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DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES REVISION CAPF 2019 Compiled and Edited by VIKRANT S. MORE (IDES) RAJNIKANT D. MOHITE HIGHLIGHTS

➢ Complete Strategy for Paper 2 with Analysis

➢ Probable topics for Paper 2 ➢ Current Affairs and Static part covered as per analysis of previous year question papers

• Budget and Economic survey highlights with newly launched schemes • Persons in news • Awards and honours • Defence news (Joint exercises, tech) • Security forces in • Space news (ISRO and NASA) • Static Geography (Passes, rivers, ports, grasslands) For Corrections & Feedback • Static Polity (Articles, Landmark Cases, Amendments, FR, DPSP) Email Address [email protected]

If this document was helpful in anyway, please give us a feedback and Phone number scope for improvements – Thank you 9545033825

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DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 2 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Table of Contents ANALYSIS ...... 7 CAPF 2018 Topic Wise Questions ...... 8 CAPF 2017 Topic Wise Questions ...... 16 Recently in NEWS ...... 24 Budget 2019 - Highlights ...... 26 Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19 ...... 27 Government Schemes ...... 28 By states ...... 28 By Centre ...... 28 Committee In NEWS ...... 30 Person, Awards and Institutions ...... 32 Some recent terminologies ...... 36 POLITY ...... 40 Important Amendments to Indian Constitution...... 40 Important Landmark cases ...... 41 Fundamental Rights ...... 42 Directive Principles of State Policy ...... 43 Difference between FR and DPSP ...... 44 CONFLICT BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES ...... 45 Fundamental Duties ...... 45 Difference Between Adjournment, Prorogation and Dissolution ...... 46 Budget ...... 46 Grants ...... 46 Motions ...... 47 Commissions in India...... 47 of Legislative Subjects ...... 48 ENVIRONMENT ...... 49 In News ...... 49 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Power Plants ...... 51 Biosphere reserves of India (area wise) ...... 55 Elephant Reserves ...... 58 Mangrove sites in India ...... 58 Difference between BR, WLS and NP ...... 59 HISTORY ...... 60 Ancient...... 60 Terms and their Meanings ...... 60 The Edicts of Ashoka ...... 60 Other Major Inscriptions ...... 62 Medieval ...... 62 Terms Used and their Meaning ...... 62 Rulers of Delhi Sultanate ...... 66 Important Wars of Medieval India ...... 67

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Modern ...... 67 BATTLES / WARS & TREATIES & AGREEMENTS ...... 67 List of Important Treaties in the History of India...... 68 Land Revenue Systems in British India ...... 69 Sessions ...... 70 Governor Generals/Viceroys of India and events ...... 71 CULTURE ...... 76 In News ...... 76 Indian States and Their Traditional Folk Dance ...... 76 Architecture of Early Modern period (1500 CE—1947 CE) ...... 78 ...... 78 Architecture ...... 78 Sikh Architecture ...... 79 European colonial architecture ...... 79 British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947 ...... 79 Recently in News ...... 81 Festivals/Traditions in News ...... 81 GEOGRAPHY ...... 83 Major Indian Towns on Riverbanks ...... 83 Major Ports in India...... 83 Major Passes of the ...... 83 List of Tribal Groups in India- ...... 85 Important Straits of the World ...... 86 List of the Grassland of the World and their Location: ...... 86 Classification by Cropping Season: ...... 86 Rivers, Their Tributaries, Major Projects on them ...... 87 Waterfalls ...... 88 Types of Clouds...... 89 MAPING ...... 89 The Prime ...... 89 ...... 90 ...... 90 ...... 90 Human Geography ...... 90 Statistics about the Population scenario of India...... 90 Physiography ...... 91 Corals ...... 91 Vegetation and Forests ...... 92 Climatic regions of the world ...... 94 Layers of Earth's Atmosphere ...... 96 List of major Local Winds ...... 96 Ocean Currents ...... 97 Cyclones ...... 98

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In News ...... 99 Distribution of Volcanism ...... 99 NORTH EAST INDIA ...... 100 In News ...... 100 Capital, Language and Art forms...... 101 Geography ...... 102 Mountains and hills by state ...... 102 National park ...... 103 SCIENCE ...... 104 In NEWS ...... 104 Biology ...... 105 Virus, Bacteria and Fungi ...... 105 REPORTS AND INDICES ...... 109 INTERNATIONAL GROUPINGS AND ORGANISATIONS ...... 111 Important Groupings ...... 111 International Organisations ...... 118 United Nations Organisation ...... 118 UN-General Assembly ...... 118 United Nation Security Council (UNSC) ...... 119 UNHRC ...... 119 World Trade Organization (WTO) ...... 119 Other International Organisation ...... 122 DEFENCE ...... 124 In News ...... 124 Security Forces ...... 125 Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) ...... 125 Special Forces ...... 126 National Security Guard (NSG) ...... 126 Para (Special Forces) ...... 127 MARCOS ...... 127 Garud Commando Force ...... 127 Ghatak Force ...... 127 Central Police Organisation...... 127 India’s Intelligence and Investigation Agencies ...... 127 Other law enforcement agencies: ...... 128 Defence Exercises ...... 128 Naval Exercises ...... 128 Military Exercise ...... 129 Air Exercise ...... 132 Equivalent Ranks of the – Army, Air Force and Navy ...... 132 Gallantry awards ...... 132 Missile Technology ...... 133 Other Missile’s in NEWS ...... 135

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Defence systems ...... 136 Who Controls INDIA’s Nuclear Arsenal? ...... 137 Sports Cups and Trophies ...... 137 SPACE ...... 138 ISRO ...... 138 NASA ...... 139 ...... 140 European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) ...... 140 Japanese Space Exploration Agency (JAXA) ...... 141 Other Missions ...... 141 Paper 2: Essay and English Strategy ...... 142 Trend Analysis...... 143 ESSAY ...... 143 PASSAGE/COMPREHENSION ...... 143 REPORT WRITING ...... 144 PRECIS WRITING ...... 144 ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST THE STATEMENT ...... 144 GRAMMAR ...... 144 Probable’s...... 145 Probable topics for Essay ...... 145 Probable topics for Report Writing ...... 145 Probable topics for Argument writing ...... 145

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 6 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 ANALYSIS

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0 Internation Governme Quantitativ Environme Science n Current al History Culture Geography Polity Economy Defence nt e and nt Tech. Affairs Organisatio Initiative Reasoning n 2015 17 3 19 17 4 16 2 9 16 0 1 21 2016 17 3 15 19 4 20 3 18 4 3 0 19 2017 21 1 15 15 16 13 2 15 1 2 4 20 2018 13 6 15 24 4 21 6 14 0 0 1 21 2015 2016 2017 2018

History questions History questions Science questions sub- division- 2017 sub- division- 2018 sub- division- 2018

4 5 7 8

12 4 7

1 7

Ancient Ancient Physics Medieval Medieval Chemistry Modern Modern Biology

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 7 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

CAPF 2018 Topic Wise Questions Geography 1. Cape Town 2. Mangrove plants require 2. Los Angeles mudflats to enable it to grow 1. The Tropic of Cancer passes 3. Adelaide and develop. through which one of the following 4. Santiago 3. Mangrove plants are found in countries? Select the correct answer using the the inter tidal zones of shelterd (a) North Sudan code given below coasts. (b) Chad (a) 1 and 2 only 4. Mangrove vegetation has been (c) Mali (b) 3 and 4 only reported in all the coastal (d) (c) (c)1,2 and 3 only States including Andaman and

(d) 1,2,3 and 4 . 2. Gersoppa Falls is formed by which Select the correct answer using one of the following rivers? 7. Which one of the following is the the code given below. (a) Lohit correct descending order of Indian (a) 1 and 2 only (b) Tungabhadra States in terms of their density of (b) 2,3 and 4 only (c) population (as per 2011 Census)? (c)1,3 and 4 only (d) (a) - - (d) 1,2,3 and 4

- 3. In mid latitude regions, the diurnal (b) West Bengal - Bihar - Kerala - 12. The lowest temperature is variation in weather is due Uttar Pradesh observed/ recorded in which one of (a) raising air/convection (c) Bihar - West Bengal - Kerala - the following layers of the (b) sinking air/ conduction Uttar Pradesh atmosphere? (c) advection (d) Kerala - West Bengal - Bihar - (a) Stratosphere (d) Radiation Uttar Pradesh (b) Mesosphere

(c)Thermosphere 4. Springs are common in which of 8. Which one of the following major (d) Troposphere the following areas? river basins of India is the shortest in 13. Which one of the following ocean 1. Well jointed rocks length and smallest in terms of currents is not a warm current? 2. Arid areas with underlying catchment area? (a) North Pacific rocks (a) Cauvery (b) Falkland 3. Karst topography (b) Mahi (c) North Equatorial 4. Tilted strata (c) Penner (d) Canary Select the correct answer using the (d) Sabarmati code given below. 14. The tides whose height is 20 (a) 1 and 3 only 9. Arabian Sea records higher percent more than normal tide are (b) 1, 3 and 4 salinity than the called (c) 2 and 4 because (a) spring tides (d) 3 and 4 only (a) Arabian Sea exhibits high rate (b) neap tides

of evaporation and low influx (c)apogean and perigean tides 5. Match List - I with List-II and select of fresh water (d) daily and semidiurnal tides the correct answer using the code (b) Arabian Sea has shallow given below the Lists: water 15. Which of the following List - I (Limestone region) List - II (c) Arabian Sea has more statements about tropical cyclone (Country) enclosed land are correct? A. Pennines 1. (d) Arabian Sea receives more 1. It originates and develops over rainfall warm oceanic surface. B. Yucatan Peninsula 2. 2. Presence of Coriolis force is Jamaica 10. Which one of the following sites necessary for it. C. Cockpit Country 3. Britain does not have coral reef formation? 3. It occurs in middle latitudinal D. Causses 4. (a) Gulf of Cambay/ Khambhat region. Mexico (b) Gulf of Mannar 4. It develops 'eye' with calm and Code: (c) descending air condition. A B C D (d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Select the correct answer using (a) 3 4 2 1 the code given below (b) 1 2 4 3 11. Which of the following (a) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 2 4 1 statements are appropriate to (b) 1,2 and 4 (d) 1 4 2 3 Mangrove Sites? (c) 3 and 4 only

1. Mangrove plants require (d) 2,3 and 4 6. Which of the following cities appropriate mix of saline water experience the warm temperature and fresh water. Mediterranean climate?

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16. Which of the following II is not the correct explanation c. statement I is true & statements about biodiversity hot of statement I Statement II is false spots is/are correct? c. statement I is true & d. statement I is False & 1. Biodiversity hot spots are Statement II is false Statement II is true identified by International Union d. statement I is False & for Conservation of Nature and Statement II is true Modern Natural Resources (IUCN). 2. Which of the following statement 7. 2. Biodiversity hot spots are about Harrapan Civilization is/are Statement I: defined according to their correct? went on a fast unto death against vegetation. 1 There is a extraordinary the Communal Award announced 3. In India, Eastern Ghats and uniformity in artefacts as evident by the British Government. Western Himalaya are the in pottery, seals, bricks and Statement II: The biodiversity hot spots. weights. resulted in a joint electorate with Select the correct answer using 2 The late Harrapan Sites also an enhanced number of Bcats the code given below maintained the same reserved for Depressed Classes (a) 1 and 2 only construction techniques as were a. Both statements are (b) 3 only used in Mature Harappa Sites individually true and statement (c) 1,2 and 3 (a) 1 Only II is the correct explanation of (d) 1 only (b) 2 Only statement I (c) Both 1 And 2 b. Both statements are 17. Which one of the following is not (d) Neither 1 nor 2 individually true and statement an igneous rock? 3. Which of the following pair of II is not the correct explanation (a) Granite country with new names and old of statement I (b) Gneiss names are correctly matched? c. statement I is true & (c) Pumice New Name: Old Name Statement II is false (d) Basalt (a) Kingdom of eSwanti: d. statement I is False & Switzerland Statement II is true 18. Which one of the following rivers (b) Malawi: Rhodesia is west flowing? (c) Botswana: Nayasaland 8. (a) Godavari (d) Zimbabwe: Ceylon Statement I: The Permanent (b) Periyar 4. Who among the following was Settlement was rarely extended to (c) Tungabhadra Buddha's foster mother? any region beyond Bengal. (d) Cauvery (a) Purna Statement Il: After 1810, the (b) Gajalakshmi agricultural prices declined affecting 19. In India, Indus Dolphine one of (c) Maya adversely the income of the Bengal the world's rarest mammals, is (d) Mahapajapati Gotami Zamindars. mainly found in which of the 5. Which one of the following a) Both statements are following rivers? commercial centres declined after individually true and statement (a) Ganga the mid-eighteenth century? II is the correct explanation of (b) Cauvery a) Calcutta statement I (c) Brahmaputra b) Madras b) Both statements are (d) Beas c) Dhaka individually true and statement d) bombay II is not the correct explanation History of statement I Medieval c) statement I is true & Statement Ancient 6. II is false 1. Statement I: In 1856, Nawab Wajid d) statement I is False & Statement I: For early societies, Ali Shah was dethroned and exiled Statement II is true historians retrieve Information to Calcutta on the plea that the about elite families mostly from region was being misgoverned. 9. Which of the following statements Inscriptions. Statement II: The Nawab was about town planning in British India Statement II: Satavahana accused of being unable to control in carly 19th century is/are correct? Inscriptions generally end with the rebellious chiefs and Talukdars. 1. The funds for town improvement the term Putra, a Prakrit word a. Both statements are were also raised through public meaning 'non' individually true and statement lotteries. a. Both statements are II is the correct explanation of 2. The threats of epidemics gave individually true and statement statement I an impetus to town planning in the II is the correct explanation of b. Both statements are carly decades of 19th century. statement I individually true and statement Select the correct answer using the b. Both statements are II is not the correct explanation code given below. individually true and statement of statement I a) I only b) II only

