MINERAL:
1. NATURALLY OCCURRING
2. SOLID (INORGANIC-?)
3. RESTRICTED OF SLIGHTLY VARYING COMPOSTION 4. DEFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT
MINERALOID:
1. NATURALLY OCCURRING
2. SOLID (INORGANIC-?)
3. RESTRICTED OF SLIGHTLY VARYING COMPOSITION 4. NO DEFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT (AMORPHOUS)
ROCK;
ANY NATURALLY FORMED AGGREGATE OR
MASS OF MINERAL MATTER, WHETHER COHERENT
OR NOT, CONSTITUTING AN ESSENTIAL AND
APPRECIABLE PART OF THE EARTH'S CRUST (STRICT
DEFINITION); ORDINARILY CONSOLIDATED OR
COHERENT AND RELATIVELY HARD. ORE:
1. MINERAL MATTER
2. YIELDS METALS OR METALS
3. YIELDS PROFITABLY OF ECONOMICALLY
INDUSTRIAL MINERAL:
NOT PRODUCED FOR METAL CONTENT, BUT
FOR ITSELF
EX: SULFUR, MICAS, CLAYS, HALITE
GANGUE:
THAT PORTION OF AN INDUSTRIAL MINERAL
DEPOSIT OR ORE DEPOSIT WHICH DOESN'T YIELD
MATERIAL IMMEDIATELY DESIRED, i. e. THE WASTE
MATERIAL REASONS FOR STUDYING MINERALS:
1, WE USE MLNERALS LN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE.
"IF IT CAN'T BE GROWN, THEN IT MUST BE MINED"
2. MINERALS ARE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF ROCKS.
USE TO CLASSIFY ROCKS:
A. COMPOSITION—WHAT MINERAL OR MINERALS ARE PRESENT
B. TEXTURE—THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE MINERAL GRAINS TO EACH OTHER Earth Scientists', Mineral Engineers', Prospectors', Periodic Chart H 1 H« 2 of Naturally Occurring Wiler (Air) te; Sources of LI 3 B« 4 6 C 6 N 7 0 B f 9 Nil 10 the Chemical Elements Bo... Krinilr Soda Niler (Air) Fluorite (Air) AmtlyQonne B»ryl Col*m.nite Gnphlll* Foi other alignment! of «l»mentxi»»Tailouir»ilodlcClictrts publixbvd by
N> 11 MO 12 1 13 SI 14 P 15 S 1B Cl 17 Ar 1B
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Rb 37 Sr 38 In 48 Sn 50 Sb 51 7. 52 I 53 X« 54
Sl.tmitf (Brines) C. 55 B> SB Tl Bt PU »: Bl B3 Po B4 Al 8 Rn BB G«h*ru N.liv^i B.vmuth tPollurii*) Baiilr (All) (U-OruJ) (Petroleum Brinet) Ft 87 R> B8 * \ Sc 21 Tl 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 F* 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 20 Zn 30 Aju'Ue PyroJu*lte Sphalerite V v V \: Carnotlle Cobitlile Niliv* Copper Ruble Palronlle MinganttB Magnetite Smith*onite Penllandile Botnite Hemimo/phite By; V -V \ '..' llmenile Ro»coelll« Chromlte N zeolite Hausmannlte Sidnrite SKutlerudite Chticocite Zincite lMon«nt«) Sphene Van*dinl1e Linnaeile Girniaril* Colorado School ol y \:,. - Desclolille Rhodochfoiile Limonlle Covellile Wiltemite Rhodoniie Carrolite Malachite Mines Rese arch Institute^ \ \ Y 30 2r 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Now: International \ \ \ Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 Native Silver Process Research Corp. V V Arrjentite (U-Orvil Zrrcon Columblte Molybdenite ("Interpro") V Pyfochlorc i i n o i d Miner A.g SuHosalts {Sphalerite) ol Golden, CO. J_ L "bants To: L»-Lu 57-71 HI 72 T. 73 W 74 R« 75 Ol 7B Ir 77 PI 78 Au 70 Hfl 80 M On* I itp Grea CWumsk-y of Interpto & Scheolito Alloy*. Sulllde s Cinnabar Allan. \e T»ntallte Native Gold 6 (Zircon) Wot(r»mll« (Molybdenite) (Pta cert. N i- C u O res) Native Mercury Dan Witkovreky ol Micfollle Poweltiie U.S. Bureau o{ Mines, Denver. CO. 80-92 .iinoi Editorial Changes: TTi Ac, U Dan "Witkowsky, Greg Chlumsky. Dan Conlon SME FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION, INC. Affiliated with the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Expoloration. Inc. P.O. Box 625002 Littleton, CO 80162-5002 303-973-9550 FAX 303-973-3845 "IN ONE DAY" According to the US Bureau of Mines, during your lifetime, you will use more than 2 million pounds of minerals and metals including 1.2 million pounds of sand and gravel, 360,000 pounds of coal, 91,000 pounds of iron and steel, 27,000 pounds of clay, 26,000 pounds of salt, 500,000 pounds of coal, 800 pounds of lead, 28,000 