i c a

S o a s n e i

d 1.3

t ,

h n

f edestrians killed per 100 million km walked edestrians killed per 100 million km walked edestrians injured per 10 e o

l l s

n y n n o o n a i ( t f s a

i n e r i m i p r g P P Cyclists killed per 100 million km cycled per 100 million km cycled Cyclists killed per 10 million km cycled Cyclists injured n e i f

d k

l

e g i h i

d

t b

l

s a r e p r a k e t

s s i e r c g t n s h s

h

n e r i c K

U e 0 e

t

g a i a c t t

1.6 t y r h d n a n

e r t o n n y y s T

f i n L 1 t t i s e t

a l n e c k a e G i a d e i t

n

c

l e f l m r U l

e a

n f N e

t a . m f

p e c a h a h e

c , d - r r c a a e

d n t ) r l S t a t

e p d o i s d 1.6 N U i s h y e

e e h n

r

e h n e

4

y r u t o h c r e i c s n s s W a n e

. n h p r t e r n i d h

e p

e 1 i T

e

e s D s

a i e s .

t t ,

g h o e s u g h u d U 1.1

– i h w n . e i s p n c e h t s h j

t 3 t l

n t k l i t p g g t a i n 2

s I g o E n n

e g d

h n r a e i n 2 h i e i

a i

a s a e i t

n n 1 d n t t n h r e a h n n t D

h i i i N i

s - t ( a h h n i r l w d s u

t c y s

a n , i S

f g

U r

k k e

c l k e a

m y o , e e a w t l l s s u g

i f t t r g g r e n y

r i s n y

n u d f n b r a a e i e , l e .0 s h a t l e e i n i e n n h e t i

i e y t o f e i 2.0 6.0 d u m r

t i 0.0 4.0 2 6.0 8.0 r i i k t l

h

t

l s

s g h m t f l m l l 10.0 14.0 1 1 l d e

e W W D a

n o

r i n e l t

t c i D a r e t e m o l i k r e p s e i r u j n i d n a s e i t i l a t a F d d r l p c n c c r a n

e

a u t e e t d o e o a d n i i y a a

r t e y l n y y n r l r e t r a n n f N a 6 s N N g d a C i g c S S c e c W m t a p e a i c U P H

This cycle track in New O T O :

York City features N E W

priority traffic signals for Y O R cyclists and physical K C I T separation from motor Y D O

vehicles. T

In all five countries, pedestrian fatalities have These statistics suggest that traffic safety affects declined more than cyclist fatalities. Walking levels walking and cycling and that greater safety in Den - fell in most countries over this period, however, so mark, Germany, and the Netherlands has contributed Bike paths in the that part of the reduction is attributable to reduced to the higher rates of walking and cycling. The the - Netherlands are designed exposure rates. The number of annual pedestrian ory of safety in numbers also suggests that more for safety and comfort fatalities dropped more sharply in Europe—by walking and cycling may help improve safety ( 17 ). for all, including women, between 80 percent and 90 percent—than in the Walking and cycling levels correlate strongly with children, and seniors. United States, with a decline of 50 percent. Germany safety rates. More and safer walking and cycling in Wide paths enable cyclists to ride two or and the Netherlands recorded an impressive 90 per - Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands result from three abreast, making cent decline in pedestrian fatalities between 1970 a range of programs and policies designed to encour - cycling more sociable. and 2008. age walking and cycling while restricting car use. P H

O Promoting Walking and Cycling T O :

W Danish, German, and Dutch transportation policies A R R E

N have emphasized improvements in the transporta - S A L O tion infrastructure for walking and cycling. For M O N pedestrians, measures include extensive auto-free zones in much of the city center; wide, well-lit side - walks on both sides of every street; pedestrian refuge islands for crossing wide streets; clearly marked zebra crosswalks, often raised and with special light -

2 ing; and pedestrian signals at intersections and mid - 1 0 2

block crosswalks with ample crossing times. E

N From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, separate U J

– bicycling facilities—such as bike paths and lanes— Y A

M expanded in most Northern European countries. In

0

8 Germany, the bikeway network more than doubled in 2

S length, from 12,911 km (8,070 mi) in 1976 to 31,236 W E

N km (19,522 mi) in 1996. In the Netherlands, the bike -

R

T way network doubled in length, from 9,282 km (5,801 38 mi) in 1978 to 18,948 km (11,843 mi) in 1996 ( 3). 9

TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 3 . e n c v i s e s w f r a ; e y f a s d d l h n a a l t

i h e r s o y e , c t w e h z n r

e , e b e

i k c u f

p s r a n e l

t s e

p s t t t i

o d ,

a o d ,

s s s c

o i

e s

a m n n r l n

w r y h m d

i e n n c o / a u l ü r a h

s y o a a u h , t E s e i o

m c i

s l w o q M

r f a l m

k d

n t n e r h e

w o r . i a s

e n t r r

d a t k y r 7 , i e

i

s i c s e

e o l r n a g e f d e G b u c d e t b e l r i

a p n r o i s d e n

t i

y y e a h i e e i

p t a m e o p l n n g i s

i r y m S r h d i v v r

l

r

c a a t e e e r a d s m a a o o a i n p t c n l c a o i G M a f h f M t - - h i s k s c r n n u a a a r p r m t

t

r

a c f o i

l o t s

b a e a

s u e d u p r n

b a

a

o r

t t e

g n s d e n s i e e e m k f c l

h c a

c d . t A w o s

a

. o p f c s

o h o r t r

e a s e o

h c l t g b

i

r n a h s o r a g

d f r i r

n e s o e e n

e t

h i s t x t n u i

e a l b

i d

h c g t n

a m n o t f i s o

l y r e c e o f

c y d b

i

c d r r i s - n e B p a d

w o n t

o o

a l s t

B P : P P J : P Y E L E K R E R E T E O T O H N H O O T O H R E H C U , , , , f t t t t ------r r s s s ) s s s s s e e e e e e g g y o o d d d d d h i ) t s t s i s r s t l s a t o g l a a t t n t u u n o o p

k d v h e h h e

s h

s B n n

i s

e n n 8 e c d a

p

f i l

i m a u e n s t i e s t i a t i a t t i l b

i s f , e e s s l p n i a r i

l a

1 s h r y a s . d e d

a

r

l c e

a c s u , k e t u p l l e e g , h

s , ( m t y c

c r r a l l a n r m s n e

r

t c o ; o e y e

t d n m , c — W s e w a e t

x s c i l ’ n t i y e

u t l a i

u o s e p c i s c r t n d u s f k g o o e U n v — v c s a y a w c

t s c s

p m 0 f o b

n n e h e t f e s s i h

e e a l n h i e a

o

a a w

i s

c i i n d

s

i i r l r

t

, a l i a s r e n a

l

2 s e i r v o e i s

d c t

i i b o r r 5

l i t

i t e d c r s m

o d s l t i (

t d r e i t i , o h b m a o a

e c d r y t

t ; t a n a r d f e e o 8

o

d y . t c t a i

s m w r d n

t

e

a n f

p t g s n

u a

t p

z u e e l e l o f s t , h c y p n r c n r s e m e t a t e i t i o a v a o f r / g i

o s e n u a p s t n d g a

n p e e e a n s t e r r

w e r m a i h i a m k o

u

n

i

m b i n c

s G v s a d

t o s r l

m v i i t n d n o

t e e

r l d m i . h e a m o t — u e

y

b i f h d i

r a e i , s e c m a t h r e b t y , b o

t c e

,

l d r r n k c t c g k c y d r

r t o s n h b n t t i o e

l

e n t r

b

a h

i i s

s c a r i t — c y

t k p c a l t c l o s

o n e a

l n t d f o s o n e a r e

e

h g

e r 0 l b

g c n a w l k

y f i e e a t c a f b v t a a t p

n

O o p a s o l — s n v n l t m

a a

y ) d e e h e

o s

e 3 c a i n i

r i a t r

i ,

o s ) s g

h c p f a a

t t e s r r a r c

r

r f

b

h l e h n

h o

m t

m T s u a i m s o

e s s a t g

m w a l h n n e n e g l t t

s n a r r d y

c f a

s e l i o k a w s r e i p r i i

r c l t . o r e

r

c

f

a t

d

p g n e a l s f

e t s e s n e y p o n n a

k k a y a s , l e

o t c i s i c n g a i n y e e I l f s a e s c o i s t u f t m 0 o r e t s s r a

c t i k r r e n

a l e l

r t a i

h d

g G m n i

c

a

.