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 9 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

c) both I & II 2. Which of the following statements (a) NI - undistributed profits - net d) Neither I & II about Jainism is/are correct? interest payments made by 1 The most important idea in households - corporate tax+ 10. Which of the following Jainism is that the entire world in transfer payments to the statements about India's animated even stone, rock and households from the Independence is/are correct? water have life. Government and firms. 1. The formal transfer of power on 2 Asceticism and Penance are (b) NI - undistributed profits - 15th August 1947 heralding India's required to free oneself from the corporate tax+ transfer independence was announced by cycle of Karma payments to the households Lord Mountbatten. (a) 1 Only from the Government and firms. 2. Mahatma Gandhi was not present (b) 2 Only (c) undistributed profits - net at the festivities in the capital on (c) Both 1 And 2 interest payments made by 15th August 1947. (d) Neither 1 nor 2 households+ transfer payments a) I only to the households from the b) II only 3. Which of the following statements Government and firms. c) both I & II about Bodhisattas is/are correct? (d) undistributed profits - net d) Neither I & II 1.They were perceived as deeply interest payments made by 11. Who are the following in compassionate begins who households- corporate tax. Congress represented the Socialist accumulated merit through their 2. The defines view? efforts. 2.They made attempt to narrow money as a) attain Nibbana. Select the correct (a) CU (currency notes + coins) + b) Narendra Dev answer using the code give below: DD (net demand deposits held C) Maulana Azad (a) 1 only by commercial banks) d) Sardar patel (b) 2 only (b) CU + DD + saving deposits with 12. Who among the following was (c) Both 1 and 2 post office savings banks the author of Hind Swaraj? (d) Neither 1 and 2 (c) CU+ DD + net demand deposits a) Aurobindo 4. Depiction of the descent of the held by commercial banks b) C.R. Dey river Ganga from heaven in the form (d) CU+ DD + net demand deposits c) Mahatma Gandhi of relief sculpture on the rock is at held by commercial banks + d) Rajendra Prasad (a) Ellora total deposits of posts offices. 13. Who among the following has (b) Mahabalipuram 3. Multipliers will be lower with which not written about the Partition in his (c) Sanchi one of the followings? work (d) Amaravati (a) High marginal propensity to (a) Saddat Hasan Manto 5. Which of the following statements consume. (b) Bankim Chandra about Binodini Dasi, a pioneering (b) Low marginal propensity to Chattopadhya figure in Bengali theatre in the late consume. (c) Bhisham Sahni 19th early 20th century, is/are (c) High marginal propensity to (d) Narendranath Mitra correct? invest 1. She was one of the prime (d) Low marginal propensity to Art and Culture movers behind the setting up of save 1. the Star Theatre (1883) in 4. In India, approximately what Statement I: Towards the beginning Calcutta. percentage of households still use of the 20th century a new hybrid 2. She serialized her firewood for cooking as per 2011 architectural style developed which autobiography Amar Katha (My Census? combined Indian with the European Story) between 1910 and 1913. a) 20% Statement II: By integrating Indian Select the correct answer using b) 40% and European styles in public the code given below. c) 50% architecture British wanted to prove a) 1 only d) 60% that they were legitimate rulers of b) 2 only 5. Consider the following countries India. c) Both 1 & 2 1. China a) Both statements are d) neither 1 & 2 2. individually true and statement 6. The Buddhist text Majjhima 3. India II is the correct explanation of Nikaya is in 4. statement I a) Which one of the following is the b) Both statements are b) Pali correct ascending order of the individually true and statement c) Prakrit above countries in terms of their II is not the correct explanation d) Telugu share of services sector to Gross of statement I Value Added (GVA) during the c) statement I is true & Statement Economics period 2001 2015 ? a) 1, 2, 3. 4 II is false 1. In National Income (NI) accounts, b) 1,3,4,2 d) statement I is False & Personal Income (PI) is defined as Statement II is true c) 1,2,4,3

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 10 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

d) 1,3,2,4 (a) kesavananda bharati vs state 9. Which of the following statement 6. If farmers loans are waived in of kerala about the is India, How will it affect aggregate (b) S P Gupta vs correct? demand in the economy? (c) Menaka Gandhi vs Union of (a) It was framed between December 1. Private consumption impact via India 1946 and December 1949 increase in private sector net (d) S R Bommai vs union of India (b) The draft of the constitution wealth 4. Which one of the following were discussed in public 2. Public sector impact via constitutional amendments has mettings. changes in government enormously strengthened the (c) It is the shortest document of expenditure/taxes powers of the speakers / chairman a constitution of a World 3. Crowding-out impact via higher of the houses of Parliament / state (d) It came fully into operation borrowings by State legislators? immediately after the drafting Governments (a) 61 st amendment which was completed in December 4. Crowding-in impact via higher reduced the voting age from 21 1949 credit availability as bank NPAs to 18 yrs fall (b) Anti-defection provisions of 10. Which one of the following Select the correct answer using 52nd Amendment groups belong to the same school of the code given below (c) Repealing of the provisions of thoughts a) 1, 2 and 3 only 42nd amendment by 44th (a) J.J. Rousseau, M. b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 amendment Robespierre, N. Bonaparte, O. c) 3 and 4 only (d) 73rd amendment that Cromwell d) 1 and 2 only conferred extensive powers on (b) T. Jefferson, J Madison, G Panchayat Bodies Washington, Abraham Lincoln Polity 5. Which one of the following (c) F. Engels, K Marx, M Bakunin, committes of the parliament has no J.S. Mill 1. members from the ? (d) Georgi Plekhanov, Vera Statement I: In India, a majority of (a) Public Accounts Committee Zasulich, Alexandra Kolloniti, V.I. the members of the Rajya Sabha are (b) Committe on Public lenin elected by the elected members of Undertakings the Legislatures State (c) Estimates Committee 11. The Provisions of PESA Act 1996 Statement II: Members of the Rajya (d) DRSC on Finance (a) extends greater say to local Sabha elected by the State 6. Whcih one of the following states tribal community over common Legislative Assemblies need to have does not find a mention a Article 371 resoursces their domicile in the concerned Stat of the Indian Constitution? (b) provides greater devolution of a) Both statements are individually (a) powers to scheduled true and statement II is the (b) (c) extends provisions of 73rd correct explanation of statement (c) Amendment to Scheduled areas I (d) (d) brings Scheduled areas under b) Both statements are individually 7. Who among the following is not the better control of local true and statement II is not the associated with Governing council of panchayats correct explanation of statement NITI Aayog? I (a) Prime Minister 12. Over which of the following, the c) statement I is true & Statement II (b) President and the Rajya sabha held is false (c) Chief Ministers of State Joint sittings to resolve their d) Statement I is false but (d) CMs of Union Territories differences? Statement II is true 1. Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959 2. Sikkim became assosicate of 8. Which of the following statements 2. The banking services Indian union through about the constitution of India is/are commission (repeal) Bill, 1978 a) the constitution (36 correct? 3. The Prevention of Terrorism amendment) Act 1975 1 The 'Objective Resolution' was Bill, 2002 b) the constitution (7th moved by Sardar Vallbhbhi Patel 4. The land Acquisation, amendment) Act 1956 2 Dr B.R Ambedkar served as the Rehabilitation, and Resetllement c) the constitution (35 Chairman of the Drafting act 2013 amendment) Act 1974 Committee in his capacity as the Select the correct answer using d) the constitution (5th Law Minister the code given below: amendment) Act 1955 (a) 1 only (a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 3. Which of the following (b) 2 Only (b) 3 and 4 Judgements is associaoted with the (c) Both 1 And 2 (c) 1, 2 and 3 primacy of the (d) Nither 1 nor 2 (d) 2 and 4 and the collegium of Judges in the appointment and transfer of the 13. Which of the following higher Judiciary commisions has not examined the

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 11 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 issue of removal of the Governor of unlimited power to frame and23. The power of the President of India to the state? unlimited power to frame and refer a matter back to the Council of (a) adopt any Constitution. Ministers inserted in the (b) Thakkar Commission Constitution by for reconsideration (c) Venkatachaliah Commission 18. The National Green Tribunal, act was (d) Punchi Commission up to deal with the expeditious a) 44th Amendment disposal of cases relating to b) 42nd Amendment 14. Which of the following is the environmental protection, was set c) 43rd Amendment correct combination of languages up under the d) 35th Amendment included in the 8th Schedule of the a) 12th five-year plan constitution of India? b) 11th five-year plan 24. Ashok Mehta Committee was (a) Nepali, Konkani, Tulu and c) 10th five-year plan constituted to make Santhali d) 9th five-year plan recommendations on which one of (b) Santhali, , Konkani and the following issues? Maithuli 19. Which one of the following a) Division of tax revenues between (c) Santali, Konkani, Bhojpuri and statements regarding Panchayat is b) Panchayati Raj System Urdu not correct c) Appointment of Governors (d) Dogri, Konkani, Bhojpuri and a) Members of Panchayat are d) Presidential and Vice Presidential Urdu elected directly by the Gram Sabha elections b) The elections to Panchayats. 15. Recently AFSPA was completely conducted by the State Election removed from which of the following Commission. Science and Technology state? c) The Central Government may by PHYSICS (a) law authorize a Panchayat to levy (b) Nagaland taxes. 1. The optical phenomenon that is (c) Meghalaya d) Every Panchayat continues for five responsible for the propagation (d) years from the date of convening of of light signal through an optical its first meeting fibre is 16. Which one of the following a) interference statements relating to the power of 20. Which one of the following concerns b) scattering the President of India to grant has found a place in both c) total internal reflection pardon is not correct? Fundamental Duties and Directive d) refraction (a) The Presidenrt has the power to Principles of State Policy? 2. Which of the following grant pardon where punishment a) Safeguard of public property statements about optical or sentence is by a Court Martial. b) Protection and improvement of microscope is/are correct? (b) The President can grant pardon environment, forest & wildlife. 1. Both the eyepiece and in all cases where the sentence is c) Respect for the rich heritage of our objective of a microscope are a sentence of Death. composite culture convex lenses. (c) The Court's power of judicial d) Promotion of cooperative 2. The magnification of a review is very limited in relation societies microscope increases with to the decision of the President increase in focal length of the on mercy petition. 21. Which one of the following is not objective. (d) The power to grant pardon by the a part of the Directive Principles of 3. The magnification of a President is the power that the State Policy? microscope depends upon the sovereign never excercises a) Uniform Civil Code for all citizens length of the microcscope tube against its own judicial mandate. b) Separation of Judiciary from 4. The eyepiece of a microscope is Executive concave lens. 17. Which one of the following is not c) Duty of the State to raise the level Select the correct answer using the a Characterstics feature of the of nutrition and standard of living code given below. Indian Independence Act, 1947? d) Promotion of scientific temper, a) 1 and 3 a) The Dominion of India got the humanity and the spirit of inquiry b) 3 only residuary territory of India, and reform c) 3 and 4 excluding the provinces of Sind, d) 1,2 and 4 Baluchistan, West Punjab, East 22. The federal systems of India and 3. If the amplitude of oscillation of a Bengal and NWFP. the USA are different in all the simple pendulum is very small, then b) The Act sought to lay down a following respects, excepts its time period of oscillation. Constitution by the Legislative a) State's representation in the 1. Depends on the length of the will of the British Parliament. Upper House pendulum, L c) The Act proposed to set up two b) dual citizenship 2. depends on the acceleration independent Dominions. c) dual system of Court due to gravity, g d) The Constituent Assembly of d) s dual Government 3. depends upon the mass of the each Dominion was to have bob of the pendulum, m

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4. does not depend upon the d) Statement I is false but (d) 4 2 1 3 amplitude of the pendulum, A Statement II is true 14. Which one of the following is Select the correct answer using the anisotropic in nature? code given below. CHEMISTRY (a) Glass (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Rubber (b) 1,2 and 4 9. Which one of the following (c)Plastic (c) 2,3 and 4 gemstones contains beryllium (d) Quartz (d) 1 and 4 only metal? 15. Which one of the following is not 5. The term LASER stands for a) Topaz a condensation polymer? (a) Light Amplification by b) Emerald (a) Nylon Stimulated Emission of c) Ruby (b) DNA Radiation d) Blue sapphire (c)Polythene (b) Light Amplification by 10. Lowering the atmospheric (d) Bakelite Spontaneous Emission of pressure on a liquid Radiation a) increases the boiling point of BIOLOGY (c) Light Amplification by the liquid Stimulated Emission of Rays b) lowers the boiling point of the (d) Light Amplification by liquid 16. Which one of the following Stimulated Energy of Radiation c) does not affect the boiling point statements about transport 6. Which one of the following of the liquid mechanism in plants is correct? process is not a part of long wave d) increases the time required for a) Diffusion of ions and small radiation? it to boil molecules across cell (a) Conduction 11. The number of angular and membrane requires energy (b) Scattering radical nodes for 4d orbital is b) Active transport of ions and (c) Convection respectively small molecules across cell (d) Radiation a) 2 and 1 membrane against b) 1 and 2 concentration gradient requires 7. c) 3 and 1 energy. Statement I: Sound waves can travel d) 4 and 0 c) Cells conserve energy and no through vacuum 12. Which of the following energy is required for transport Statement II: Light is an statements about carboxylic acids is of ions and small molecules electromagnetic wave and can travel / are correct? against concentration gradient. through vacuum 1. Simple aliphatic carboxylic acids d) Cells do not transport ions a) Both the statements are are soluble in water. across their membrane as individually true and Statement II 2. Higher carboxylic acids are these are charged molecules. is the correct explanation of practically insoluble in water. Statement I 3. The acidity of a carboxylic acid 17. Which one of the following b) Both the statements are depends on the number of carbon statements about blood elements is Individually true but Statement II atoms present in the hydrocarbon correct? is not the correct explanation of chain. (a) Red blood cells number is same Statements I Select the correct answer using the as that of white blood cells and c) Statement I is true but Statement code given below. platelets II is false (a) 1 and 2 only (b) The number of white blood cells d) Statement I is false but (b) 2 and 3 only is more than red blood cells Statement II is true (c) 1 only (c) The number of red blood cells is (d) 1,2 and 3 the highest 8. (d) The number of red blood cells is Statement I: A compass needle 13. Match List-I with List -II and lower than platelets. placed near a current carrying wire select the correct answer using the 18. Which one of the following will get deflected. code given below the Lists : statements regarding muscle Statement II: A current carrying wire List - I (Compound) List - II contraction and relaxation is creates magnetic field around it. (Type of Polymer) correct? a) Both the statements are A. Melamine 1. Linear (a) it involves movement of Zn++ individually true and Statement B. Polyvinyl chloride 2. ion. II is the correct explanation of Condensation (b) It involves Ca++ ion of blood Statement I C. Terylene 3. Natural (c) It involves release of Ca++ b) Both the statements are D. Cellulose 4. Cross-lined from sarcoplasmic reticulum Individually true but Statement II Code: (SR) and pumping Ca++ back is not the correct explanation of A B C D in SR. Statements I (a) 3 2 1 4 (d) It involves exchange of Na c) Statement I is true but (b) 4 1 2 3 and K Statement II is false (c) 3 1 2 4

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19. Which one of the following (b) National Flying Training (a) Shopclues statements regarding digestion is Institute: Belgaum (b) Flipkart correct? (c) (c)National Insitute of (c) Yepme (a) Fat present in the food is Hydrology: Roorkee (d) Snapdeal digested by trypsin and (d) National Water Academy 9. Which of the following films was chymotrypsin (Headquarters): Khadakwasla awarded best Feature Film in the (b) Starch of food is digested by 2. In May 2018, Which one of the National Film Award 2018 ? lipases following banks was restricted to (a) Village Rockstar (c) Fat of food is digested by give fresh credits and new (b) Toilet : Ek prem katha lipases recruitment of staff by RBI? (c) Newton (d) Nucleic acid is digested by (a) Punjab National Bank (d) Mom amylases (b) Dena Bank 10. 15th Media Summit was 20. Which one of the following (c) Central Bank of India hosted in May 2018 in statements is correct? (d) Bandhan Bank (a) (a) In photosynthesis by green 3. When was hub (b) New Delhi plants, carbon dioxide is used operationalised to resolve querries (c) Chennai for making carbohydrate and handhold start ups (d) Bengaluru (b) During photosynthesis, plants (a) 2015 11. In India, cars bearing black use oxygen for making (b) 2016 number plate with yellow lettering carbohydrate. (c) 2017 are (c) The carbohydrate generated (d) 2018 (a) vehicles belonging to by plants comes from soil 4. Whcih one of the following foreign consolates (d) The carbohydrate generated organisations is not merged into (b) commercial vehicles such by plants comes from urea. a new umberlla scheme 'Rastriya as trucks and taxis 21. Which one of the following Yuva Sashakitikaran Karyakram (c)commercial vehicles available statements regarding insulin (RYSK)'? on rent for self driving hormone is correct? (a) Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (d) electric vehicles (a) Insulin is a protein hormone (NYKS) 12. In May 2018, who among the which is not produced in human (b) Youth Hostels following was elected as Prime body. (c) National Services Scheme Minister of Malaysia at the age of 92 (b) Insulin is a steroid hormone (NSS) (a) Siti Hasmah Ali which is produced in human (d) National Young Leaders (b) Najib Razak body. Programme (NYLP) (c) Mahatir Mohemed (a) Insulin is a cholesterol driven 5. Whcih one of the following (d) Anwar Ibhrahim hormone given to human countries has recently formally 13. In May 2018, bus services (c) Insulin is a protein hormone notified its intension to withdraw between which two places of India which is produced in human from International Criminal Court and was launched? body (a) Namibia (a) Nalanda and Lumbhini 22. Which one of the following (b) Serbia (b) Gaya and Kathmandu statements about proteins in (c) (c) Varanashi and Vaktapur mammalian cells in correct? (d) Norway (d) Ayodya and Janakpur a) Proteins in mammalian cells 6. Who among the following is 14. In May 2018, which one of the are synthesized in cell elected as Prime Minister of China following counteries has membrane. for the second term relocated its embassy in b) Proteins in mammalian cells (a) from Tez to Jerusalem? are not synthesized in cell (b) (a) Iran membrane but directly (c) Xiaodu (b) Germany absorbed from food. (d) Zhou Qiang (c) USA c) Proteins in mammalian cells (d) are synthesized in rough 7. Which among the following 15. Which of the following is/are endoplasmic reticulum. cricketer has announced his considered as India's green d) Proteins in mammalian cells retirement from International initiatives)? are synthesized in Golgi Cricket in May 2018 ? 1. National Green Highways apparatus. (a) Steve Smith Mission (b) David warner 2. R & D for Clean Coal General Knowledge and Current (c) AB de Villiers Technologies Affairs (d) Shane Watson 3. National Green Corridor 8. In a recent deal, a large stake of Programme 1. Which one of the following pairs is which one of the following e- Select the correct answer using the not correctly matched? commerce was acquired code given below (a) Rashtriya Uran by Walmart, an American a) 1 only Akademi: Fursatanj multinational retailor b) 1 & 2 only