pounds of phosphate and potash, 3,200 pounds of aluminum, 1.500 pounds of copper and 840 pounds of zinc. The following mineral related facts are excerpts from In One Day by Tom Parker and Mined It! by Peter Harben and Jeanette Harris. They are presented to provide perspective about the relationship of minerals - and mining - to things and events in our lives that are often taken for granted. Minerals and mining play essential roles in modem society. To maintain our standard of living, every day ... * 18 million tons of raw material must be mined, cut or harvested to meet the demands of US citizens for "things and stuff; about 150 pounds for every man, woman and child in the United States. * 625 acres of land is disturbed by mining; 337 acres are reclaimed and replanted. * 1,500 tons of lead (a 16 foot cube), 3,400 tons of copper (a 23 foot cube), 7,560 pounds of silver (a 27 inch cube) and 272 pounds of gold (a 7.5 inch cube) are mined and refined. * 3,000 new homes and 650 mobile homes are completed, (concrete and asphalt foundations and driveways; iron and zinc nails; copper and aluminum wiring; window glass; steel beams and window frames; asphalt roofing; clay, feldspar, talc and silica in porcelain sinks, bathtubs and toilets; iron, brass, steel, aluminum in plumbing fixtures; carpeting; iron, zinc, brass light fixtures and bulbs; clays in brick fireplaces and tiles; counter tops of marble and granite; putty to stick them together of limestone and gypsum; wallboard made from gypsum) * 640 acres - one square mile - of carpeting is woven, (barite, calcium carbonate) * 9.7 million square feet of plate and window glass - about 223 acres - are used; enough to cover 200 football fields, (silica sand, trona) * 2,750 acres of pavement are laid, four times as much surface area as is mined, and enough concrete and asphalt to make a bicycle path 7 feet wide from coast to coast, (sand, gravel, stone chips, limestone) * 150,000 lead-acid car batteries are replaced, (lead) * 4,000,000 eraser tipped pencils are purchased. That's enough erasers to correct all the mistakes from 1,500 miles of notebook paper - about 129 acres of goofs, (graphite, kaolin, pumice) * 426 bushels of paper clips - 35,000,000 are purchased. Seven million are actually used; 8-9 million are lost and almost 5 million are twisted up by nervous fingers during telephone conversations, (iron, clay, limestone, trona, steel) * 650,000 x-rays are snapped. Each requires lead shielding for technicians and patients, (silver, iodine, lead) * 164 square miles of newsprint is used to print 62.5 million newspapers; enough to line a bird cage 12 miles wide and 13 miles long, (trona, kaolin) * 3 million gallons of paint are used - enough to spruce up 200,000 homes, (titanium, iron, silica, wulfenite, mica) * 400 acres of asphalt roofing are nailed down, (silica, borate, limestone, trona, feldspar, talc, silica sand) * 187,000 tons of cement are mixed, enough to construct a four foot wide sidewalk from coast to coast, (limestone, sand, gravel, stone chips) * 150,000 miles of copper wiring is added to telephone networks to carry the 80 million calls we make. * 3.6 million light bulbs are purchased, (tungsten, trona, silica sand, copper, aluminum) * 120 million glass bottles and jars are used, (trona, silica sands) * 250,000 tons of steel are used, enough to forge a spike the size of the Washington Monument, (iron, clay, limestone, trona) * 10 tons of colored gravel for aquariums is purchased. * 40 acres of leather is used, most of it to cover feet and hold up pants, (chromite) * 80 pounds of gold are used to fill 500,000 dental cavities. * 550,000 pounds of toothpaste - 2.5 million tubes - are used; enough to fill a small jet airliner, (calcium carbonate, zeolites, trona, clays, silica) * 21 million photographs are snapped, more