t y i t s

b

a l o s

e r

s 9

o e

l o h D a t a r u g t m i

e D e

0 s o p g

d

u s t r r t r f H c i c e

j g 0 ; r

f e a

9 e g n g

a r e c y s m B n u e u e 3 c w d s a o i o n n p o i

i s r u u r T h r t l e 2 r y n i n o l

n i d r 1 d t t

i

s l

( n

d o

l t i i k

r d t k o o S l y

h ( c

I o e a s - t e n i f u

r

b ) e o p i n

s o

i l

n

n n a r d r r

u c n e i

r

r w k t e s u l h a l f . c h t s n

d o

r p e v . s b h l h a e n h i a w

i g

i / a y o

a o i i u

a n p m

d s u

a a a e n a

/ e o

. e ) l g i t l f n o

a t b d l s

t i d p s o l r p t e r a i r 5 r b f

p g e s e h s q e n , i a e o i n n a l i h

c m g , a n

m c

h

a e W n t e i c r u m i a a e e

w e s e r a i

z h s n h i

t g

k s n

e G m e t c s

s e p t m n

e k r e e

s t i r

t m g i i e i e k t

a

e l k

g n i d g m s s

c

d t a s

d a

r

l e u n

a p i n r u

i , e

r i w

s h k t i r a c t

4 h w 0 e

h

r c m o s e e d d d t w l r r s 0 t

n s n n

o i e z o e s b t m o t o i s t e d ( t

r a

m e u

l 5 c e n p t

a

a d i a e

d e T

a i f 3 t o

c n , f l z

n u s a i o h e i r n

p x t r s f e f

0

n e

i e

e h b e t d m

e n . s

, t h t . a g h h e

n

l s o f o e i w e t l c r

u c e l a e n y t o y o z a g m / 4 : m s i

p a ) t

d i e a u f f h m

h

a

f n i i t o h s r n e v a ,

c

n

g b t a (

s n b e y t

g t v i c s c l n 9 G

a i i o l g , r p a i g ,

c r s d s

s e i m

a i n c t a o m

T

g s h s h i n i

a r a

f a 1 e o n d n r i d f n d a s t o r u r d r i n n ,

t t n w h d o a t e t i l l r

o h i k g s c

o

C n ( n a r t t i . r e a e t a i / t

m e o

a t n

w

n o c v

i o

c c t o h

s u s p t

n h s n p a s d l t , c u c i u

o o - i k e c s a

o

a s r S a c s 7 h s p

s g o d h e i m e r

a f e h a o a f o , a

c r o i n a i r m o i r r c o w e e t r t

l

e i f

e b t f a u

n r s i i l m e r e i d n s e c r c i m c h r

o l a

r l i . t i a r r

k i r r c m t v o r o p n

e i

r p r , r d a -

n

g o d — r s a b e u f p u a r s l l

n h f

c e

i e l u e d

f e n a a o

s o s e w o c c u e o t d

h e w a o i a x i t

s f

d a p u ,

r s i e t e b E

a 5 e l o r t n m t f 5 e v e h

v r n p e e t o p

e n f

e b d i r

i d f C V T D R a s i a i t p t a v o n

o t i 6 d f h n a r p s n a c

e 4

c d d l d r t n m y e t e a a i

r

e o o i r n v a e

v n r l o o a o g r o o a a a 3 y n r t i c t n r n n n o o l i t e p a i n e o r h o o o i o n m n 5 m r N a i m t p b f e I C T T t e a d t s r o r i r a a m a n U m a v s c s w t s c t S t h i 4 0 TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 r c h t F e E t t 3 a M e r r e a r a v , n o a a 3 e ü s r n e s d o i f i m 0 i i n