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c) 2 & 3 only minute hands of a clock be 12 (c)44 d) 1 2 & 3 minutes division apart? (d) 48 (a) 12 minutes past 2 o'clock 12. The angle between the hour Quantitative Aptitude and Logical (b) 18 minutes past 2 o'clock hand and the minute hand of a clock Reasoning (c) 24 minutes past 2 o'clock at 10 minutes past 3 is (d) 30 minutes past 2 o'clock (a) 30표 1. Consider the following diagram: 7. If the number (b) 35표 An equilateral triangle is inscribed in 22 × 54 × 46 × 108 × 610 × 표 a circle of radius 1 unit. The area of (c) 37.5 12 14 16 18 20 표 the shaded region, in square unit, is 15 × 8 × 20 × 10 × 25 (d) 40 is divisible by 10푛, then which one of 13. An international conference is (a) (π/3) - ( 3/4) √ the following is the maximum value attended by 65 people . They all (b) (π/3) - (1/2) of n? speak at least one of English, (c) (휋/3) - (3/4) (a) 78 French and German language. (d) π/3) - 1 (b) 85 Suppose 15 speak English and (c)89 Frenceh, 13 speak English and 2. In an examination, 53% students (d) 98 German. 12 speak French and passed in Mathematics, 61% passed 8. Suppose a, b, c, d and e are five German and 5 speak all the three in Physics, 60% passed in Chemistry, consecutive odd numbers in languages. A total of 30 people 24% , 35% in Physics and Chemistry ascending order. Consider the can speak German and 30 can , 27% in Mathematics and Chemistry following statements: speak French. What is the and 5% in none. The ratio of 1. Their average is (a + 4). number of people who can speak percentage passes Mathematics 2. Their average is (b + 2). only English? and Chemistry but not in Physics in 3. Their average is (e - 4). (a) 17 relation to the percentage of passes Which of the statements given (b) 20 in Physics and Chemistry but not in above is/are correct? (c)22 Mathematics is (a) 1 only (d) 40 (a) 7 : 5 (b) 2 and 3 only 14. Suppose 72 = m x n, where m (b) 5 : 7 (c)1 and 3 only and n are positive integers such (c) 4 : 5 (d) 1,2 and 3 that 1 < m < n. How many (d) 5 : 4 9. A king ordered to make a crown possible values of m are there? from 8 kg of gold and 2kg of silver. (a) 5 3. Consider the following diagrams: The goldsmith took away some (b) 6 amount of gold and replaced it by (c)10 an equal amount of silver and the (d) 12 crown when made, weighed 10kg. 15. Suppose x, y, z are three positive The king knows that under water integers such that x y z and xyz = Which one of the following is the gold loses 1/20th of its weight, 72. Which one of the following missing number in the diagrams while silver loses 1/10th. When values of S yields more than one given above? the crown was weighed under solution to the equation x + y + z (a) 1 water, it was 9.25 kg. How much = S? (b) 2 gold was stolen by the goldsmith? (a) 13 (c) 3 (a) 1 kg (b) 14 (d) 4 (b) 2 kg (c) 15 4. Which one of the following is the (c) 3 kg (d) 16 area of a sector of a circle of radius (d) 4 kg 10 cm formed by an arc length of 15 10. If a cubical container of length, cm? breadth and height each of 10 (a) 10 p cm2 cm can contain exactly 1 litre of 16. Which one of the following is the (b) 10 p cm2 water, then a spherical container remainder when 1020 is divided by (c) 75 cm2 of radius 10.5 cm can contain 7? (d) 150 cm2 (a) not more than 4 litres of water (a) 1 5. On Simplification the product (푥1 + (b) more than 4 litres but less (b) 2 푦1) (푥2 + 푦2)…….. (푥10 + 푦10) how than 4.5 litres of water (c) 4 many such terms are there which (c)more than 4.5 litres but less (d) 6 will have only single x and rest y’s? than 5 litres of water (a) 210 (d) more than 5 litres of water 17. Consider an equilateral triangle (b) 10 11. What is the largest value for ABC as given in the following (c) 20 n(natural number) such that 6n diagram: (d) 1 divides the product of the first 100 6. At what time between 2 o'clock natural numbers? and 3 o'clock will the hour and (a) 18 (b) 33

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Two people start at the same time (b) more than 6 feet but less than from points A and B with speeds 30 19. The ratio of ages of a man and 7 feet km per hour and 20 km per hour his son is 3 : 1 . After 15 years, the (c) more than 7 feet but less than respectively and move on the sides age ratio will be 2 : 1 . What is the 8 feet of the triangle in the age of the man? (d) more than 8 feet clockwise direction. (a) 45 years They meet each other (b) 40 years 21. Suppose the price of mangoes for the first time at (c) 35 years increases from Rs20 per kg to (a) Point C (d) 30 years Rs75 per kg. Due to this, the (b) A point between C and A demand for mangoes declines (c) a point between A and B 20. Two pillars are placed vertically from 100kg to 50kg. Which one (d) point A 8 feet apart. The height of the following is the price difference of the two pillars is 6 elasticity of demand for 18. The number of ways in which 3 feet. The two ends of a rope of mangoes? boys and 2 girls be arranged in a length15 feet are tied to the tips (a) 4 queue, given that the 2 girls have of the two pillars. The portion of (b) 3 to be next to each other, is the length of the taller πllar that (c) 2 (a) 12 can be brought in contact with (d) 1 (b) 24 the rope without detaching the (c) 48 rope from the pillars is (d) 120 (a) less than 6 feet CAPF 2017 Topic Wise Questions Geography 3. Consider the following A. 1 and 4 statements about ‘Ring of Fire’. B. 1 and 2 only 1. Consider the following It is also known as circum- C. 2, 3 and 4 statements: 1. Pacific belt of volcanoes D. 1, 2 and 3 1. Areas where rainfall exceeds It is an active seismic zone 7. Which one of the following 250 cm 2. 3. It is a zone of divergent plate statements about the Himalayas is 2. Annual temperature 25oC – margin NOT correct? 27oC Select the correct answer using A. They are young fold mountains 3. Average humidity exceeds 75% the code given below: B. They have geosynclinal rocks 4. Trees do not shed the leaves A. 1 only C. Himalayan frontal faults [HFF] To which one of the following B. 1 and 2 only separates Himalaya from types of vegetation does the C. 2 and 3 only D. Indus and rivers from above represent? D. 1, 2 and 3 antecedent drainage in A. Tropical wet evergreen 4. The is located in Himalaya B. Tropical semi evergreen A. Sikkim Source: NCERT Class 9 C. Tropical moist deciduous B. Arunachal Pradesh Contemporary India 1 Page 9 D. Tropical dry evergreen C. 8. Which one of the following is D. NOT a favourable condition for Source: NCERT class 11 Indian occurrence of a thunderstorm? physical environment page 57 Source: NCERT class 11 Indian physical environment page 14 A. conditional and convective 2. Which of the following 5. Which one of the following is instability statements related to tribes in located at the southernmost latitude? B. Adequate supply of moisture India are correct? A. South Africa in the lower atmosphere 1. Tharu tribes are found in Uttar B. C. Advection of cold dry air in Pradesh and Uttarakhand C. Chile the lower troposphere and warm moist air in the upper 2. Irula, Chenchu and Sumali tribes D. Polynesia troposphere are found in Kerala 6. Which of the following statements about the equatorial region are D. A synoptic situation of low 3. Garasia tribes are found in Goa level convergence and upper 4. Gaddi tribes are nomadic herdrs correct? 1. It is a mega thermal region level divergence of Jammu and and Source: NCERT Class 7 Science 2. It is a sclerophyll region Himachal Pradesh Page 87 Select the correct answer using 3. It is a region of high 9. Which one of the following is the code given below: development NOT correct about organic A. 1 and 3 only 4. It is a region of aerial farming? B. 2 and 4 only streamlets A. It does not use genetically C. 1, 2 and 4 only Select the correct answer using modified seeds D. 1 , 2, 3 and 4 the code given below:

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B. Synthetic pesticides or Statement II: The soil of humid B. Deuterium dioxide fertilizers are not used tropic is highly fertile C. Deuterium oxide C. It uses minimal crop rotation A. Both the statements are D. Heavy hydrogen oxide D. It uses ecologically protective individually true and 5. Who among the following has practices Statement II is the correct coined the term ‘Quark’, the explanation of Statement I. fundamental particles that make 10. Which one of the following B. Both the statements are up protons and neutrons in an instruments is used for measuring individually true but atomic nucleus? moisture content of air? Statement II is NOT the A. Richard Feynman A. Hydrometer correct explanation of B. Murray Gell-Mann B. Hygrometer Statement I C. Albert Einstein C. Hypsometer C. Statement I is true but D. Neils Bohr D. Pyconometer Statement II is false. 6. The mass number of an element D. Statement I is false but is NOT changed when it emits 11. Bronze is an alloy of copper Statement II is true A. Alpha and Beta radiations and 15. Statement I: Occasionally we only A. Nickel see two rainbows together, the B. Alpha and Beta radiations B. Iron primary rainbow with another less only C. Tin intense secondary rainbow about C. Alpha and Gamma radiations D. aluminium 10 degrees away only Statement II: The secondary D. Alpha, Beta and Gamma 12. Match List I with List II and rainbow appears due to refraction radiations select the correct answer using after a reflection of sunlight from 7. Which one of the following the code given below the Lists: the water droplets. elements is present in the green List I [Hydro List II [River] A. Both the statements are pigment of leaves? power project ] individually true and A. Magnesium A. Maithon 1. Statement II is the correct B. Iron project explanation of Statement I. C. Calcium B. Salal project 2. Bhagirathi B. Both the statements are D. Copper individually true but Source: NCERT Class 11 Biology river Statement II is NOT the Page 4 C. Rana Pratap 3. Barakar river correct explanation of 8. Which one of the following is Sagar project Statement I NOT correct about organic D. Tehri project 4. Chenab river C. Statement I is true but farming? Code: Statement II is false. A. It does not use genetically A B C D D. Statement I is false but modified seeds A. 2 1 4 3 Statement II is true B. Synthetic pesticides or B. 2 4 1 3 Science and Technology fertilizers are not used C. 3 1 4 2 C. It uses minimal crop rotation D. 3 4 1 2 1. Carborundum is used as an D. It uses ecologically protective abrasive, because it practices 13. Match List I with List II and A. has high thermal 9. Which one of the following select the correct answer using conductivity artificial sweeteners is modified the code given below the Lists: B. has low coefficient of sugar? expansion List I List II A. Aspartame C. has high chemical [Vegetation] [Region] B. Saccharin stability A. Chaparrals 1. North C. Sucralose D. is extremely hard America D. Alitame 2. Which one of the following is B. Maquis 2. Southern 10. Which one of the following NOT decomposed by bacterial Europe polymers is made of protein? action? C. Fynbos 3. South A. Rubber A. Vegetable remains Africa B. Cotton B. Plastic materials C. Wool D. Malle scrubs 4. Australia C. Animal carcasses D. Jute Code: D. Wastes of flowers 11. Which of the following A B C D 3. Liquid water is denser than ice diseases are caused by the (a) 1 2 3 4 due to consumption of water (b) 1 3 2 4 A. higher surface tension contaminated by mercury and (c) 4 3 2 1 B. hydrogen bonding nitrate? (d) 4 2 3 1 C. Vander Waals forces A. Minamata disease and 14. Statement I: Plantation D. covalent bonding Osteoporosis farming has mostly been practiced 4. Which one of the following is the B. Osteoporosis and Blue in humid tropics chemical name of heavy water? Baby Syndrome A. Hydrogen oxide DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 17 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

C. Minamata disease and POLITY ‘’ among the Blue Baby Syndrome backward classes? 1. In March 2017, a High Court in D. Osteoporosis and A. K M Nanavati vs. State of India had accorded the status of Minamata disease Bombay living human entities to which two 12. Statement I: Chameleon B. Sawhney vs. Union of of the following rivers? changes its skin colour to match India A. Brahmaputra and Ganga with the colour of the C. Madhu Limaye vs. Ved Murti B. Ganga and surroundings. D. Sajjan Singh vs. State of C. Yamuna and Godavari Statement II: The skin of Punjab D. Krishna and chameleon emits light of the 7. Which one of the following 2. The Central Vigilance colour of the surrounding through judgements declared that the Commission was set up on the fluorescence. Parliament has NO power to recommendation of A. Both the statements are amend any of the provisions of A. First Administrative individually true and Part III of the Constitution of India? Reforms Commission Statement II is the correct A. Kesavananda Bharati vs. State B. Gorwala Committee explanation of Statement I. of Kerala C. Kripalani Committee B. Both the statements are B. Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab D. Santhanam Committee individually true but C. Champakam Dorairajan vs. 3. Which one of the following Statement II is NOT the State of Madras statements about the provisions correct explanation of D. Minerva Mills Ltd. Vs. of the Constituion of India is Statement I correct? C. Statement I is true but 8. Who among the following A. Minorities can establish and Statement II is false. leaders is associated with the administer educational D. Statement I is false but concept of party less democracy? institutions of their choice Statement II is true A. J B Kripalani B. Only linguistic, ethnic and ECONOMICS B. Jayaprakash Narayan religious minorities find C. Acharya Narendra Dev 1. Which of the following most mention under Article 30 D. Vinoba Bhave suitably captures the meaning and C. Every religious denomination 9. Which one of the following is the essence of ‘globalization’? has unfettered right to correct sequence of different establish and maintain 1. It is about conducting stages a budget has to go through institutions for religious and external relations between in the Parliament? two or more State of the charitable purposes world D. An educational institution 1. Presentation of the Budget 2. It is a process of coming established by a religious 2. Scrutiny by Departmental together of world-wide social minority loses its minority Committees relations bypassing status on receiving financial 3. Passing of Finance Bill territories aid from the Government 4. Passing of Appropriation Bill 3. It refers to thinking 4. Which of the following pair[s] is Select the correct answer using transterritorially about global /are correctly matched? the code given below: risks affecting people 1. Rule of Lapse: Part of grant A. 1 – 2 – 4 – 3 4. It has a wishful vision of that can be carried over to suprastate governance next year. B. 1 – 3 – 2 – 4 C. 2 – 1 – 3 – 4 Select the correct answer using 2. Supplementary: An advance the code given below: grant to meet expenditures D. 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 10. Government of which one of A. 1 and 4 only 3. Vote on account: Additional the following States has appointed B. 2 and 3 only funds granted in the course the Rajamannar Committee to C. 2, 3 and 4 only of financial year study the Centre-State relations? D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Select the correct answer using 2. to which of the following sectors the code given below: A. 1 only A. Government of Andhra of the economy, the activity of Pradesh agriculture and services belong B. 1 and 2 C. 2 and 3 B. Government of Karnataka to? C. Government of Maharashtra A. Primary and Tertiary D. None of the above 5. The Ninth Schedule was added D. Government of respectively 11. Which one of the following B. Primary and Secondary to the Constitution of India by the A. Fourteenth Amendment was the manadate of the Dhar respectively Commission [1948]? C. Tertiary and Secondary B. First Amendment respectively C. Ninenth-Third A. To study the classification of D. Secondary and Quaternary Amendment States respectively D. Ninety-Ninty Amendment B. To recommend whether the 6. Which one of the following States can be re-organized cases in the Supreme Court of on linguistic basis India dealt with the issue of DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 18 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