than 29 acres of wallet-sized photos, (silver, iodine) Supplies of mineral products are driven by consumer demand. Before processing, raw, non-fuel minerals contribute more than $30 billion per year to the US economy. Another $300 billion is added when the minerals are processed to produce steel, aluminum, copper, brick and glass. And finally, by the time finished products like automobiles, toasters, glassware and china, cans, bottles, vacuum cleaners, airplanes, TV sets and computers reach the hands of consumers, more than $5 trillion will be added to the economy because we are able to mine and process mineral resources. REMEMBER: "If it can't be grown, it has to be mined' science usefor a changing worlds 2006 Minerals Yearbook TENNESSEE U.S. Deuartment of the Interior April 2009 U.S. Geological Survey TENNESSEE 25 50 100 Kilometers J I LEGEND Albers equal area projection — County boundary Cd Cadmium (byproduct) IS Industrial sand "* Capital Cem Cement plant Li Lithium plant • City Clay Common clay Lime Lime plant Crushed stone/sand and CS Crushed stone Mn Manganese dioxide plant gravel district boundary D-M Dimension marble Per Perlite D-Sd Dimension sandstone SG Construction sand and gravel MINERAL SYMBOLS Ful Fuller's earth Steel Steel plant (Major producing areas) Gem Gemstones TiPig Titanium dioxide pigment plant Al Aluminum plant Gr Graphite plant Zn Zinc plant BC Ball clay Gyp-s Synthetic gypsum , -„ Concentration of mineral operations Source: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation/U.S. Geological Survey (2006). THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF TENNESSEE This chapter has been prepared under a Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Geology, for collecting information on all nonfucl minerals. In 2006. Tennessee's nonfuel raw mineral production1 was The Tennessee Division of Geology2 (TDG) provided the valued at $856 million, based upon annual U.S. Geological following narrative information. Data and information in the Survey (USGS) data. This was an $85 million, or 11%, increase following text are those reported by the TDG, based upon its from the State's total nonfuel mineral production value for 2005, own surveys and estimates. By yearend 2006, approximately following a $] 19 million, or more than 18%, increase from 2004 328 nonfuel mineral operations were permitted in 82 counties to 2005. Tennessee increased to 25th from 26th in rank among across the State. the 50 States in total nonfuel mineral production value in 2006 and accounted for about 1.3% of the U.S. total. Commodity Review Crushed stone has been Tennessee's leading nonfuel mineral commodity, by value, for nearly five decades (except in 1981 Industrial Minerals when zinc was first); crushed stone went ahead of cement (portland and masonry) in 1957. In 2006, crushed stone Clay and Shale.—Ball clay and kaolin were mined from accounted for more than 60% of the State's total nonfuel mineral the Eocene-age Claiborne and Wilcox Formations in Carroll, production value. Cement was the second-leading nonfuel Gibson, Henry, and Weakly Counties, northwest Tennessee. mineral commodity, followed by construction sand and gravel, Companies operating in the State were Boral Bricks Inc., H. C. ball clay, industrial sand and gravel, and lime. Spinks Clay Company Inc. (owned by Franklin Minerals Inc.), In 2006, increases in the mineral production values of cement Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co. (a member of IMERYS Minerals and crushed stone led Tennessee's increase in total nonfuel Ltd.), Old Hickory Clay Co., and United Clay Product Inc. mineral production value, the unit values of each also showing (owned by Unimin Corp.). Fuller's earth (montmorillonite) was significant increases. Cement, with a somewhat small increase mined in