d n n f b

l d r 0 s y i s e

i

e u c s h s n i

t

n n b - , d i t e r e

a m c a g a t e i u r a l l k i t

t s . . x p c a l o i e e

m p e o h l l f s r

e

e n f n

e e i c m a e n n

a r e d a t r e g s r i e

s n i g p i

v n t s i m s d h n a s p e t e

b r e

e e m b c k a o d a u e u i n a r n s d r s d -

i u e g s n r

i e f n o s r t b p b s p c i t d n r h t o u l o o i a o e n

e m r r s n t p

2 3 4 1 F

a t t h e s b s

a s f . . . . t o s t h e p o i ; t y o ; P B C B u

n

i e r o a

s o p i i r r g t l b o n r t k k p o a n

s

a t i o m d c . b e e v

s . k t

s r y

i l i r e t a p c d o e s c a e

i y i

a i n l n t n o a n i p c r i s n l

t n o k l a e

c o a i g t t n s i d s a l n h i n

t

s o t e w f f s e e g e

a o s n

s . m g i

c t m

r h a t

r o i o T

h t s i o l t a r

a f i e

h a r u t

k i p n b l e a i k e l v e e u

s i i d r i

e l k s a

n b e l

o

s o n s o e n f l g

f t o i

n f d a

e

r c a f r m b n o g a

e

t e t i i c r e r u d r o

k e

y r a p t t

s a n e

c o e h n a t u s s s l s r n f e u s

i b

e i n a a

p w

p r , l r d b n e g

i o s o c i c e s o

d t

r o u

t

h f s t t a

a h a n a r t i b

r s g e c p a a t v d u s i s n i n n u e o

i l s

s i

s t

n l b

n t a r t e o s p i l i

a

r t a e i e f o i ( o e i c

n d s n 2 n r

p p

,

i p t t 0 t

s c n a u r s , b o )

o a ; t g a a b : o s i n

o

n n o l s t t i s r

i n h d d o

c - - -

F C : P G R U B I E R F O Y T I O T O H T C M o p i u m l w t a m m s h n t a w t f a i p s i c p t m b t s s a r r r r h e t c a t n r p a e a r o s e i i l i i

a a n r a t o o o e e e r o i o c f a e a i a e d n v c i d m u e r n l p l e s v s n g d r I M S n s e n n r n s

m k r k a i e

e

m s c

n s

p i e

s t n h t o s u s t - e d d

c d s i D c t a t i k

, d i

p p s a s s

o

n b o n

h g m t w s b n a c t e l s b e t v

c i e n i h r o l p y i u l , i p t g , h

l i g b a o i s s t s a l v i a

i k a

e a i a

f e n y

a r u

a e

. t t c t i

e n u z i r l a c m r e i a l w p

e a l a t a g

c v

l e n

h i n k b a

i E c

o T r E i

g a n a

n e n D h n s

p e e i t t

s i p c i b i s o e t l i r m n

n u s p r

h t u y d l t d

d i c n o

a

i e o e n a o l i h c

i t c y t g e d a

r c a e e r

t s a

i p b

g n r f n b r a

d v d

o c n

n a s o d s s t s i

w

o n s i

s l a n D i b m t

y t

s i i t a e e p t

p p p a o

r t i d n

r t t i r a s e r a r D c e a s

w

o i f t r e g y e w t l e e o e c

t e

f b i

k f a g e c e l e r a v a q r e o , p s

d e a p a t n e l k n s n e e r r l

o c e n e o e n b

i o

u c i n n o i n s v e k i a m l

c a c

e e w m a m s g u s h

3 t l s l s

t

d i n t

o n c m e d i , , n e e a . b h n s

e r s t c r

c

a

g a

i a k r e

e d r u

r r a e

d a e i t l t a G n e o i

M v y h o e a n c b i e s e t e s l l n r t n m m c

n r g

d n e i o u l e s i , s t o r e e

r b e s e a g a i n f t

e d 1 i r c a c

v k t

t s

g n s n n o r p

n g n n w o c d

i a s a ( g o n a

. p e r e w m h t , a c k u g e

t b t r

h g 1 c u r o i e

e

h

s W m l i y h r n e e o n G t h

t t m s a h i n m

l s a . v a t r

w a i i a

r a h c h 8 o a

l m

e n , e v o a s s l m e i t e n o n s i a t

t o y o v k

d a i n e s s a i n h d e g m o e s

m . ( r c n w y z p e e c n e e f l

n

i s

u r f , g m 0

e t o , d h c k

n e a a

w

l a

T d a a a ,

s

a i

l -

- n w n e . e i

s r

l

i a a ) t s o c n , c s g 6 d t a m n n s

s h n .