C. To study the Centre – State DEFENCE D. Line 20 refers to rulers relations 1. ‘Nomadic Elephant’ is a joint offering tribute, obeying the D. To examine whether Madras military exercise between India orders of the Gupta King city can be transferred to and 3. Which one of the following Andhra A. China statements about the Gupta 12. Who among the following is B. Mongolia period is NOT correct? empowered to establish Inter C. Vietnam A. Forced labour [Vishti] State Council under Article 263 of D. Bhutan became more common the Constitution of India? INTERNATIONAL than before in this period B. A passage in the 1. The US President In 2017 has A. Parliament Purana refers to the Guptas signed an executive order for US B. Council of Ministers enjoying all the territories withdrawal from a trade C. President of India along the Ganga up to organization of the Pacific region. D. Chief Justice of India Prayaga Identify the organization from 13. Who among the following C. The Mehrauli inscription among the following: scholars has conceptualized the suggests that A. Asia-Pacific Economic Constituion of India as a ‘seamless Chandragupta fought Cooperation [APEC] web’? against a confederacy of B. Trans-Pacific Partnership [TPP] enemies in Bengali and A. MV Pylee C. Free-Trade Agreement of the also led a campaign into B. DD Basu Asia-Pacific [FTAAP] the Punjab C. Granville Austin D. Regional Comprehensive D. Saurashtra was not a part D. Subhash Kashyap Economic Partnership [RCEP] of the Gupta Empire 2. Which one of the following is 14. Which of the following NOT a river covered under the 4. Which one of the following statements is/are correct? Indus Water Treaty 1960? dynasties ruled under the 1. Article 15 of the A. Ravi suzerainty of Kingom of Constitution of India is B. Chenab Vijayanagar? available to both citizens of C. Teesta India and the foreigners. D. Beas A. Sangamas , Saluvas, 2. Article 16 of the Tuluvas and Aravidus Constitution of India is HISTORY B. Sangamas, Hoysalas, available to the citizens of Aravidus and Tuluvas India only. Ancient C. Hoysolaas, Saluvas, 3. Article 21 of the Poligars and Sangamas Constitution of India is 1. Which one of the following pairs D. Yadavas of Devagiri, available to both citizens of of term and meaning is NOT Hoysalas, Saluvas and India and the foreigners alike correctly matched? Aravidus within the territory of India. A. Khalisa: Villages whose Medieval Select the correct answer using income went directly to the 1. Which one of the following the code given below: State Treasury statements is NOT correct? (a) 1 only B. Mauza: Rebellious territory A. Sharaf Qai was a minister of (b) 2 and 3 only C. Inam: Land allotted to Allauddin Khalji (c) 3 only learned and religious man B. Under Giyasuddin Tughluq (d) 1, 2 and 3 D. : Territorial assignment Muqtis were warned not to ill- 15. Who among the following are given to Mansabdars in lieu treat any of their officials for entitled to get the benefits of of salary small amounts taken over and equality before the law and the 2. Which one of the following above their salaries equal protection of the laws as statements about Allahabad C. The Arabic work masalik-i-Absar enshrined under Article 14 of the Prashasti is correct? gives description of the Constitution of India? A. It clearly presents the functioning of Iqta system under 1. All Indian citizens living in Gupta empire as the epic Muhammad bin Tughluq India center of a complex web of D. Marco Polo has not mentioned 2. All Indian citizens living varied political about Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin abroad relationships in 3. Foreigners living within B. Line 15 of it refers to the the territory of India. capturing a king of the Kota 2. Match List – I with List II and select the correct answer using the 4. All citizens born in India. family Select the correct answer using C. Line 23 refers to code given below the Lists the code given below: Samudragupta violently exterminating a number of List I List II (a) 1 and 2 only [Author] [Book] (b) 1, 2 and 3 kings of Aryavarta A. Herman 1. The Delhi (c) 1 and 3 only Kulke Sultanate: A (d) 4 only DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 19 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

B. Brajadulal Political and Mahalwari and Ryotwari were C. Statement I is true but Chattopad Military History introduced Statement II is false. h-yaya 2. B. Under Zamindari system , land D. Statement I is false but C. Peter of Delhi was held by one person or at Statement II is true Jackson Sultanate: AD the most by a few joint owners D. Sunil 1192 – 1296 who were responsible for the Kumar 3. The State of payment of land revenue 5. Statement I: India: 1000- C. Under the Mahalwari system, argued that what was being 1700 the agricultural lands belonged drained out was ‘potential surplus’ 4. The Making of to the Government. that could generate more Early Medieval D. Under Ryotwari system, the economic development in India if India individual holders had the invested in India Code: permanent rights over land Statement II: Imperialists believed A B C D and were directly responsible that India was brought into the (a) 2 1 4 3 for payment of land revenue large capitalist world marked and (b) 3 4 1 2 2. Statement I: Nationalism in that was a progress towards (c) 2 4 1 3 India, which was assigned a modernization. (d) 3 1 4 2 privileged position by its western educated political leadership, was A. Both the statements are 3. Which one of the following a ‘different’, but a ‘derivative individually true, and statements about the Treaty of discourse’ from the west Statement II is the correct Allahabad is NOT coorect? Statement II: Indian nationalism explanation of Statement I. B. Both the statements are A. It was signed in the year 1765 as a response to western individually true, but B. The Mughal Emperor by a farman imperialism was ‘like all such formally granted the Diwani of responses, shaped by what it was Statement II is NOT the correct Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the responding to’ explanation of Statement I A. Both the statements are C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false. C. Awadh was restored to its Nawab individually true and on payment of Rs.50 Lakhs Statement II is the correct D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true D. Banaras and the Surrounding explanation of Statement I. tracts were detached from Awadh B. Both the statements are individually true but Statement 6. Which one of the following and handed over to Shah Alam II statements about Cripps Mission II is NOT the correct explanation of Statement I is NOT correct? 4. Match List I with List II and select C. Statement I is true but A. In March 1942, Cripps the correct answer using the code Statement II is false. persuaded War Cabinet to given below the Lists: D. Statement I is false but agree to a draft declaration Statement II is true B. and Sardar List I List – II Patel represented Congress [Official] [Office held] 3. Which one of the following had to negotiate with the mission A. Samahartri 1. Chief of the created the office of the Secretary C. The mission offered B. Samnidhatri Palace Guards of State for India? Dominion status after the C. Sanstha- 2. Chief collector of A. The Councils Act 1861 war dhyaksha revenue B. The Government of India Act D. The mission offered D. Antarava- 3. Treasurer 1858 formation of constitution mshika 4. Superintendent C. The Morley Minto Reforms making body after the war of markets D. Montague Chelmsford reforms Code: 4. Statement I: The British legal 7. Which among the following was A B C D scholars relied on Indian Pandits NOT the provision of the Gandhi – (a) 2 4 3 1 and Maulavis for understanding of Irwin pact? (b) 2 3 4 1 canons of authoritative texts. (c) 1 3 4 2 A. Immediate release of all (d) 1 4 3 2 Statement II: British codified the political prisoners of the Civil Hindu Laws in 1783 and the Disobedience Movement Modern Muslim Laws in 1785 B. Clause 2 of the March 1931 pact defined ‘reservations 1. Which one of the following A. Both the statements are and safeguards’ to cover statements about land tenure individually true and financial credit of India. system is NOT correct? Statement II is the correct C. The return of confiscated explanation of Statement I. land already sold to third A. During the British rule in India B. Both the statements are parties three categories of land tenure individually true but Statement D. Reservation of 18 percent system, viz. Zamindari, II is NOT the correct seats for Depressed classes explanation of Statement I DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 20 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

8. Which among the following was A. The British presence inhibited 3. Which one of the following NOT the recommendation of the indigenous capitalism statements about Pradhan Mantri Nehru Report? B. Laissez-faire actively promoted Ujjwala Yojana is NOT correct? indigenous capitalism A. It is a social welfare scheme A. Dominion Status C. The ‘white collective monoply’ to provide LPG connections B. Separate Electorate came earliest and remained in BPL households C. Unitary and Democratic most pronounced in Eastern B. The scheme was launched in Centre India the year 2015 D. Adult Suffrage D. The Bombay hinterland was C. The Government has set a 9. Which one of the following difficult to penetrate before the target of 5 crores LPG statements about the Indigo construction of railways connections under the Revolt of 1859 is correct? Art n Culture Yojana 1. In which one of the following D. The objective of the scheme A. It broke out at Poona and buildings the first extant true arch is is to safeguard the health of Ahmadnagar found? women and children by B. It was directed against money A. Arhai din ka Jhonpra providing them with clean lenders B. Quwwat ul Islam Mosque cooking fuel C. It was supported by the C. Tomb of Sultan Balban 4. Which one of the following Intelligentsia of Bengal D. Alai Darwaza portals was launched on the D. It was directed against the 250th anniversary of Survey of petty Zamindars and ex- India? Government initiatives employees of the planters A. Service Plus 10. which of the following active 1. Which one of the following B. Digi Map step[s] was /were taken by the statements about the Sukanya C. Udaan Congress in 1823 to eradicate Samridhi Scheme is Not correct ? D. Nakshe from India? A. Only parents of girls up to the Current Events 1. Effort to educate and mobilize age of 10 years can open such 1. Consider the following passage opinion among caste Hindus accounts in their daughters and identify the person: 2. Efforts to educate the ‘avarnas’ name Born in April 1932, she was a about the evils of untouchability B. Contributions are eligible for renowned Hindustani classical 3. Forcibly open the doors of tax benefits under Section 80C vocalist. She was recognized as temples for ‘avarnas’ of the Income Tax Act an innovative exponent of the 4. Petition the Government to pass C. Interest earned there on is Jaiput Gharana. She was laws that would declare exempted up to Rs. 1500 per awarded and untouchability unlawful annum Padma Vibhushan. She was also Select the correct answer using the D. A maximum of Rs. 1.50 lakh a Fellow of Sangeet Natak code given below: per annum can be invested in Akademy. She died in April (a) 1 only this account. 2017. (b) 1 and 2 2. Which of the following are the (c) 2 , 3 and 4 reforms introduced in Budget A. Mrinalini Sarabhai (d) 4 only 2017-2018? B. Mogubai Kurdikar 1. Presentation of Budget C. Kishori Amonkar 11. Which one of the following advanced to 1st February to D. MS Subbulakshmi statements about the English enable the Ministries to 2. Which one of the following is Eduction Act of 1835 is NOT correct? operationalise all activities the winner of the Vijay Hazare A. it was proposed by Governor from the commencement of Trophy 2017? General William Bentinck on the the financial year A. Uttar Pradesh advice of Macaulay 2. Merger of Railway Budget B. Karnataka B. It made English the language of with General Budget to bring C. Assam instruction in Indian education Railways to the center stage of D. Tamil Nadu system. Government’s Fiscal Policy 3. Who among the following is one C. With the formal instutionalization 3. Removal of plan and non- of the six winners of the Goldman of English as the language of plan classification of Environmental Prize, for the year instruction, the state was set for a expenditure to facilitate a 2017? new direction to India education holistic view of allocations for Sectors and Ministries. D. To the existing Oriental Institutions A. Jadav Payeng Select the correct answer using fresh awards of stipends to B. Anadish Pal the code given below: students and the publication of C. Prafulla Samantra A. 1 and 3 only classical texts were to continue D. Sunderlal Bhauguna B. 2 and 3 only 4. Padma Shri Sudarsan Pattnaik 12. Which one of the following C. 1, 2 and 3 is well known as a statements about the Colonial D. 1 and 2 only economy is NOT correct? A. novelist

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B. golfer Bitcoin as a legal payment method 14. Who among the following has C. classical dancer since 1st April 2017? won the Dadasaheb Phalke D. sand artist A. awarde for the year 2016? 5. Statement I: The Man Booker B. China A. K Viswanath International Prize is now unlikely C. USA B. Shashi Kapoor to be won by an English author. D. Indi C. 9. Which one of the following novels D. Manoj Kumar Statement II: The Booker Prize won the Pultizer Prize for the year Foundation announced that the 2017 in the Ficiton category? 15. Match List I with List II and Man Booker International Prize A. The Goldfinch select the correct answer using was to evolve from 2016 onwards B. All the Light We Cannot the code given below the Lists : into a prize for fiction in See translation. List I List II C. The Sympathizer [Committee] [Subject] A. Both the statements are D. The Underground A. Rangaraja 1. Tax Reform individually true and Railroad n 2. Insurance Statement II is the correct 10. Who among the following are Committee Reform explanation of Statement I. awarded with the Special B. Narsimhan 3. Disinvestmen B. Both the statements are Breathrough Prize in Fundamental Committee t of shares in individually true but Physics for the year 2017? C. Kelkar PSEs Statement II is NOT the A. Stephen W Hawking and Roget Committee 4. Banking correct explanation of Penrose D. Malhotra Sector Statement I B. Ronald Drever, Kip S Thorne Committee Reform and Rainer Weiss C. Statement I is true but Code: C. Joseph Polchinski, Andrew Statement II is false. A B C D Strominger and Cumrun Vafa D. Statement I is false but A. 2 1 4 3 D. J Michael Kosterlitz, Duncan Statement II is true B. 2 4 1 3 Haldane and David J Thoules C. 3 4 1 2 6. Which one of the following 11. Who among the following D. 3 1 4 2 countries has been ranked as the Mathematician is the recipient of Environment/wildlife least corrupt country in the the Abel Prize for the year 2017? Sanctuary/National Park Corruption Perception Index 2016 A. John F Nash released by Transparency B. Yves Meyer 1. Match List I with List II and International? C. SR Srinivasa Varadhan select the correct answer using D. Andrew Wiles the code given below the List : A. Denmark 12. Which of the following B. statement[s] about Easterine Kire List I List II C. Switzerland is/are correct? [Bird [States] D. Norway Born in Nagaland, she is a poet, Sanctuary] novelist and children’s book A. Sultanpur 1. West Bengal B. Kulik 2. 7. Match List I with List II and writer. C. Nawabganj 3. Uttar select the correct answer using She is the recipient of the Hindu D. Attiveri Pradesh the code given below the Lists: Prize for the year 2015 for her poetic novel. ‘When the River 4. Karnataka List I List II Sleeps’ Code: [Book] [Author] ‘When the River Sleeps’ was an A B C D A. The World 1. APJ Abdul exploration of the Naga spirit A. 2 1 3 4 As I see it Kalam universe B. 2 3 1 4 B. How to Live 2. Stephen Select the correct answer using the C. 4 3 1 2 Longer and Hawking code given below: D. 4 1 3 2 A. 1 only Feel Better 3. Albert 3. Which one of the following is a B. 2 and 3 only C. The Theory Einstein major effect of long term of 4. Linus Pauling C. 1 and 3 only consumption of drinking water Everything D. 1, 2 and 3 containing little [less than 0.5 D. Indomitable ppm] or no fluoride? Spirit 13. Akshay Kumar was chosen for Code: the best actor award for the A. cavity of tooth A B C D 64th National Film Awards [2017] B. Erosion of nail A. 3 4 2 1 for his role in the film C. Deformation of bone B. 1 2 4 3 A. Mukti Bhawan D. Mottling of tooth C. 3 2 4 1 B. Naam Shabana 4. The term Bio magnifications is D. 1 4 2 3 C. Rustom referred to as 8. Which one of the following D. Airlift countries has officially recognized A. increase in the body weight