Hardeman County by Moltan Co. and in Henry County in production, led with the largest single increase in value (data by American Colloid Co. withheld—company proprietary data), up nearly 30%. Crushed General Shale Brick, Inc. (the U.S. subsidiary of stone production decreased slightly, yet its resultant value rose Wienerberger AG located in Vienna, Austria) operated by $34 million, or up by 7%. Smaller yet significant increases eight shale mines in Anderson, Carter, Knox, Sullivan, and took place in the values of construction sand and gravel, up by Washington Counties in east Tennessee to supply its brick more than $6 million, followed by increases in the production production plants. Two other companies operated two shale and value of lime and industrial sand and gravel. Several mineral mines in Hamilton and Marion Counties in southeast Tennessee. commodities decreased in value, the largest of which were those Gemstones.—The fresh water pearl was designated the of gemstones, down 40%, and common clays, down by $1.6 official Tennessee State Gem in 1979. The historic Tennessee million (down more than 50%) (table 1). River Freshwater Pearl Farm and Museum located in Benton In 2006, Tennessee continued to be the leading ball clay- and County is the official site of freshwater pearl culturing in the gemstone-producing State (gemstones based upon value), as State. The American Pearl Co. operated the only freshwater well as 8th in the quantity of fuller's earth produced and 10th in pearl farm in North America. American Shell Co., Tennessee the production of crushed stone. The State remained a producer Shell Co., and The American Pearl Co. exported mollusk of substantial quantities of portland cement, industrial sand and shells from the Tennessee River to pearl-producing countries. gravel, lime, and common clays (in descending order of value). Approximately 90% of all cultured pearls begin with a mother- Primary aluminum and raw steel were produced in Tennessee of-pearl nucleus taken from the shell of a Tennessee mussel. but were processed from materials obtained from other domestic Sand and Gravel, Construction.—Construction sand and and foreign sources. The State continued to rank 7th in the gravel was produced at 89 sites located in 29 counties and production of primary aluminum. operated by 55 different companies and two county highway departments. Companies operating at least five sites were: Ford Construction Co., Memphis Stone and Gravel Co., 'The terms "nonfuel mineral production" and related "values" encompass variations in meaning, depending upon the mineral products. Production may and Standard Construction Co. located in District 1 (west be measured by mine shipments, mineral commodity sales, or marketable Tennessee). Industrial sand was mined in Hawkins County by production (including consumption by producers) as is applicable to the Short Mountain Silica Co. and Fine Sands, LLC. Unimin Corp. individual mineral commodity. All 2006 USGS mineral production data published in this chapter are those available as of March 2008. All USGS Mineral Industry Surveys and USGS 2Peter Lemiszki, Chief Geologist with the Tennessee Division of Geology in Minerals Yearbook chapters—mineral commodity, State, and country—can be Knoxville authored the text of the State mineral industry information provided retrieved over the Internet at URL http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals. by that agency. TENNESSEE—2006 45.1 operated two industrial sand mines in Benton County, and Norton Co.) in Union County produced high-calcium quicklime Teague Transports, LLC. operated one mine in Madison County. and hydrated lime. Stone, Crushed and Dimension.—The crushed stone industry operated 154 quarries in 2006. Dolomite and limestone Metals were produced at 151 quarries and underground mines located primarily in District 2 (middle Tennessee) and District 3 (east Zinc.