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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Feeding the Periphery: Modeling Early Bronze Age Economies and the Cultural Landscape of the Faynan District, Southern Jordan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nk84074 Author Muniz, Adolfo A Publication Date 2016-07-30 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nk84074#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO FEEDING THE PERIPHERY: Modeling Early Bronze Age Economies and the Cultural Landscape of the Faynan District, Southern Jordan A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Adolfo A. Muniz Committee in charge: Professor Thomas E. Levy, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Øystein LaBianca Professor William Propp Professor Margaret Schoeninger 2007 Copyright Adolfo A. Muniz, 2007 All rights reserved. SIGNATURE PAGE The dissertation of Adolfo A. Muniz is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2007 iii DEDICATON For my grandparents- Roman and Manuela Muniz iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE .....................................................................................................iii DEDICATON ................................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................xiii LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................................... xx LIST OF SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES....................................................................... xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... xxii CURRICULUM VITAE............................................................................................. xxv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION .................................................................. xxix CHAPTER 1: SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES AND URBAN-RURAL PASTORAL SOCIETIES AS AN ASPECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE ................................ 1 1.0. Conceptualizing Socio-cultural Change .................................................................. 1 1.1. Protohistoric Socio-Cycling and Subsistence Strategies ......................................... 2 1.2. Urban-rural Societies and Subsistence Strategies.................................................... 5 1.3. The Research Thrust and Case Studies.................................................................... 7 1.4. Organization of the Study ...................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2: MODELING SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE IN THE FAYNAN REGION: A FOOD SYSTEMS APPROACH ................................................................. 17 2.0. Introduction............................................................................................................ 17 2.1. Food Systems: Previous Research ........................................................................ 18 2.2. Modeling the Food System of the Faynan Region ................................................ 22 2.2.1. Communities of Exchange.......................................................................... 25 2.2.2. Quadrants of Exchange............................................................................... 25 v 2.2.2.1. Trade .................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2.2. Social Status......................................................................................... 26 2.2.2.3. Ethnicity............................................................................................... 27 2.3. Emergence of Specialists/Increased Stratification............................................. 27 2.2.3. Procurement Strategies ................................................................................... 28 2.2.3.1. Production................................................................................................ 29 2.2.3.2. Consumption............................................................................................ 30 2.2.3.3. Distribution .............................................................................................. 30 2.3. Agency and Structure............................................................................................. 31 2.3.1. Agency and Individuals .................................................................................. 33 2.3.2. Agency and Networks..................................................................................... 34 2.4.3. Agency and Corporate Groups........................................................................ 35 2.3.4. Cultural Transmission in Socio-cultural Change............................................ 35 2.4. Linking the Components of the SSFS Model .................................................... 37 2.5. Zooarchaeological Correlates of the Social Systems Food Model ........................ 40 2.5.1. Relative Frequencies................................................................................... 41 2.5.2. Kill-off patterns........................................................................................... 42 2.5.3. Body Part Distribution ................................................................................ 43 2.5.4. Butchery Traces .......................................................................................... 43 2.6. Summary................................................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERIZING SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE DURING THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT.............................................. 46 3.0. Introduction............................................................................................................ 46 3.1. Early Bronze Age Chronology (ca. 3600-2000 BCE) ........................................... 47 3.2. Early Bronze Age I Period (ca. 3600-3000 BCE).................................................. 49 3.4. Early Bronze II (3000 – 2700 BCE) ...................................................................... 53 3.5. Early Bronze III (ca. 2700 - 2300 BCE)................................................................ 54 3.6. Early Bronze IV (ca. 2300 – 2000 BCE) ............................................................... 55 3.7. Cultural-Historical Issues....................................................................................... 58 vi 3.8. Early Bronze Age Subsistence Economies............................................................ 59 3.9. Discussion and Summary....................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE DURING THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE FAYNAN REGION............................................................................................ 66 4.0. Introduction to the Faynan Region ........................................................................ 66 4.1. The Natural Environment of the Faynan Region................................................... 67 4.2. Paleoenvironmental Data in the Faynan Region.................................................... 68 4.3. Previous Archaaeological Research in the Faynan Region ................................... 72 4.4. Early Bronze Age Archaeological and Cultural Issues in the Faynan Region ...... 75 4.4.1. The Fidan Early Bronze Age I........................................................................ 77 4.4.5. The Faynan Early Bronze Age II-III............................................................... 81 4.5. Fidan Early Bronze Age Subsistence Strategies.................................................... 85 4.6. Summary................................................................................................................ 86 CHAPTER 5: THE EARLY BRONZE AGE SITES OF WADI FIDAN 4 (WFD4) AND KHIRBAT HAMRA IFDAN (KHI120)........................................................................... 89 5.0. Introduction............................................................................................................ 89 5.1. Wadi Fidan 4 Village (ca. 3600-3000 BCE).......................................................... 89 5.1.1. Research Background and Chronology .......................................................... 90 5.1.2. Site Description............................................................................................... 93 5.1.4. Excavations at WFD4 ..................................................................................... 94 5.2. Khirbat Hamra Ifdan (EARLY BRONZE II-IV ca. 3000-2000 BCE) ............... 103 5.2.1. Site Description............................................................................................
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