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B. uncontrolled growth of 8. Which of the following are the 13. Leakage of which one of the harmful organisms necessary conditions for the following gases had caused C. accumulation of increasing growth of coral reefs? Gas Tragedy in the year amount of non-degradable 1. Photic conditions 1984 ? pollutant through food chain 2. Clean and sediment free water D. increase in the number of 3. Sea salinity of 6% A. Methyl isocyanate bacteria in a culture medium 4. Tropical sea water with B. Hexamethylene diisocyanate temperature of 20oC to 21oC. C. Isophorone diisocyanate 5. Which one of the following Select the correct answer using D. Isothiocyanate statements about air pollution the code given below: caused by diesel engines is (a) 1, 2 and 4 only 14. Which one of the following correct? (b) 2 and 4 only tiger reserves of India has (c) 1 and 3 only ‘Bhoorsingh the Barasingha’ as its A. it produces large quantity of (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 official mascot? carbon monoxide at lower and high temperatures 9. Which one of the following A. Nameri tiger reserve B. it produces large quantity of diseases is caused by Cadmium B. Ranthambhore tiger reserve nitrogen oxides at lower and pollution? C. Panna tiger reserve high temperatures A. Minamata D. Kanha tiger reserve C. it produces large quantity of B. Itai – Itai 15. Which one of the following carbon monoxide at lower C. Fluorosis does NOT pass through the temperature and nitrogen D. Blue baby syndrome Kaziranga National Park? oxides at high temperature A. The D. it produces large quantity of 10. Presence of ozone in the atmosphere is important because B. The Diphlu river nitrogen oxides at lower C. National Highway No.37 temperature and carbon it absorbs (a) ultraviolet – A and ultraviolet – D. Railway track of Indian Railway monoxide at high temperature B radiations 6. The ecological niche of an (b) ultraviolet – B radiations only 16. Which of the following organism relates to (c) infrared-B radiations only statements about the Paris (d) outgoing ultraviolet-B Agreement on Climate Change is A. specific habitat of the radiations and incoming NOT correct? organism ultraviolet-A radiations B. symbiotic relationship with A. The agreement has been other organisms 11. NPP [Net Primary signed by more than 190 C. diverse occurrence of a Productivity] is highest for countries [as of March 2017] species under different (a) tropical forests B. The agreement went into conditions (b) swamps effect on 4 November 2016 D. its interaction with all other (c) reefs C. The Intended Nationally organisms (d) woodland and shrub land Determined Contribution 7. Free swimming macroscopic 12. Study of a single species and [INDC] pledged during the animals in an aquatic environment the environmental factors in its 2015 Climate Change are referred to as habitat is called Conference has been (a) Genecology withdrawn in the Paris A. Plankton Agreement B. Periphyton (b) Synecology (c) Autecology D. Both USA and China joined C. Benthos the Paris Agreement D. Nekton (d) Ethology

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Recently in NEWS 1. Gujarat Government has launched world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution in the state. 2. Delhi Metro has become the first ever metro project in the country to receive power generated from a waste-to- energy plant. 3. Prime Minister announced renaming of 3 islands of Andaman and Nicobar archipelago as a tribute to Netaji : Ross Island as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep, Neil Island as Shaheed Dweep and Havelock Island as Swaraj Dweep. 4. The 4th edition of the Raisina Dialogue, India’s flagship annual conference on geopolitics and geo-economics, themed ‘A World Reorder: New Geometries; Fluid Partnerships; Uncertain Outcomes’ was recently held in New Delhi. • The conference is hosted by the Observer Research Foundation (independent think tank in collaboration with the Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs. 5. Uyghurs are ethnically Turkic Muslims living primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China and are recognized as ethnic minorities in China. 6. France, Germany and the (E3), announced the creation of INSTEX SAS (Instrument for Supporting Trade Exchanges). 7. It is a Special Purpose Vehicle aimed at facilitating legitimate trade between European economic operators and Iran. 8. Recently France has witnessed a mass movement called Gilets Jaunes (Yellow Vests) Protests which is also spreading to other countries like Belgium, , Bulgaria, Germany, etc. 9. India may get easier terms for Iran’s Farzard- B gas field as discussions continue. The gas field is located in Persian Gulf under the control of Iranian sovereignty and India is progressing on acquisition and exploration of this. 10. is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy. 11. Catalonia consists of four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. 12. has become 1st Arab country to be granted full membership of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) following FATF’s Annual General Meeting held in Orlando, Florida in (US). 13. The government announced a comprehensive plan Project Sashakt for the resolution of stressed assets in banking sector. 14. Recently, Inter-Ministerial Committee headed by Subhash Chandra Garg submitted draft Payment and Settlement System Bill, 2018, which seeks to setup independent Payments Regulatory Board (PRB). 15. RBI is planning to setup a Public Credit Registry, based on recommendations of Y.M. Deosthalee committee. • Public Credit Registry is a database of credit information which is accessible by all the stakeholders. 16. Bharat 22 is an ETF that will comprise of bluechip stocks of 16 public sector enterprises, 3 public sector banks and three private companies (L&T, ITC & Axis Bank) where Specified Undertakings of the Unit Trust of India (SUUTI) has stakes. ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company (AMC) will manage the ETF. 17. National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA): It is established as an independent regulator to oversee auditing profession & accounting standards 18. Gujarat International Finance Tech-City Co. Ltd (GIFT) is being developed as the country’s first IFSC. • IFSC has been designated for all practical purposes as a 'deemed foreign territory' which would have the same ecosystem as other offshore locations, but which is physically on Indian soil. 19. Increase in government ownership in Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): The restructured GSTN will be fully government-owned, equally distributed between the Centre (50%) and the States (50%). 20. India’s largest startup ecosystem has been recently set up in Kerala under the Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM). 21. A unified Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has been formed for providing comprehensive and swift trade defence mechanism in India. 22. merger of National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) & National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) into National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) for improving the outcome of the mission. 23. The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has launched an online portal “ENSURE- National Livestock Mission- Entrepreneurship Development and Employment Generation (EDEG)” to make subsidy transfer process quicker & faster.

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24. Krishi Kalyan Abhiyan was launched by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare with an aim to aid and advice farmers to improve their farming techniques and raise their income. 25. Recently Sustainable Blue Economy conference was organized in Nairobi, . 26. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has agreed to celebrate ‘International Year of Millets’ in 2023. 2018 is being celebrated as ‘National Year of Millets’ in India which will help raise awareness. 27. Pokkali Paddy (GI-Tagged) is a saltwater-tolerant paddy in the coastal fields of Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala. It is an indigenous method of rice-fish rotational cultivation practiced in the coastal belts. 28. The 6th International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Regional Centre (IRRI SARC) in Varanasi. 29. India’s fastest indigenous train, Train 18 named as Vande Bharat Express will ply between Delhi and Varanasi. 30. launched Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution in Maharashtra, India. The Centre has selected drones, artificial intelligence and blockchain as the first three projects. 31. CriSidEx, India’s first sentiment index, has been launched for micro and small enterprises (MSEs). 32. The Baba Kalyani committee constituted by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry to study the existing SEZ Policy of India submitted its report. 33. National Conclave on Technical Textiles was held recently in by the Ministry of Textiles. Technical Textiles are those textile material & products manufactured primarily for technical performance and functional properties rather than aesthetic and decorative characteristics. 34. The Ministry of Labour and Employment issued a notification refreshing the categorization of currency printing presses and mints as ‘public utility service’ under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. No person employed in a public utility service shall go on strike in breach of contract without giving a notice to the employer. 35. NABH Nirman Initiative: Announced in Budget 2018-19, it seeks expansion of airport capacity more than 5 times to handle a billion trips a year. 36. India’s first freight village is being developed in Varanasi. The village is being funded by the World Bank and it is being developed by the Inland Waterways Authority of India. 37. A web portal called PRAAPTI (Payment Ratification and Analysis in Power procurement for bringing Transparency in Invoicing of generators) has been launched recently. 38. SHAKTI (SCHEME FOR HARNESSING AND ALLOCATING KOYALA TRANSPARENTLY IN INDIA) SCHEME: It is a transformational policy for auction and allotment of coal linkages 39. UTTAM (UNLOCKING TRANSPARENCY BY THIRD PARTY ASSESSMENT OF MINED COAL) APP: It aims to ensure transparency and efficiency in coal quality monitoring process. 40. Patratu Super Thermal Power Plant in . Super Thermal Power Plants are a series of thermal power plants with a capacity of 1000MW & above. Ultra-Megawatt Power Projects are power projects that have the capacity of 4000MW or more. 41. American economists William Nordhaus and Paul Romer have been awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on understanding how economies can grow sustainably, by integrating innovation and climate with economic growth. 42. VidyaLakshmi Portal is IT-based mechanism under the Pradhan Mantri Vidya Lakshmi Karyakram to provide students a single window electronic platform for scholarships and educational loans 43. Ministry of Housing launched a web portal named PAiSA- Portal for Affordable Credit and Interest Subvention Access. designed and developed by Allahabad Bank 44. SWAYATT is an initiative to promote Start-ups, Women and Youth Advantage Through e- Transactions on Government e Marketplace (GeM). 45. makes it to UNESCO World Heritage Site list • Jaipur, celebrated for its grid plan-based architecture and buildings of pink façades, entered the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It was among the seven sites worldwide to have made it to the list. Jaipur • The fortified city was founded in 1727 by the Kachwaha Rajput ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II. • The city was established on the plains and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture. The city’s urban planning shows an intermingling of ideas from ancient Hindu, modern Mughal and western cultures. • It considered the architecture of streets with colonnades, which intersect the center, creating large public squares called chaupar. • The uniform façades of markets, residences and temples in the main streets six other cultural sites added to the list 1. Dilmun burial mounds (); 2. the Budj Bim cultural landscape (Australia); 3. the archaeological ruins of Liangzhu (China); DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 25 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

4. the Ombilin coal mining site of Sawahlunto (); 5. the MozuFuruichi Kofun group of ancient mounded tombs ( Japan); 6. the Plains of Jars containing the megalithic jar sites in Xiengkhouang (Lao People’s Democratic Republic). Other World Heritage Mentions for “remarkable” biodiversity. 46. Iran’s Hyrcanian forests 47. Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow SeaBohai, Gulf of China Buddhist city of Bagan • ’s ancient capital of Bagan, nearly a quarter of a century after the complex of • Buddhist temples was first nominated for listing, has been included in the list. • The latest recognition for Myanmar site, which includes more than 3,500 stupas, temples, monasteries and other structures built between the 11th and 13th centuries, is expected to boost the country’s tourism sector. The German city of Augsburg • It was also granted World Heritage status for its over 800yearold water management system boasting an aquaduct, water towers, ornate fountains, canals and hundreds of bridges. Mesopotamian metropolis of Babylon • It also made it to the list after three decades of lobbying efforts by Iraq. Iceland’s Vatnajokull National Park, Europe’s largest with a landscape of “fire and ice,” also found a place in the list. Italy’s Prosecco hills: The grapes grown on Conegliano and Valdobbiadene hills produce the famous prosecco wine. Eight buildings designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, including Guggenheim Museum in New York. 47. Utkarsh 2022: It’s a medium-term strategy to improve regulation and supervision, among other functions of the central bank by RBI 48. Aliali Jhia

• National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), an -based Navaratna Company has been selected for President’s award for utilisation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) fund in social development. NALCO was selected for its Aliali Jhia Scheme. • In 2015 NALCO started a scheme called Aliali Jhia. The scheme was on the line of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao to adapt and promote the poor and talented girls for education. • It aimed to promote the education of Girls of BPL (Below Poverty Line) families.

Budget 2019 - Highlights • Fiscal deficit has been reduced to 3.4% of GDP. Government has target to keep fiscal deficit at 3.1 % in next financial year (2019-2020) • Current Account Deficit has reduced to 2.5% of GDP from 2.8 % last year. • New Jal Shakti ministry will work with states to ensure for all rural houses by 2024. • Average inflation has been brought down to 4.6%. • India has achieved 98% rural sanitation coverage and as many as 5.45 lakh villages have been declared “Open Defecation Free. • Under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, construction of Rural roads has been tripled, 15.80 lakh habitations out of a total of 17.84 lakh habitations have already been connected with pucca roads. • 22nd AIIMS will be opened in Haryana. • A new fund with name Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) has been created to provide direct income support at the rate of 6,000 per year • Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog: To upscale sustainable genetic upgradation of cow resources. • India is the second largest fish producing nation in the world accounting for 6.3% of global production. To provide sustained and focused attention towards development of this sector, a separate Department of Fisheries will be created. • For “promotion of internal trade including retail trading and welfare of traders, and their employees” to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, has been renamed as the Department for Promotion of Industries and Internal Trade. • To popularise sports at all levels, National Sports Education Board for development of sportspersons to be set up under '.'

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• A new scheme called ‘Pradhan Mantri ShramYogi Maandhan’ for the unorganized sector workers. This pension yojana shall provide them an assured monthly pension of Rs. 3,000 from the age of 60 years on a monthly contribution of a small affordable amount during their working age • A scheme of sanctioning loans upto Rs. 1 crore in 59 minutes has been launched. GST registered SME units will get 2% interest rebate on incremental loan of Rs. 1 Crore • National research foundation to fund, coordinate and to promote research in the country. • New Higher Education Commission with focus on higher autonomy. • The requirement of sourcing from SMEs by Government enterprises has been increased to 25%. Of this, the material to the extent of at least 3% will be sourced from women owned SMEs. • National Programme on ‘Artificial Intelligence’ has been envisaged by the Government. This would be catalysed by the establishment of the National Centre on Artificial Intelligence as a hub along with Centers of Excellence. • The number of operational airports has crossed 100 with the commissioning of the in Sikkim. • Single window clearance for ease of shooting films, available only to foreigners, is now going to be made available to Indian filmmakers as well. • India’s first indigenously developed payment ecosystem for transport, based on National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) standards, launched in March 2019. Inter-operable transport card runs on RuPay card and would allow the holders to pay for bus travel, toll taxes, parking charges, retail shopping. • Insurance Intermediaries to get 100% FDI • New Space India Limited (NSIL), a Public Sector Enterpises (PSE), incorporated as a new commercial arm of Department of Space (DoS) • India’s Ease of Doing Business (EDB) ranking under ‘Paying Taxes’ category jumped from 172 in 2017 to 121 in 2019. In past 5 years, Direct tax revenue increased by over 78% to Rs. 11.37 lakh crore • Interchangeability of PAN and – Those who don’t have PAN ( is a ten-digit alphanumeric number) can file tax returns using Aadhaar. Moreover, wherever PAN is required, Aadhaar can be used. • ‘Angel tax’ issue resolved- start-ups and investors filing requisite declarations and also providing information in their returns are not to be subjected to any kind of scrutiny in respect of valuations of share premiums. • Nari tu Narayani: Women SHG Interest Subvention Programme to be expanded to all districts in India. • Rs 1 lakh loan to be provided for SHG women members under Mudra Scheme. • Rs 3,000 pension per month for workers from the informal sector. • Gandhipedia being developed by the National Council for Science Museums to sensitize youth and society about positive Gandhian values. Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19 • The theme of Economic Survey, 2018-19 is "Shifting Gears towards a $5 trillion Indian economy by 2024-25”. • A sustained real GDP growth rate of 8% is needed for India to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25 • The survey suggests that this can be achieved by a “Virtuous Cycle” of savings, investment, and exports. The private investment being the key Nudge Theory driver. • According to Nudge theory, people, rather than being forced, can be encouraged and • The survey has drawn on Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler’s Behavioural influenced to pursue or desist from certain Economics Theory to lay out an “ambitious agenda" for behavior actions through nudges. change that will bring in social change, which in turn, will help India • It does not talk about penalizing people if transit to a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. they do not behave in a particular manner, • The survey highlights the importance of intervention in the case rather it encourages them to make of “Dwarfs” desirable decisions. • It believes that Humans are not-so- • Dwarfs are the firms with less than 100 workers despite being more rational and often need encouragement or than 10 years old. intervention — a nudge — to get going and • They account for more than 50% of all organized firms in do what’s best for the country or society at manufacturing by number. large. • Contribution of dwarfs to employment is only 14% and to • American economist Richard Thaler has the productivity is a mere 8%. won the 2017 Nobel Prize in economics for his contributions to behavioural economics. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 27 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• The section on ways to ramp up capacity in the lower judiciary is titled ‘Ending Matsyanyaya’ (the law of the fish/jungle). • Delays in contract enforcement and disposal resolution are now the single biggest hurdle to the ease of doing business and higher GDP growth in India. • However, the survey highlights the profound impact that the Government’s efforts of introducing the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code and the adoption of the Goods and Services Tax, have had on improving Ease of Doing Business in India. • Data “Of the People, By the People, For the People” • As data is generated by the people, data can be created as a public good within the legal framework of data privacy. • The government must intervene in creating data as a public good, especially of the poor and in social sectors. • Merging the distinct datasets held by the Government already would generate multiple benefits.