s h l t d h a

i i n e v . i o t a a n t e o n o a d t

e d t s s y e

l g e n , m e h a r e e p f i l d

f n a i u

g n r S

y i

e

m e , e k a f v d t

t

a d m e g

i D , l

n

e i h d i p b w a r s s s i , r s p n

e e i n c t e m i h

) a r e i h u i n

. d t c

u o h l r a m i a l c e p

t

a d

m e n

a f b u x o o

o b o b g n y n

r r t r l p s e r l

s

n l u r d e t o e p t a k s n b r l , r

a u d

e i s e a r

i e o

s n

e t a s s d N s d

r s m m s a c a c o v c d s r n i c e e t p h c

h

n s c

s t - f u e n e b h e y h v i r a i s e e d b e k e u u r t h e e , t s o d .

a n l a c

, e o n e

a t n d t

a y y

s s a a w n

r s o L n G o d h

n l y d i

n r d w a u , o

r t c

e e i e c . N t o

a t d

e p e t o

n

r b l m n e c

o

s u n s y e s r y f l n P p l r y v r

d i e r e r e l

g e , r a s a u u r c e t t n l o

c e k i d e e m o l , t i f s , e ( ,

d r a c l x l f b

r o n

a

h o

d d l c . 2 r

i a p a a a v a a u n t o o a u

t i n c a u o c k f g i m e e e n 1 n n n n n e n B l h g g d v o o p i s n e a g w s s r e r s )

l l d d d d d d y g e e e e e s r r ------l . , , ; .

B P : P Y E L E K R E R E T E O T O H 1

TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 4

PHOTO : C URRAN KELLEHER n i f

o o t n r d

e a s a n e v t f i h t a

s t t

u

e c o s r b e c a e i

a t . p r

f d t a n o p o t n r i n

o S i s a u h o

t e s c E s d a

t r

e t e y a e n r l c t r i i i t n

o r c r r n p w p e e e s

U r o l

h i h

n e e r g d g a i i u a r h n t h i t h c F , , , , , ------r s s e e e e g y o l d n h h h h i l l s l e o e r n n a e i l t o n c a c h —

g h g s n d n i i u u c

e b v a t i i k o i o

o e t F . n g e i a u d p c c s s

i l a i t

r e

l h f

g c w h i h P s g e .

e a , r e n t m g

c b

e u r e

g c i d . w r s

r g e n s w

u n e l n r n e y n e w

b i s h l a n t g n i e n l e n a n p c u l t

i v f t h o l o m e l i r v e s i i a a O o i t c l r t y

h l t a

g u c G u k a o r n u

p o i

t l l p e v e c s y m c g , M i

f y e , h

n b s

d c

h F d a

i c r s

a o

v e y h ; s n

d r n d m

h ,

g l u

t t i i r s i n e c o d

o k

e

s n w d n l g c r

n e d n t e , i t o t r

o s e g n e C i n y p r a c e a y s f n l n c d a e n l a l

y o n

r i a i a h d n t y v l c S a

; m a c t K o a l n

d e i a a t i

,

n

.

e h c e r

, s o

l m

d c

. u a

s s

b s e d h h r d g

s l D f c o e d n n s e s l

r

y n e w N

n s e e

r e

n r e g r n t y n a e e o e e P o c t e

. S a d m i n

t g a i t e

r v t

a

a n c c n i

u n v ) i

e f

a , .