—Switzerland-based Glencore International AG Tennessee). Three quarries in Johnson County produced crushed purchased the Tennessee Mines Division of Asarco Inc., granite and quartzite. Crushed dolomite and limestone were reviving a zinc mining industry that had been inactive since produced in 67 counties by 42 different companies and 15 2001. The purchase included the underground Young and Coy county highway departments. Vulcan Materials Co. operated 44 Mines and the 6,900-metric-ton-per-day Young Mill in Jefferson quarries in 32 counties, Rogers Group Inc. operated 33 quarries County, as well as the Immel Mine in Knox County. These in 28 counties, and Rinker Materials operated 12 quarries in 7 mining and milling facilities were to be operated under Glencore counties. as the East Tennessee Zinc Co. The newly formed company The Ordovician-age Holston limestone was quarried for expected that mining would be resumed in the first quarter of dimension marble in Blount, Knox, and Loudon Counties by 2007 (Mining Engineering, 2007). the Tennessee Marble Co. and Tennessee Valley Marble Inc. Zinifex Limited continued to operate the electrolytic zinc Six companies operated eight dimension sandstone quarries plant in Clarksville, Montgomery County, which produced in the Pennsylvanian-age Crab Orchard Sandstone in Bledsoe, Special High Grade and Continuous Galvanizing Grade zinc Cumberland, Morgan, and Rhea Counties. metal. The Clarksville plant also produced cadmium and Other Industrial Minerals.—Synthetic gypsum was sulfuric acid. produced from Tennessee Valley Authority byproducts at the Allied Custom Gypsum plant in Stewart County. Lime plants Reference Cited operated by Bowater Southern Paper Coip. in McMinn County produced high-calcium quicklime, and Global Stone Tenn- Mining Engineering, 2007, Zinc mining to return to three sites in Tennessee: Luttrell Inc. (owned by O-N Minerals a division of Oglebay Mining Engineering, v. 59, no. 1, January, p. 26. TABLE 1 NONFUEL RAW MINERAL PRODUCTION IN TENNESSEE1' (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 2004 2005 2006 Mineral Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Clavs: Ball 762 34,300 740 32,500 736 32,300 Common 365 3,140 372 3,210 231 1,530 Fuller's earth W W W W W W Kaolin W W W W W W Sand and gravel: Construction 7,830 47,500 7,570 51,500 8,500 57,900 Industrial 975 26,100 985 26,500 1,010 29,300 Stone, crushed 57,900 381,000 66,500 ' 483,000 ' 65.300 517,000 Combined values of cadmium [byproduct in zinc concentrates (2004)], cement, gemstones (natural), lime, salt, stone (dimension marble), zinc (2004), and values indicated by symbol W XX J60,000_ XX 174.000 XX 218,000 Total XX 652,000 XX 771,000' XX 856,000 'Revised. W Witllheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Withheld values included in "Combined values" data. XX Not applicable. Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production (including consumption by producers). Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 4x2 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2006 TABLE 2 TENNESSEE: CRUSHED STONE SOLD OR USED, BY KIND1 2005 2006 Number Quantity Number Quantity of (thousand Value of (thousand Value Kind quarries metric tons) (thousands) quarries metric ions) (thousands) Limestone" 113 ' 65,100' $472,000 ' 113 63,800 $505,000 Dolomite 1 w W 1 W W Granite 1 w W 1 W W Sandstone 4' 559 4,910 4 771 6,200 Total XX 66,500 ' 483,000 ' XX 65,300 517,000 'Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total." XX Not applicable. 'Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. "Includes limestone-dolomite reported with no distinction between the two. TENNESSEE—2006 45.3 TABLE 3 TENNESSEE: CRUSHED STONE SOLD OR USED BY