Government Schemes By states 1. Pravasi Dividend Pension Scheme: to provide regular pension to Non-Resident Keralites on a one-time payment of Rs 5 lakh. 2. Yuva Swabhiman Yojana: provide employment for the unemployed youth from the economically weaker sections of the society. The scheme aims to provide 100 days of employment to youngsters from economically weaker sections of the society in urban areas. 3. Rythu Raksha Scheme 2019: to provide financial help to the farmers. Under the scheme AP Farmer will Get Rs 10000 per Acre per year from upcoming Kharif Season. 4. Rythu Bandhu scheme: The Rythu Bandu scheme, CM K Chandrasekar Rao’s pet scheme, is aimed at providing income support to the agriculturists directly to back their crops. 5. Atal Solar Krishi Pump Yojana: aims to reduce losses due to non-payment of electricity bills and also promote solar energy. The Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co Ltd (Msedcl) is the implementing agency. India’s renewable energy target by 2022 6. Madhu Babu Pension Yojana: Odisha has announced a hike of Rs • Total renewable energy – 175 GW 200 per month in the social security pension under Madhu Babu • It includes 100GW Solar Pension Yojana (MBPY). • 60GW wind 7. Millet Village scheme: Kerala State Agriculture Department is • 10GW biomass earmarking farm space in more districts for growing nutrient-rich • 5GW small hydro millets. Of the total 100 GW solar installations, 40 8. The government of Assam has announced a new scheme called GW would be rooftop and balance 60 GW would be ground-mounted utility scale. Arundhati to provide gold at free of cost to the brides. 9. KALIA scheme, launched by Odisha state government: Involves payments to encourage cultivation and associated activities. All farmers will be provided Rs 10,000 per family as assistance for cultivation By Centre 1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Under this programme, vulnerable landholding farmer families, having cultivable land upto 2 hectares, will be provided direct income support at the rate of Rs. 6,000 per year. 2. ‘Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana’ is a campaign launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Govt. Of India, to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses through special kendra’s known as Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra. 3. Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana: PM-SYM is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme that will engage as many as 42 crore workers in the unorganised sector. Each subscriber under the scheme will receive minimum assured pension of Rs 3000 per month after attaining the age of 60 years 4. Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana: The scheme provides financial support to Integrated Bioethanol Projects using lignocellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock. focuses to incentivise 2G Ethanol sector and support this nascent industry by creating a suitable ecosystem for setting up commercial projects and increasing Research & Development in this area.

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5. Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) for Flood Management Works in entire country and River Management Activities and works related to Border Areas for the period 2017-18 to 2019-20 with a total outlay of Rs.3342.00 crores. 6. Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) scheme: Aims for promoting decentralised solar power production of up to 28,250 MW to help farmers. 7. Know My India Programme.: The National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH) is organizing a special workshop for 42 Youth in the age group of 15 to 22 years, who have been victims of communal violence in the past 8. Samagra Shiksha.Abhiyan: Department of School Education and Literacy has launched an Integrated Scheme for School Education called Samagra Shiksha. It subsumes three erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Schemes of (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE). 9. The Grameen has launched the ‘Darwaza Band -Part 2’ campaign starring . 10. Pravasi Darshan Yojana: Under the scheme, a group of Indian diasporas will be taken on a government sponsored tour of religious places in India twice a year. • The first preference will be given to people from ‘Girmitiya countries’ such as Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica. • Girmitiya’s (coined by Mahatma Gandhi) are the descendants of bonded Indian labourers brought to Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, East Africa, the Malay Peninsula, Caribbean and South America (Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname) to work on sugarcane plantations for the prosperity of the European of the European settlers. 11. Teachers Associateship For Research Excellence (TARE) Scheme: Ministry of Science & Technology aims to facilitate mobility of faculty members working in a regular capacity in State Universities / Colleges and in private Academic Institutions to carryout research work in an established public funded institution such as IITs, IISc, IISERS, National Institutions (NITs, CSIR, ICAR, ICMR labs and other central institutions) and Central Universities, located preferably nearer to the institution where the faculty member is working. 12. AWSAR (Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research) of National Council of Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC), DST has been initiated to encourage, empower and endow popular science writing through newspapers, magazines, blogs, social media, etc. by young PhD Scholars and Post-Doctoral Fellows during the course of their higher studies and research pursuits. (Ministry of Science & Technology) 13. Global Initiative for Academic Networks (GIAN) in Higher Education aimed at tapping the talent pool of scientists and entrepreneurs internationally to encourage their engagement with the institutes of Higher Education in India 14. SEVA BHOJ YOJNA: Ministry of Culture introduced a new scheme to reimburse the Central Government share of Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST)so as to lessen the financial burden of such Charitable Religious Institutions who provide Food/Prasad/Langar(Community Kitchen)/Bhandara free of cost without any discrimination to Public/Devotees. 15. Mission Raftaar The mission envisages a target of doubling of average speed of freight trains and increasing the average speed of all non-suburban passenger trains by 25 kmphin the next 5 years. 16. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2.O: Human Resource Development Ministry launched with the intention to enrich Rural India. It also aims to create a vibrant relationship between the society and the higher educational institutes, with the latter providing the knowledge and technology support to improve the livelihoods in rural areas. 17. Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – ‘Saubhagya’ : free electricity connections to all households (both APL and poor families) in rural areas and poor families in urban areas will be provided. • Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has been designated as nodal agency for the . • The scheme aims to achieve universal household electrification in all parts of the country. • Maharashtra has completed the 100% electrification under this scheme 18. Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS) for providing industry apprenticeship opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotional Scheme (NAPS). 19. National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) has launched a youth-friendly scheme ‘Yuva Sahakar- Cooperative Enterprise Support and Innovation Scheme” for attracting them to cooperative business ventures. 20. National Bamboo Mission (NBM) : It aims to inter-alia supplement farm income of farmers with focus on the development of complete value chain of bamboo sector linking growers with industry.

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21. National space agency, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched the UNNATI (UNispace Nano- satellite Assembly and Training by ISRO) programme at the U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru. UNNATI is a capacity building programme on nanosatellite development.

Committee In NEWS Purpose NGT Chairperson Justice Adarsh to probe whether there is need for further norms to restrict plastic packaging of Kumar Goel food To evaluate governance of board of banks. Recommended formation of Banks PJ Nayak Committee Board Bureau (BBB) BP Jeevan Reddy Committee: To review AFSPA in north-eatsern states Liberhan Committee To investigate destruction of disputed structure Babri Masid in in 1992 G. Rohini Committee To examine sub-categorisation of OBCs(Other Backward Classes) Malimath Committee On Crime Investigation & punishment SN Dhingra Committee To examine 1984 anti-Sikh Riots To recommend measures to enhance Combat Capability & Rebalance defence DB Shekatkar Committee expenditure of Armed Forces. Lodha Committee For reforms within BCCI Ratan Watal Committee On Digital Payments BN Srikrishna Committee For Data Protection + Institutionalisation of Arbitration + Separate Telangana AK Mathur 7th Pay Commission Dr. Anil kakodkar High Level Safety Review Committee for Indian Railways To recommend amendments to the Criminal Law for quicker trial and enhanced Justice JS Verma Committee punishment for sexual assault of women Madhav Chitale For Desiltation of Ganga Indrajit Gupta Committee State Funding of Elections Kelkar Committee Tax Structure Reforms Narsimhan Committee Banking Reforms to recommend guidelines for certification of films by the Central Board of Film Shyam Benegal Certification (CBFC) BG Verghese , PC Joshi Committee For programming of AIR, Doordarshan Bezbaruah Committee Look into concerns of people from North East living in other parts of India TSR Subramaniam Education Policy Justice Rajinder Sachar To examine socio-economic and educational status of Muslim community Tarkunde Committee Election Reforms high-level committee (HLC) to examine the issues relating to the preparation of Anil Kakodkar action plan to create synergy among R&D centres of oil and gas PSUs, tax issues and ways to benefit from GST Aruna Sundararajan Committee to spell out revival plans for Telecom sector. to examine the various problems plaguing prisons in the country, from Justice Amitava Roy overcrowding to lack of legal advice to convicts to issues of remission and parole. NITI Aayog Vice Chairman Rajiv selling as many as 149 small and marginal oil and gas fields of state-owned Oil Kumar and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) and Ltd (OIL) Akhilesh Ranjan Task Force (replace drafting New Direct Tax Legislation (Law). Arbind Modi) National Implementation Committee to commemorate the 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak in the country and (NIC) under Chairmanship of Union abroad Home Minister Rajnath Singh Ranjana Desai Lokpal Search Committee to drive India’s 5G adoption entailing areas like spectrum policy, regulatory AJ Paulraj policy, standards and education. B Sesikeran to look into draft food labelling and display regulations- FSSAI

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Chaired by Corporate Affairs High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility – 2018 Secretary Injeti Sriniva Chaired by Corporate Affairs Secretary Injeti Srinivas and includes Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of Competition Law Review Committee to ensure that legislation is in tune with India (IBBI) Chairperson M S Sahoo changing business environment and Competition Commission of India (CCI) Chairperson as members. Bhaskar Ramamurthy. to suggest changes to JEE (Advanced) to deliberate and make recommendations for a separate penal provision on Gauba committee incidents of mob violence. Abhijeet Sen Committee Formulating food policy in a long term Abid Hussain Committee Small scale industries and Trade Policy Reform Chakravarty Committee Monetary policy G V Ramakrishna Committee Disinvestment JJ Irani Committee Company laws and formation of the new Companies Act of India Kelkar Committee Assessment of PPP in India and Tax Structure Reforms Raja Chelliah Committee Tax reforms in India Khusro Committee Agricultural Credit System Sarkaria Commission Relationship and power balance between Centre and States. Malegam Committee Microfinance Narasimhan Committee Banking Reforms Mckinsey Report Merger Of seven Associate Banks with State Bank of India Suresh Tendulkar Committee Methodology of estimation of poverty Tarapore Committee Capital Account Convertibility A Ghosh committee Malpractices in banks Y B Reddy Committee Assessing Of Income Tax Rebates Bhagwati Committee Unemployment and Public Welfare C Rao Committee Agricultural policy Dharia Committee Public Distribution System Rangarajan Committee Computerization of Banking Industry and Public Sector Disinvestment Lodha committee To recommend reforms for cricket in India Raghunath Anant Mashelkar panel To suggest the best technologies for Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan K V Kamath Panel To examine MSME sector Bibek Debroy Railway restructuring Justice B. M Shah Committee Black money A C Shah Committee Non-Banking Financial Company Ravindra H Dholakia, to upgrade norms for state, district level economic data collection E Sreedharan (famously known as to lay down standards for metro rail systems in the country. metro man of India) Justice Rajesh Bindal committee on legal issues related to inter country removal & retention of children

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Person Why in news Anshula Kant, managing director of the State Bank of Appointed as Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of the World Bank India MasterCard CEO and President Ajay Banga Selected by US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) for its 2019 Global Excellence Awards. Wipro Chairman US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF): It is a non-profit organization that was established in 2017 by its Executive Board with primary objective of strengthening U.S.-India bilateral and strategic partnership. Union Minister of Finance and Minister of Corporate Affairs was named in 100 Most Influential in UK-India Relations: Celebrating Women list. List was launched by Sajid Nirmala Sitharaman Javid, UK Home Secretary to mark India Day in Houses of Parliament in London. This is the 3rd year of list. International Monetary Fund She has been confirmed as new head of European Central bank (ECB). Her appointment (IMF) Managing Director would make her 1st woman to lead powerful institution of ECB. Christine Lagarde Indian Police Service (IPS) officer and DIG Frontier in Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Aparna Kumar recently scaled North America’s Highest Peak Denali (20,310 feet) in Aparna Kumar Alaska, USA. With this she became 1st civil servant to climb the rare mountain. She scaled this summit in her 3rd attempt. ‘Seven Summits’ Challenge It is the name given to challenge of climbing highest point in each of the 7 continents. 1st such challenge was completed in 1985 when Dick Bass, Texas oil tycoon reached summit of Mt Everest. Currently over 300 people have completed the ‘Seven Summits Challenge’. The Seven Summit inlcudes 1. Carstensz Pyramid– 4884m; Location: Oceania (Australia – New Guinea) 2. Kilimanjaro– 5892m; Location: Africa 3. Elbrus– Height: Location: Russia 4. Aconcagua– Height: 6962m; Location: South America 5. Denali (or Mt McKinley)- Height: 6194m; Location: North America 6. Vinson Massif– Height- 4892m; Location: 7. Mt. Everest– Height- 8848m; Location: Asia Suman Rao She was crowned as Miss India 2019 The Appointments Committee of Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister Narendra IPS officer Samant Kumar Modi approved appointment of senior IPS officer Samant Kumar Goel as Director of Goel Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), external intelligence of India. He has been appointed for a fixed tenure of two years. He will take charge from Anil K Dhasmana. The Appointment Committee of Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister has approved appointment of senior IPS officer Arvind Kumar as Director of Intelligence IPS officer Arvind Kumar Bureau (IB) for a fixed tenure of two years. He will succeed Rajiv Jain whose tenure comes to an end on 29 June 2019. Akshaya Patra, a Bengaluru- Was awarded BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) World Service Global Champion based non-profit organisation Award for the programme. (NGO) Akshaya Patra Foundation is an NGO in India was founded by Madhu Pandit Dasa in 2000. Since its establishment it is running mid-day meal programme across India. Almost 20 years ago it started with providing 1,500 free school lunches every day and today it feeds 1.75 million children all over India with freshly prepared meals. conferred with highest national award of Kyrgyzstan titled Manas Order of the First Chinese President Xi Jinping Degree in Bishkek (capital of Kyrgyzstan). Kyrgyzstan hosted 19th Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO): It is a Eurasian political, economic and security alliance in which China plays an influential role. The founding member of SCO includes China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. India and were admitted to Beijing-based regional security grouping in 2017. The year 2019 will see the 19th SCO summit which is being hosted by Kyrgyzstan.