t , h n

i s

t t k D e a g n n n o e t n

e n

4 t ) e l l l

o

h e a i g l m n

i o k

d i , e r

r r n t l a

m l t

i i a 2 1 t l f U i u w d i l l e l s g b n

s e

e o c ( y p u t a r l 1 h i

n s c M f c a n w e w o h p

n v y o y

n

h e s

b g ,

a

o i k

e s

a t u w h h t h i h m

c , o b l l t y

- o o v

r

0 n

a t

d w h s i s d s r

r a c t s

a s i k

h s e e n i l i t d p d 1 s e

l

d l i a n l e o y i x l n c n d n d r e (

d h s W g w a n r n e a c c d a

c e a a t p e

o o d a

n v

t

n h r n

e d w a

, n

e

y t

u

0 r

t v a t e g p , n a h o d a e g r e

a s s y o c n

S

m l e u e l e 1 y i

l r a

u l , e i o n r

t t e a o e g r r ; h r t

n h l i i i e n 0 s m e h h c b u e r c g t w e i s t i c e

e s a F

p u d o t t b p

2 o

i t n o a

p

r k t n

o l n a r

a

h h s r s n a n n l l i . m s e r a p y n a n a

n t t o g

e e

u

o e e l a p s p i o i s r h a r u f k S a r e t g e i i o l s c

i n h

l e

d

e

i t c m r g c m i c r o

F t t c i , n e o w

l

n i

a

d M i N

d 0 a

r t , a d d i a g o t n n r

s v o

c i o T n e s

i i i s y n e e d 9 n e t w s a n i F n

p a

e c

s s d p e e

l

a a c r f i . b a a d h 9 , a m i

l

, t l

i l o e h w

e a h o

e r t a n i d S o l r r , a

o

1 t t e t t i e c t . h p n e c

y e v

t s t a

s

a k h n a r

a o v

e y c r a e , y .

x e

i , n t s n m r e e n U a

t a l e ; e n l r u c p

e m i e o ,

e n l d d

e i

n n r t e l

u p

a t

a t a u e f l t i t l t o s r a g e g g g i f t m n

m s p o i l p n c r d t g s a u o i m c u o D n a

n n i a n e o f o o c c e a a M a e

f

g i i i i

n n

e

s s

m

. v t i i m

l l l l e i

n m H S C l e e l i e s i n l l e d t

H s d i d d S a r c c c c i r e r t l c

p l t l e l . a a o f i o o b r n y i

n y x s y y n s c a r u h u o n t a c c n o a a f t U t e c a a h o C r c C e a d i t C C c , . , , , t t ------r r s s s s s s e e e c e e e e y g g o d d d d d d d d n n y i i r s e s i g c a r k a h e e e a e s o l n l c u o

k e i h d e e f — h i n n l n n n n o n n i n t e l r i t f v s o a w i c n f t e e t v i s t i d i n r t d l

c i

i a g

a d i a a

a a t w h a i o u a l a o t i n t u

t a

b

v t l a

o s

i e

l e

k t s

o l

c n u d m n i s

r c m r n e t c e l a c , w l , e c i a

c e c v c i g s r M d S t m d s

a p

, y e W s c i

e r i c n d l a

a s g

e e t a m n c e y

u

n i i t

U

o i l f t r

. n n n g c r n n a n 0 r a c

. e

e c d f l a c l r i r r D i n n

n h

d

r a s n e a w

a f h f

r e

s s e r

e a , o t , n e y e 1 i

a o e r a e

n

e s a g o g k s e f t

d i

y h a c t

d s s s

y i v t l i c t l n

i s i n

t f n s a s e i t s D t n g p e w r

h l l l i e ,

t r i d n y e e

s a n g i

i n a o

y n o

t u o d o i e i l u o e y t

n a s l u n T

d d v a

i e e u a

a s

h s

f

g a n n n r i g c s

w f c o n e c

P m w n

. s d n e i i a d n a

h m d U i g e D

c

n e t

n

e l r T k e g g e ) a

v n y m e

e t e r . a f w o g

i a

r r h n

s f n s r v e c n . n f

l r o

r r h t e n a d a s c k n 2 e ,

e

n v a r

i r a i

d a t a o i i i t a i

a ,

i y a y e u i a i g n a

h e l m o g t 1 h s i

f n h n

l e r t a c

r s t s e o

p i n s b b k c g p

t r e o m t c o ( o t t n c

r i

p e

t a

n l o p t s G t

d

t o i a r o w

h i n a e n s r s i

s i i n y n c

h e e n r e

t s n a s n

n , a

d

h e n d t t , n i t i o c k

e e s a , c

t e o i g a k d t t h r i a y d e l e h m , o l e s

G k

i n a

a n d i n r i t l s n w t g r

t y t s o c d e — a i t n c l c i

r a n h t o i i

e o e a

e d

f

a e m b o n e s s i r a h x r e l

s

n t

a g

B

, m s i a r p g r i t r a u R a c

e v t y i

a p

n o d e

i l e t t d c w p s

A e g

p . a i u h d i a t n g g e k s r

n p

n a e . u

e o c d h a i m i y n n y l m i r i n n M g n c h r n

d e e t i e e a t p n l t r r b e t o

d

r

p

h y c i n

a t d

c t i n t r e a r .