PRODUCERS IN 2006. BY USE1 (Thousand melric tons and thousand dollars) Use Quantity Value Construction: Coarse aggregate (+l'/2 inch): Riprap and jetty stone 403 2,710 Filter stone 96 646 Other coarse aggregate 1,580 12,900 Total 2.080 16.300 Coarse aggregate, graded: Concrete aggregate, coarse 446 2,610 Bituminous aggregate, coarse W W Bituminous surface-treatment aggregate w W Railroad ballast W W Other graded coarse aggregate 16,300 140,000 Total 18,700 157.000 Fine aggregate (-% inch): Stone sand, concrete W W Stone sand, bituminous mix or seal W W Screening, undesignated W w Other fine aggregate 4,710 42,500 Total 4.890 43.800 Coarse and fine aggregates: Graded road base or subbase 805 4,260 Unpaved road surfacing W W Crusher run or fill or waste 642 2,890 Roofing granules W W Other coarse and fine aggregates 15,800 109.000 Total 17,300 117,000 Other construction materials 265 1,780 Agricultural: Limestone (2) (2) Poultry grit and mineral food (2) (2) Chemical and metallurgical: Cement manufacture (2) (2) Lime manufacture (2) (21 Flux stone (2) (2) Special: Mine dusting or acid water treatment (2) (2) Asphalt fillers or extenders (2) (2) Other fillers of extenders (2) (2) Unspecified:3 Reported 13,100 105,000 Estimated 6.300 47,000 Total 19.500 152.000 Grand total 65,300 517,000 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total." 'Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. ^Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Grand total." 'Reported and estimated production without a breakdown by end use. 45.4 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2006 TABLE 4 TENNESSEE: CRUSHED STONE SOLD OR USED BY PRODUCERS IN 2006, BY USE AND DISTRICT1 (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) District 1 District 2 District 3 Use Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Construction: Coarse aggregate (+l'/i inch)" W W W W W W Coarse aggregate, graded W W W W W W Fine aggregate (-'A inch)"1 W W W W W W Coarse and fine aggregate5 W W W W W W Other construction materials - 265 1,780 Agricultural6 W W 152 1,380 W W Chemical and metallurgical - W W \v W Special* W W W W Unspecified:5' Reported 723 5,810 7,290 58,500 5,140 40,800 Estimated - 4,200 34,000 2,100 13,000 Total 4,330 40,000 33,800 251,000 27,200 226,000 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total." — Zero. 'Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. "Includes filter stone, riprap and jetty stone, and other coarse aggregates. ^Includes bituminous aggregate (coarse), bituminous surface-treatment aggregate, concrete aggregate (coarse), railroad ballast, and other graded coarse aggregates. ""includes screening (undesignated), stone sand (bituminous mix or seal), stone sand (concrete), and other fine aggregates. includes crusher run or fill or waste, graded road base or subbase, roofing granules, unpaved road surfacing, and other coarse and fine aggregates. ""Includes agricultural limestone and poultry grit and mineral food, 'includes cement and lime manufacture and flux stone. "includes mine dusting or acid water treatment, asphalt fillers or extenders, and other fillers or extenders. 'Reported and estimated production without a breakdown by end use. TABLE 5 TENNESSEE: CONSTRUCTION SAND AND GRAVEL SOLD OR USED IN 2006, BY MAJOR USE CATEGORY1 Quantity (thousand Value Unit Use metric tons) (thousands) value Concrete aggregate and concrete products" 2,690 $19,700 $7.30 Asphaltic concrete aggregates and other bituminous mixtures 246 1,360 5.52 Road base and coverings 219 843 3.85 Fill 98 691 7.05 Unspecified:3 Reported 2,120 14,700 6.95 Estimated 3,130 20,700 6.61 Total or average 8,500 57,900 6.82 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. Includes plaster and gunite sands. JReported and estimated production without a breakdown