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54th Jnanpith Award for his outstanding contribution to enrichment of Indian Literature Amitav Ghosh in English. Jnanpith award • It is the highest literary award in India, presented annually by Bharatiya Jnanpith (a literary and research organization). It can only be conferred upon a citizen of India but with no posthumous conferral. • Prize: The award consists of a citation, shawl, goddess Saraswati statue and cah prize of cash prize of Rs.11 lakh • Initially English language was not considered for the Award but after 49th Jnanpith Award, English language was added to the list of languages for consideration. • It was instituted on 22 May 1961 and is given for best creative literary writing by any Indian citizen in any of the 22 Indian languages listed in Schedule 8 of Indian Constitution. After 1982 onwards, the award is given for overall contribution to literature as prior to that a specific work used to be cited. • 1st winner of Jnanpith award was G.S. Kurup, famous Malyalam writer. Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award by United Nations International Children’s Fund’s Priyanka Chopra (UNICEF) American chapter at their Snowflake Ball in December 2019. United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF) • It is special program of UN devoted to aid national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children. It was established in 1946 to provide relief to children in countries devastated by World War II. It is headquartered in New York City, United States. It was formerly known as United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. • Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award: It is named after actor-philanthropist Danny Kaye. He was an American actor, singer, dancer, comedian, musician, and philanthropist. He was UNICEF’s first Goodwill Ambassador in 1954. He was conferred with ’ highest honour- ‘Order of the Distinguished Rule of Nishan Izzuddeen‘ in Male, (Maldives capital) which is Maldive’s highest honour accorded to foreign dignitaries. Russia has awarded PM with ‘Order of St Andrew the Apostle’ for promoting the bilateral special and privileged strategic partnership. United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been conferred with the prestigious Zayed medal by Prime Minister Narendra Modi President of the UAE Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. PM Modi has been awarded in recognition of efforts in giving “a big boost” to bilateral relations between both the countries. The South Korean government has awarded the Seoul Peace Prize for PM Modi in recognition of his service to international cooperation, global growth and human development. Women Sangams (groups) of Equator Prize 2019 by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for their Deccan Development Society contribution to ecology and innovations in rainfed millet cultivation. (DDS) His autobiography titled-‘Lessons Life Taught Me Unknowingly’ that is set to release on Anupam Kher 5 August 2019. The book is expected to offer a kaleidoscopic peep into life and times of Kher as an actor and entertainer. His autobiography titled- ‘My Life, My Mission’. The book is co-authored with senior Yoga guru Baba Ramdev journalist Uday Mahurkar. Was elected as international member of American Philosophical Society (APS) at its Romila Thapar Annual Spring Meeting. American Philosophical Society • It is the oldest learned society in United States (US). • It was founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin (American polymath and one of Founding Fathers of US) for purpose of ‘promoting useful knowledge.’ • It provides a forum for free exchange of ideas while holding conviction that intellectual inquiry and critical thought are inherently in best interest of public. Jimmy Carter, Ex-President of Won the inaugural George H. W. Bush Award for Statesmanship in recognition of his United States of America (USA) contributions to relations between U.S. and China. Former President of India, Was conferred Mexico’s highest civilian honour for foreigners titled ‘Orden Mexicana del Pratibha Patil Aguila Azteca‘ (order of the Aztec Eagle). government’s Tobacco Control Award for year 2019 in recognition of Rajasthan’s achievements in the Medical & Health Department field of tobacco control by WHO Acharya Balkrishna, Managing Director (MD,) of Patanjali UNSDG 10 Most Influential People in Healthcare Award Ayurved Limited Jokha Alharthi, an author from Man Booker International Prize for her Arabic novel “Celestial Bodies“. Man Booker International Prize DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 33 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

It is an international literary award sponsored by the ‘Man Group’, which is the same organisation that gives Man Booker Prize for fiction. It is counterpart to Man Booker Prize for English-language novels. Former Indian Foreign Japan’s Second Highest National Award called ‘The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Secretary Shyam Saran Silver Star’. • The World Press Freedom Prize also known as UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize is formally conferred every year by Director-General of UNESCO, on occasion of World Press Freedom Day observed on 3 May. • In 2019 award would be shared by two jailed Myanmar journalists ‘Wa Lone’ and ‘Kyaw Soe Oo’ who reported on alleged human rights violations in state of Rakhine, Myanmar. Indian Space Research Awarded France’s highest civilian honour ‘Chevalier de l’Ordre national de la Legion Organisation (ISRO) chairman d’Honneur’ (or National Order of the Legion of Honour) A S Kiran Kumar The Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize 2019 was awarded to author Rana Dasgupta for Rana Dasgupta his 2010 novel “Solo” which is a tale of estrangement and the ultimate failure of material existence. It is the second edition of the Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize. 2019 Pulitzer Prizes • Fiction: The Overstory, by Richard Powers (W.W. Norton). • Drama: Fairview, by Jackie Sibblies Drury. • History: Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom, by David W. Blight (Simon & Schuster). • Biography: The New Negro: The Life of Alain Locke, by Jeffrey C. Stewart (Oxford University Press). • Poetry: Be With, by Forrest Gander (New Directions). • General Nonfiction: Amity and Prosperity: One Family and the Fracturing of America, by Eliza Griswold (Farrar, Straus and Giroux). • Music: Prism, by Ellen Reid. The Pulitzer Prize is awarded for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. Established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, the awards are administered by Columbia University in New York City. Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award and the winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. Rio Paralympics silver recipient of the New Zealand Prime Minister’s Sir Edmund Hillary Fellowship for 2019 in medallist Deepa Malik recognition of her inspiring achievements. National Mission for Clean Received the distinction of “Public Water Agency of the Year” by Global Water Ganga (NMCG) or Namami Intelligence at the Global Water Summit in London. Gange The Turing Award 2018 has been awarded for Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio who have kickstarted an AI revolution by studying the learning abilities of large artificial neural networks. The deep neural network uses layers of artificial neurons which mimics the structure of animal brains. Such AI is increasingly used in products that people use every day – from smart speakers to Facebook. This forms the backbone of Deep Learning. President Honoured with Croatia’s highest civilian award the Grand Order of the King of Tomislav. First women has been chosen to be winner of Abel Prize 2019 for her fundamental work US Mathematician Karen in geometric analysis and gauge theory, which has dramatically changed the Uhlenbeck mathematical landscape. Able Prize • Able Prize established by the Oslo government in 2002 honour outstanding scientific work in the field of mathematics, a discipline not included among the Nobel awards • Able Prize is named after the 19th century Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. Able Prize comes with a monetary award of 6 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK) • The sole Indian recipient of the Able Prize is Indian American mathematician S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan. He was awarded for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviation. He has been chosen for the ‘Yashwantrao Chavan National Award 2018’ by Raghuram Rajan Yashwantrao Chavan Prathisthan for his contribution to economic development. Swachh Survekshan Awards are given by the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the survey which covered all urban local bodies in the country. The Survey was the largest such cleanliness survey in the world. • was adjudged India’s cleanest city for the third straight year. • The second and third positions were clinched by Ambikapur in and in Karnataka. • has been named the cleanest big city with a population of more than ten lakh. • Ujjain has been awarded cleanest medium city having a population between 3 lakh to 10 lakh. • New Delhi Municipal Council area was given the ”Cleanest Small City” award. • Uttarakhand’s Gauchar was adjudged the ”Best Ganga Town”. • Bhopal has been named the cleanest capital.

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• Raipur won the ‘Fastest Moving Big City’. • Mathura-Vrindavan won the tag of Fastest Moving Medium City. • Chhattisgarh has bagged the top spot in the category of best performing states. Jharkhand is at the second spot while Maharashtra is at the third. A civil engineer from was included in Facebook Hall of Fame 2019, for Zonel Sougaijam detecting a WhatsApp bug that violated privacy of a user. Thawarchand Gehlot, Union Appointed as Leader of Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Leader of the Rajya Sabha Minister of Social Justice and is appointed by the party in power at Centre. Empowerment Leader of Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) • A Leader of House is a Rajya Sabha member who either holds a rank of cabinet minister or another nominated minister. The Leader has a seat next to ex-officio Chairperson of Rajya Sabha (the ), in the front row. • The term Leader of the House has been defined in Rule 2(1) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Rajya Sabha. • Gopalaswami Ayyangar was the 1st Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha. The Bharatiya Janta Party’s (BJP) Member of Parliament (MP) from Madhya Pradesh Dr Dr Virendra Kumar Virendra Kumar will be the Pro-tem Speaker of . Pro-tem Speaker • The word Pro-tem is a Latin phrase which in English means ‘for the time being’ of ‘temporary’. Thus a Pro-tem Speaker performs the duties of office of Speaker from commencement of 1st sitting of newly constituted Lok Sabha till the election of the Speaker. This is because Speaker of last Lok Sabha vacates his office before the 1st meeting of newly elected Lok Sabha. • The Article 94 of constitution states that previous Speaker must resign immediately before 1st sitting of the new Lok Sabha. • Article 93 of constitution states that, a Speaker and Deputy Speaker to Lower House of Parliament must be elected in 1st sitting of Lok Sabha. • The appointment of Pro tem speaker is a convention and there is no provision mentioned in the Constitution for this position. • President appoints and administes the oath of a member of Lok Sabha as Pro-tem Speaker. By convention a seniormost Lok Sabha member is usually is selected. • A Pro-tem Speaker has powers same as a Lok Sabha Speaker. His main duty is to administer oath to newly elected members of parliament and election of new Speaker. • The office of Pro-tem Speaker ceases to operate once new Speaker is elected by members. Appointed as Director-General the India Meteorological Department (IMD). His Mrutyunjay Mohapatra appointment order was issued by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. Ajit Doval is reappointed as National Security Advisor (NSA) of India for another five year Ajit Doval tenure. During his first term 2014-2019 NSA was given rank of Minister of State (MoS). National Security Advisor (NSA) • NSA is the chief adviser to the on national and international security policy matters. He serves at the discretion of Prime Minister of India. • NSA is now seen as the most powerful bureaucrat in the Government of India. • This post was created in 1998 by then government of Prime Minister . Since then either an Indian Foreign Service (IFS) or the Indian Police Service (IPS) serves the post. Senior IFS officer Brajesh Mishra was India’s first NSA (in office from November 1998-May 2004). • NSA presides over the National Security Council (NSC). NSC was established in 1998. It is an executive government agency that oversees India’s political, economic, energy and security issues of strategic concern. It is a three-tiered organization comprising of Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), Strategic Policy Group (SPG) and National Security Advisory Board (NSAB). Supreme Court Justice Madan The Retired judge of Indian Supreme Court Justice Madan B has been appointed B Lokur to the Supreme Court of Fiji. As a judge of Supreme Court of Fiji’s non-resident panel. Was appointed as High Commissioner of India to Republic of Seychelles. Dalbir Singh Army General (Retd.) Dalbir Suhag was Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) i.e. Army General from August 2014 to December Singh Suhag 2016. President Ram Nath Kovind administered the Oath of office to Justice Pinaki Chandra Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose Ghose as Lokpal. Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose is the first anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. Flight Lieutenant Hina Jaiswal First woman flight engineer of IAF New Election Commissioner, The appointment was made under the clause (2) of Article Sushil Chandra 324 of the constitution. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 35 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Clause (2) of Article 324 • The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners, if any, as the President may from time to time fix. The appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners shall, subject to the provisions of any law made in that behalf by Parliament be made by the President. • The President appoints the Election Commissioner based on the recommendations of the cabinet under the Transaction of Business Rules of 1961. India’s One-day International First woman to play 200 ODI matches. (ODI) Mithali Raj Vedangi Fastest Asian to cycle the globe. Catriona Elisa Gray from the crowned as the Miss Universe 2018, She was crowned by Demi Leigh Nel-Peters from Philippines South Africa, the Miss Universe 2017 title winner. The Oscar Award list for the year 2019 is listed below: • Documentary (Feature) —Jimmy Chin and Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, Free Solo. • Actress in a Supporting Role — Regina King, If Beale Street Could Talk. • Cinematography — Alfonso Cuarón, Roma. • Foreign Language Film — Alfonso Cuarón, Roma. • Actor in a Supporting Role —Mahershala Ali, Green Book. • Animated Feature Film —Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey, Rodney Rothman. • Animated Short Film —Domee Shi, Bao. • Documentary Short Subject — Rayka Zehtabchi and Melissa Berton, Period. End of Sentence. • Live Action Short Film — Guy Nattiv and Jamie Ray Newman, Skin. • Best Original Screenplay — Nick Vallelonga, Brian Currie, Peter Farrelly, Green Book. • Best Adapted Screenplay — Spike Lee, Sean McKittrick, Jason Blum, Raymond Mansfield, Peele, BlacKkKlansman. • Original Score — Ludwig Goransson, Black Panther. • Original Song — Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando, and Andrew Wyatt, “Shallow,” A Star Is Born. • Best Actor in a Leading Role— Rami Malek, Bohemian Rhapsody. • Best Actress in a Leading Role — Olivia Colman, The Favourite. • Best Director — Alfonso Cuarón, Roma. • Best Picture — Green Book. • The 91st Academy Awards ceremony, honouring the best films of 2018, was held on February 24, 2019, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, California.

Some recent terminologies • ART: Accountability, Responsibility, Transparency— • Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Abhiyaan: Mission to save aimed at good governance. and educate girl children • ABCD: Avoid, Bypass, Confuse, Delay—comment on • B2B: Bharat to Bhutan—aimed at improving India- the culture within the Indian bureaucracy. Bhutan ties • AMRUT: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban • BAPU: Biometrically Authenticated Physical Uptake— Transformation—a programme to replace Jawaharlal aims to verify identity of beneficiaries of government Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. schemes by scanning fingerprints • AIM: Atal Innovation Mission— a programme to • BHIM: Bharat Interface for Money—app for making promote a network of world-class innovation hubs. digital transactions and payments • ASPIRE: A scheme for promotion of innovation, rural • : An umbrella programme for National industry and entrepreneurship Highways to connect coastal/ border areas, • Accessible India: To ensure universal accessibility for pilgrimage sites and district headquarters persons with disabilities. • Cooperative and Competitive Federalism: Aims at • ARYA: Attracting and Retaining Rural Youths in improving centre-state relationship through Agriculture. teamwork • AMRIT: Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants • Climate Change to Climate Justice: Need for change for Treatment in focus in environment debate. • Asita (means Yamuna): Project to restore, revive and • CHAMAN: Coordinated Horticulture Assessment and rejuvenate Yamuna river’s floodplains. Management using geoiNformatics