d i a l n

a t

y l s a

g c

i n w s s d i e n o y l

o u s t i n

s e n

e l r k e

r e e u m f n s u n

a t o a y , r y e p r r e d n l t c o b a

g n

u l E v

o p m o

t i r G o a p i e t P

n a s o e a h m e c

a r e a c

i p s D i p

s i D n , i a c f s

r f

t n s

o f m a c c

s n o n u v , c f r

t f e g

h e s e i c y l a u f n n

a u r n

i n e r

i r w u h i

d e t n

e e r a i h . o l y i

e m p a c r h a n t a v s e d k c a i o b i r

c s

u c t g e

d

r o i e u i s

o

v x l i n c r s e h , e e

a e a a r

p f r t D f a a n i r r d s e u f l r c g w l n d u a a s n E a s r

E v n s d t e

n p k a

e l R h N t

h i t

a s o

e l e a o a e n

e p s n n

u e n s

a

n g

u e

a a t o g c s i u a i i

i w c i r n h i m g t

t n g a

n r t e s p c

s

d o , a r d i r t e

c u e r e n i o

o n i r h i t

n

i t t g a

l n y

s k

. t e n d i i , v d n m s i g o , n n t

i l r t n l D e o u r h t d k c r s l s i

e r n

o i a s s r i

u e a a r d t r a p t

e

e

a o a n d s e o t e s s a v a c h a o o h n n , k e e e s s l p t r

i n m t D

a i c a o i

o e s n h l p d g e s t e

c a n y s p c e h e

p r

t

i d r a n p e . s e c

u v u f

d d r u o

p m

i a a

a

c h e , e o

a m

l n

g

m l r y v r r

e r

e

d o e , r r r

s o l e t g o i s e a i b i i l f l n u i v h t n d c g

s g p

i r m

o e w g

n

r i o s e e d n a e p e

n

o c s d h e a t n e

o f o h y h

d i s p l f i

l n r d a , n g m s f . d a n r

i i s t h v

a d

a u

e i t i

u

v a v c i s c e n s d a r T s e G , c e h p n n s

s n a

a n n

n t l s e t

d

f e h t o y t c s i y , t o r y n

E h i e a f d w n n .

v r t e n r i u r

n t a

o e r e a i k l c c a , e y

l a i i d . i r

l s t f i l

e i )

m c e s n n d l e

l s i o o a p e e r g m s o o .

s r f N p l r a u

t t i l l a r u g r h a

p i a p r

g y a a f a

3 w e i a e c

t r l r i s h c

d n r a d o e i

a l x

e s t . i d t o s e r o n s a n s i h i c x o s 2 w s e s l

i a b r t i

s s u h s e c m s s e o i i

w n s c i c m , h i r e m m i f s r h u o

o c h e a v , e i l l v t c i r

d M T I t e a

u c

t t p i e t n s n

e r r t n r n a s i r i l t d x

y p f u o n c c c 2 t o h e a

a

o o e r e g a o e

e e a e e n l r s r o o d c h o r o e u r o y t n c r o y r l a b p t y o

c 2 i t t i o e i o h i o e l o a e ( l c a t p f c t f t r a D T C D T p m G S p s f a s s c N l a r a a N a a t c m b a t c s G m s P H

On-street bike corrals in O Trends and Policies . Transport Policy , Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. T O :

Portland offered more R 265–279 (2006). A L P than 1,425 parking H 5. Pucher, J., and R. Buehler. Making Cycling Irresistible: B U

E Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. spaces for bikes in 2012. H L E R Transport Reviews, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 495–528 (2008). 6. Pucher, J., and R. Buehler. Walking and Cycling for Healthy Cities . Built Environment , Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 391–414 (2010). 7. Pucher, J., R. Buehler, D. R. Bassett, and A. L. Dannenberg. Walking and Cycling to Health: Recent Evidence from City, State, and International Comparisons. American Journal of Public Health , Vol. 100, No. 10, pp. 391–414 (2010). 8. Buehler, R., J. Pucher, D. Merom, and A. Bauman. Active Travel in Germany and the USA: Contributions of Daily Walking and Cycling to Physical Activity . American Jour - nal of Preventive Medicine , Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 241–250 (2011). 9. Pucher, J., and R. Buehler, eds. City Cycling . MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2012 (in press). 10. American Community Survey 2009–2010 . U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 11. United States Census, 1980–2000 . U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 12. TRB Special Report 300: Achieving Traffic Safety Goals in the United States: Lessons from Other Nations . Transportation Comprehensive Approach Research Board of the National Academies. Washington, The infrastructure, programs, and policies needed D.C., 2010. 13. International Transport Forum. IRTAD Road Safety 2010. to increase walking and cycling are well known and International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group, Paris, tested, with decades of successful experience in 2010. many European cities. One key lesson is that no sin - 14. The World Health Report , 2002 . World Health Organiza - gle strategy is sufficient ( 25 ). Communities must tion, Geneva, Switzerland. implement a fully integrated package of measures 15. The National Walking and Bicycling Study: 15-Year Status Report . Federal Highway Administration, Washington, like those discussed in this article. D.C., 2010. A comprehensive approach has a much greater 16. National Household Travel Survey, 2008 –2009 . Federal impact on walking and cycling levels than several Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2010. individual measures that are not coordinated. The 17. Jacobsen, P. Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bi - impact of any particular measure is enhanced by the cyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling . Injury Prevention , No. 9, pp. 205–209 (2003). synergies with complementary measures in the same 18. Core Health Indicators , 2008 . World Health Organization. package. www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm. 19. Preston, B. Cost-Effective Ways to Make Walking Safer Acknowledgment for Children and Adolescents . Injury Prevention , No. 1, This article is a condensed and updated version of a pp. 187–190 (1995). 20. Pucher, J., and R. Buehler. Integrating Bicycling and Pub - paper by the authors, Walking and Cycling for lic Transport in North America . Journal of Public Trans - Healthy Cities, which appeared in Built Environment , portation , Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 79–104 (2009). Vol. 36, No. 4 (2010), pp. 391–414, and is adapted 21. Ewing, R. Pedestrian- and Transit-Friendly Design: A Primer with permission of the publisher, Alexandrine Press for Smart Growth . Smart Growth Network, Washington, (www.alexandrinepress.co.uk). D.C., 1999. 22. Special Report 257: Making Transit Work: Insight from West - ern Europe, Canada, and the United States . Transportation References Research Board, National Research Council, Washington,

2 1. Buehler, R., and J. Pucher. Sustainable Transport in D.C., 2001. 1

0 Freiburg: Lessons from Germany’s Environmental Capital. 23. Buehler, R. Transport Policies, Automobile Use, and Sus - 2

E International Journal of Sustainable Transport , Vol. 5, No.1, tainable Transport: A Comparison of Germany and the N U

J pp. 43–70 (2011). United States. Journal of Planning Education and Research , –

Y 2. Buehler, R., J. Pucher, and U. Kunert. Making Transporta - Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 76–93 (2010). A

M tion Sustainable: Insights from Germany. Brookings Institu - 24. Gatersleben, B., and K. M. Appleton. Contemplating

0

8 tion, Washington, D.C., 2009. Cycling to Work: Attitudes and Perceptions in Different 2

S 3. Pucher, J., and L. Dijkstra. Making Walking and Cycling Stages of Change . Transportation Research Part A: Policy W

E Safer: Lessons from Europe . Transportation Quarterly , Vol. and Practice , No. 41, pp. 302–312 (2007). N 54, No. 3, pp. 25–50 (2000). 25. Pucher, J., J. Dill, and S. Handy. Infrastructure, Programs, R T 4. Pucher, J., and R. Buehler. Why Canadians Cycle More and Policies to Increase Bicycling: An International Review. 42 Than Americans: A Comparative Analysis of Bicycling Preventive Medicine , No. 50, pp. S106–S125 (2010).