by end use. TENNESSEE—2006 45.5 TABLE 6 TENNESSEE: CONSTRUCTION SAND AND GRAVEL SOLD OR USED IN 2006. BY USE AND DISTRICT1 (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) District 1 District 2 District 3 Use Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Concrete aggregate and concrete products2 1,090 $7,200 W W W W Asphaltic concrete aggregates and road base materials 312 1,210 W W W W Fill 92 658 6 32 Unspecified:3 Reported 1,920 13,600 196 1,110 Estimated 1,790 11,800 686 4,540 653 4,320 Total or average 5,200 34,500 2,040 13,800 1,260 9,620 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary1 data; included in Total or average.' Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. "Includes plaster and gunite sands. 'Reported and estimated production without a breakdown by end use. 45.6 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2006 COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Plagioclase Feldspar Calcite Garnet Anorthite Ca-Rich Bytownite / \ Labradorite Andesine Dolomite Staurolite I Oligoclase Albite Na-Rich Gypsum Kyanite Potash Feldspar Orthoclase Calcite Halite Quartz Micas Clay Minerals Kaolinite Talc Micas Montmorillonite Muscovite Biotite Iron Oxides Chlorite Hematite Limonite Pyroxenes Serpentine Augite Quartz Opal Amphiboles Chert Graphite Hornblende Chalcedony Quartz Orthoclase Olivine Also many of the Also many of the igneous rock-forming igneous and sedimentary minerals occur in rock-forming minerals this group, as detrital may be formed by minerals. metamorphic processes. ALL INORGANIC MATTER FALLS INTO 2 CLASSES A. AMORPHOUS-NO DEFFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT B. CRYSTALLINE-HAS DEFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT 1. CRYSTAL a. SOLID b. REGULARLY BOUNDED BY FLAT SURFACES OR PLANES KNOWN AS CRYSTAL FACES c. DEFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT d. PRODUCED BY GROWTH 2. CRYSTAL AGGREGATE 3. CLEAVAGE FRAGMENT a. SOLID b. REGULARLY BOUNDED BY FLAT SURFACES c. DEFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT d. PRODUCED BY BREAKAGE 4. FRACTURE FRAGMENT a. SOLID b. NO FLAT OR PLANE SURFACES c. DEFINITE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT d. PRODUCED BY BREAKAGE 3 WAYS TO GROW CRYSTALS 1. SUBLIMATION—DIRECT CONDENSATION FROM A GASEOUS STATE EXAMPLES: ????? 2. CRYSTALLIZATION—USUALLY PRODUCED FROM A MELT OR SOLUTION EXAMPLES: ????? 3. RECRYSTALLIZATION—FROM SOLID STATE; NEW XLS FROM OLD XLS EXAMPLES: ????? PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES DEPEND UPON: 1. CONSTITUENTS—COMPOSITION (WHAT'S THERE) 2. XL STRUCTURE—ARRANGEMENTS OF CONSTITUENTS (HOW WHAT'S THERE IS PUT TOGETHER) Polymorphs—many forms (1) same composition; (2) different crystal structure Examples: C — graphite, diamond FeS2 — pyrite, marcasite CaCO3 — calcite, aragonite Al2SiOs — kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite TiO2 — rutile, anatase, brookite SiO2 — low quartz, high quartz, low tridymite, high tridymite, low cristobalite, high cristoballte, coesite, stishovite, kaetite Isomorphs — same forms (solid solution series) (1) different composition; (2) same crystal structure Controlling factors: (1) size (2) charge (3) temperature of formation Examples: Olivine series — (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 (simple substitution-one for one) Mg2SiO4 <-» Fe2SiO4 100% Mg <-> 0% Mg 0% Fe ^ 100% Fe More than 50% Mg~forsterite More than 50% Fe-fayalite Plagioclase series— (coupled substitution-two for two) NaAlSi3O8 ^ CaAl2Si2O8 100% Na <-» 0% Na 0% Ca 4-> 100% Ca Also 1 Al ^ 2 Al 3 Si *-> 2 Si Na+1 + Si+4 = 5 Ca+2 + Al+3= 5 100%-90% Na 0%-10% Ca albite 90%-70% Na 10%-30% Ca oligoclase 70%-50% Na 30%-50% Ca andesine 50%-30% Na 50%-70% Ca labradorite 30%-10% Na 70%-90% Ca bytownite 10%-0% Na 90%-100% Ca anorthite