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• : Aims to transform India into a digitally • GIAN: Global Initiative of Academic Networks—aimed empowered society and knowledge economy at American academicians and scientists to teach in • 3 Ds: Democracy, Demography and Demand—a India at their convenience comment on India’s advantage over other countries • GARV: Grameen Vidyutikaran—Rural Electrification • DIPAM: Department of Investment and Public Asset • Gramodaya Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan: Aimed at Management—a new name for the disinvestment increasing social harmony across villages and department. strengthen the Panchayati Raj. • Divyang: People with extraordinary capabilities, • GEM: Government E-Marketplace instead of Viklang (handicapped). • GOBAR (Galvanising Organic Bio Agro Resources)- • DigiLocker: Government of India’s secure cloud- Dhan: Scheme to focus on converting cattle dung based platform for storage, sharing and verification and solid waste to compost and biogas of documents and certificates, for paperless • HRIDAY: Heritage Development and Augmentation governance. Yojana • DEEP: Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price--e- • Hunar Hai to Kadar Hai: If you have skill, you have bidding web portal for electricity respect • Digidhan: an event to promote digital transactions • HIMMAT: A mobile application to ensure women’s • DISHA: Digital Saksharta Abhiyan--Digital literacy safety in Delhi mission • HIT: Highways, Informationways, • DIKSHA: Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Transmissionways—a mantra for Nepal’s Sharing: for teacher-training and professional development. development • HOPE: Harmony, Opportunity, People’s participation, • DARPAN: Digital Advancement of Rural Post Office Equality—aim of Indian constitution for A New India: Project to improve the quality of • HELP: Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing service, add value to services and achieve “financial Policy—a uniform licensing system to cover all inclusion” of un-banked rural population hydrocarbons under a single licensing framework • Ek Bharat Shreshth Bharat: One India, Best India • IT + IT = Indian Talent + Information Technology = • e-Kranti: Digitizing the delivery of government India Tomorrow—part of the Digital India initiative services. • INCH towards MILES: Indochina towards Millennium • e-Boat: Solar-powered boats on river Ganga at of Exceptional Synergy—for the future of Indo-Sino Varanasi. relations • eNAM: Electronic National Agricultural Market • Indradhanush mission: Achieving universal • ePACE: Project Appraisals and Continuing immunization with special focus on 184 high-priority Enhancements—an online portal for monitoring districts progress of national highways across India. • Ishan Uday: Scholarship scheme for north-east • eBASTA: To make school books accessible in digital students. form as e-books. • Indradhanush: Yet another mission with same name • 3E: Enterprises, Earning, Empowerment—the motive to revamp public sector banks behind Mudra Bank • Imprint: Impacting Research Innovation and • EPI: Every Person is Important—The new VIP Technology--Funding research in 10 socially relevant • Evergreen Revolution: Sustained increase in domains agricultural production • JAM trinity: Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile—for direct • FDI: First Develop India cash transfer and subsidy rationalization. • 5F: Farm to Fibre, Fibre to Fabric, Fabric to Fashion, • Karein Prayas, Payein Vikash: Make Effort, Gain Fabric to Foreign Progress—the tagline for Standup India. • FASTag: Electronic tolling system introduced on all • Kayakalp: An award to promote cleanliness, hygiene national highways across the country and infection control practices in public health • FUTURE: F: farmer, U: underprivileged, T: facilities transparency, technology upgradation, U: urban • KSHAMTA: Knowledge Systems and Homestead rejuvenation, R: rural development and E: Agriculture Management in Tribal Areas employment, entrepreneurship • Link West, Act East: Aimed at making India a part of • #GiveItUp: Programme to inspire consumers to give the global value chain. up the LPG subsidy

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• LaQshya: Labour Room Quality Improvement • PRAGATI: Pro-Active Governance And Timely Initiative Guideline: aims at improving quality of care Implementation—aimed at monitoring and reviewing in labour room and maternity Operation Theatre. of government programmes • Mera Kya, Mujhe Kya: Modi’s comment on the • Per Drop, More Crop: Promoting farming through attitude—what is in it for me; why should I bother— optimum utilization of water that has ruined the nation. • P2G2: Pro-People Good Governance, which the • MUDRA Bank: Micro Units Development and government claims to be its focus Refinance Agency Bank • P4: People Private Public Partnership for good • : A radio programme hosted on All India governance Radio where the prime minister addresses the nation • Project Mausam: To revive ancient maritime routes • Maximum Governance, Minimum and cultural linkages with countries in the Indian Government: Simplification of official procedures Ocean and governance by leveraging technology • Padhe Padhaein Desh Badhaye: Study and teach for • : Creating the ecosystem to transform the development of India India into a manufacturing hub • Project Unnati: To mordernize major ports • MANAS: Maulana Azad National Academy for Skills— • ROAD: Responsibility, Ownership, Accountability, to address skill development needs of minority Discipline—for improving the work culture among communities bureaucrats. • MERIT: Merit Order Despatch of Electricity for • Red Tape to Red Carpet: Facilitating the ease of Rejuvenation of Income and Transparency—a web doing business portal that displays the actual data of electricity • 4 Rs: Recognition, Recapitalization, Resolution and generation by states Reform—for resolving the twin balance sheet • MUSC: Madhyamik and Uchchtar Shiksha Kosh— problem non-lapsable pool for Secondary and Higher • RISE: Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education Cess Education: To increase investment in research and • Namami Gange Mission: A national mission for related infrastructure in premier educational clean-up of the Ganga. institutions by 2022 • NITI Aayog: National Institution for Transforming • Swadesh Darshan: Integrated development of India—it replaced the Planning Commission. theme-based tourist circuits • NAVIC: Navigation with Indian Constellation—India’s • Shramev Jayate: Labour reforms plank by the own navigation satellite government • 3 Ns for Indian Railways: Nav Arjan (new revenues), • Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas: Inclusive development for Nav Manak (new norms), Nav Sanrachna (new all structures) • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Clean India Mission • NIDHI: National Initiative for Developing and • : Promoting port-led development Harnessing Innovations—umbrella programme for along the coastal regions and communities nurturing ideas and innovations (knowledge-based • SETU: Self Employment and Talent Utilisation— and technology-driven) into successful start-ups providing support to all aspects of start-ups from • NARI: Nutri-sensitive Agricultural Resources and credit to incubation Innovations—focus on gender empowerment and • Swasth Dhara, Khet Hara: Healthy Earth for a Green nutrition Farm—aimed at boosting farm productivity. • : Evacuation effort in Yemen • SMART policing: Strict but Sensitive, Modern and • Operation : Relief operation in Nepal after the Mobile, Alert and Accountable, Reliable and April 2015 earthquake Responsive, Tech-savvy and Trained policing • Operation Greens: Aims to limit the erratic • 3S: Skill, Scale, Speed—what India needs to do to fluctuations in the prices of onions, potatoes and compete with China tomatoes • SWAYAM: Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young • PRASAD: Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spirituality Aspiring Minds—for IITs, IIMs and central universities Augmentation Drive to offer free online courses • PAHAL: Pratyaksha Hastaantarit Laabh—direct • SAMAVAY: Skill Assessment Matrix for Vocational benefit transfer of LPG subsidy Advancement of Youth—to allow multiple entry and • Padhe Bharat, Badhe Bharat: India that is educated exit options between vocational and formal is the India that will progress education courses

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• Sahayak: New name for railway coolies • SPREE: Scheme for Promoting Registration of • StandUp India: Promoting entrepreneurship among Employers and Employees—to extend the coverage SC/ST and women to the entire workforce, ESI Corporation launched a • SWIFT: Single Window Interface for Facilitating Trade new employer friendly scheme • Startup India: To encourage the startup ecosystem in • SAUBHAGYA: Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana—universal India. household electrification in the country by 31 March 2019 • : Programme to build bridges for safe • SHAGUN: Shala Gunvatta (School Quality) travel on national highways Monitoring and sharing best practices about Sarva • SAGARMALA: To connect all seven coastal states Shiksha Abhiyan through ocean and sea routes • STRIVE: Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value • Shipping Samvad: A new portal for submitting Enhancement: to improve access to quality and innovative ideas for shipping sector market-driven vocational training provided in ITIs and apprenticeships • 3S: Speed, Simplicity, Service—the desirable • SANKALP: Skills Acquisition and Knowledge elements in technology Awareness for Livelihood Promotion • SRESHTA: Special Railway Establishment for • SATH: Sustainable Action for Transforming Human Strategic Technology and Holistic Advancement—a capital—a NITI Aayog programme to transform health special unit for conducting in-house research in and education sectors of states railway • SPICE: Simplified Proforma for Incorporating • SMART: Specially Modified Aesthetic Refreshing Company Electronically Travel—specially designed railway coaches • STRENGTH: Spirituality, Tradition, Trade & Technology, Relationship, Entertainment, Nature • SOLVE: System for Online Vigilance clearance conservation, Games, Tourism and Health & Enquiries—online platform for vigilance clearance for Healing—emphasis on people to people contact board-level appointments in central public sector between India and China enterprises • Tax Terrorism: Comment on aggressive tax policies • SUPREMO: Single User Platform Related To including retrospective amendment of tax laws Employees Online—integration of seven different • 5Ts: Talent, Tradition, Tourism, Trade and Technology, aimed at building Brand India software for central government employees • Twin Balance Sheet problem: The impaired financial • SHAKTI: Scheme to Harness and Allocate Koyla positions of public sector banks and some large (Coal) Transparently in India—new coal linkage policy corporate houses • Setu Bharatam: For building bridges for safe and • TIES: Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme— seamless travel on national highways Scheme to build export infrastructure at state level • SAMADHAN (the new anti-Maoist strategy): Smart • TARANG: Transmission App for Real Time Monitoring Leadership to convert failure into success— and Growth—a monitoring tool to track the progress of inter-state and intra-state transmission systems in Aggressive Strategy, Motivation and Training, the country Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (Key • TOP (Tomato, Onion, Potato) priority: To signify Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result government’s priority for horticulture producers Areas), Harnessing Technology, Action plan for each • USTTAD: Upgrading Skills and Training in Traditional Theatre and No access to Financing Arts/Crafts for Development • SEVA: Saral Eindhan Vitaran Application—app to • Unnat Bharat Abhiyan: IITs and NITs providing ensure transparency and accountability in coal technological resources to rural areas for dispatch for power sector consumers sustainable development • UJALA: Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All • SAMPADA: Supplement Agriculture Modernise • UDAY: Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojna: financial Processing And Decrease Agriwaste—scheme for turnaround and revival package for electricity agro-marine processing and development of agro- DISCOMs processing clusters • Udaan scheme: Aims to provide skills training and • SAUNI: Saurashtra Narmada Avtaran Irrigation enhance the employability of unemployed youth of Yojana Jammu and Kashmir • SANKALP: Skill Acquisition and Knowledge • URJA: Urban Jyoti Abhiyaan—to improve consumer connect on electricity related issues Awareness for Livelihood Promotion programme • UDAN: Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik—regional air • Sabka Saath, Sabka Gaon, Sabka Vikas: Inclusive connectivity scheme development of all villages for all • Vidyut Prabhah: Portal provides real-time basis • Sweet Revolution: To increase production of honey power availability in the country • : A school volunteer programme

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• VATICA: Value Addition and Technology Incubation • Zero Effect, Zero Defect: Aimed at improving the Centres in Agriculture quality of goods produced in India. POLITY Important Amendments to Indian Constitution. Amendment Year Importance Added 9th Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial 1 1951 review. Reorganisation of states on linguistic basis and abolition of Class A, B, C and D states and 7 1956 introduction of Union Territories. 9 1960 Adjustments to Indian territory as a result of agreement with Paksitan. Dadra, Nagar and Haveli included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from 10 1961 Portugal. Goa, Daman and Diu included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from 12 1961 Portugal. 13 1963 The state of Nagaland formed with special protection under Article 371A. 14 1962 Pondicherry incorporated into Indian Union after transfer by France. Enabled the High courts to issue writs to any person or authority even outside its terrorist’s 15 1963 jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within its territorial limits. 21 1967 Sindhi added as language in the 8th schedule. 26 1971 Privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states abolished. 36 1975 Sikim included as an Indian state. Fundamental Duties prescribed, India became Socialist Secular Republic. 42 1976 gave the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights Right to Property deleted from the list of fundamental rights. Constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament and State 44 1978 Legislatures Proclamation of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after receiving the advice of the Cabinet in writing 52 1985 Defection to another party after election made illegal. 61 1989 Voting age reduced from 21 to 18. 69 1991 Insertion of new articles 239AA and 239AB, Special provisions with respect to Delhi 71 1992 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali added as languages in the Eighth Schedule. 73 1993 Introduction of Panchayati Raj, addition of Part IX to the Constitution. 74 1993 Introduction of Nagarpalikas and Municipalities. 86 2002 Free and compulsory education to children between 6 and 14 years. Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers (CoM) to 15 percent of legislative members & 91 2004 strengthened the Anti-Defection laws. Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithli added to the list of recognised languages. Service Tax 92 2003 introduced. 1960, 1970, 8,23,45,62, 1980, 1989, Extension of reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-Indian members in 79 and 95 2000 and Parliament and State Assemblies. 2010 96 2011 Substituted Odia for Oriya in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution 97 2012 Introduction of Part IXB in the Constitution pertaining to Co-operative Societies 101 2016 Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) The 42nd amendment was the most comprehensive amendment which had 59 clauses and carried out so many changes that it has been described as a "Mini Constitution". The 52nd amendment was the only amendment to be unanimously adopted by the Parliament.

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Recent Amendments 1) 101st amendment of the constitution added new articles related to GST Article 246 A: Both Union and States in India now have “concurrent powers” to make law with respect to goods & services. The intra-state trade now comes under the jurisdiction of both centre and state; while inter-state trade and commerce is “exclusively” under central government jurisdiction. Article 269A: Goods and services tax on supplies in the course of inter-State trade or commerce shall be levied and collected by the Government of India and such tax shall be apportioned between the Union and the States in the manner as may be provided by Parliament by law on the recommendations of the Goods and Services Tax Council. Article 279-A: This article provides for constitution of a GST council by president within sixty days from this act coming into force. The GST council will constitute the following members: • Union Finance Minister as chairman of the council • Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance • One nominated member from each state who is in charge of finance or taxation • Changes in the 7th Schedule • Entry 92 (newspapers and on advertisements published therein) has been deleted thus, they are now under GST. • Entry 92-C (Service Tax) has been now deleted from union list. • The residuary power of legislation of Parliament under article 248 is now subject to article 246A. • Article 249 has been changed so that if 2/3rd majority resolution is passed by Rajya Sabha, the Parliament will have powers to make necessary laws with respect to GST in national interest. • Article 250 has been amended so that parliament will have powers to make laws related to GST during emergency period. • Article 268 has been amended so that excise duty on medicinal and toilet preparation will be omitted from the state list and will be subsumed in GST. • Article 268A has been repealed so now service tax is subsumed in GST. • Article 269 would empower the parliament to make GST related laws for inter-state trade / commerce.

2) 102nd Amendment to give Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes • Addition of articles 338B, 342A, and Added Clause 26C. • Omitted Article 340. Modification of articles 338, 366

3) 103rd Amendment to give Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections • Amendment to Article 15, added Clause • Amendment to Article 16, added Clause • A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled and the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause under Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause under Article 16. Important Landmark cases Case Name Description Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. • Case challenging the conclusion of the that about 52% of the total Union of India population of India belonged to Other Backward Classes classification. • Member of Parliament (MP), Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) or Member of a Lily Thomas v. Union of India Legislative Council (MLC) who is convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two year imprisonment, loses membership of the House with immediate effect. Golaknath v. State Of • Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights in the Punjab (Golaknath case) Constitution Justice K. S. Puttaswamy Which holds that the right to privacy is protected as a fundamental constitutional right (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of • under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India. India And Ors This was among the last cases to be heard as a jury trial in India, as the government Commander K. M. Nanavati • abolished jury trials soon after in most cases except for Parsis who still have Jury Trials vs. State of Maharashtra for their Matrimonial Disputes Rupa Ashok Hurra vs. Ashok The concept of Curative petition was evolved Hurra and Anr. • Kesavananda Bharati v. Outlined the Basic Structure doctrine of the Constitution State of Kerala •

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• The Basic Structure doctrine forms the basis of power of the Indian judiciary to review, and strike down, amendments to the Constitution of India enacted by the Indian parliament which conflict with or seek to alter this basic structure of the Constitution. • Preamble part of constitution and can be amended The seven-judge bench asserted the right to personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 of Maneka Gandhi vs Union of • the Constitution, making it an important precedent for cases related to fundamental India rights. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India • The case lays down the principle of absolute liability and the concept of deep pockets. • The Supreme Court provided key clarifications on the interpretation of the basic structure doctrine. The court unanimously ruled that the power of the Parliament of Minerva Mills v. Union of India to amend the constitution is limited by the constitution. India • Emergency Proclamation can be Challenged • Balance and harmony between FR and DPSP • Protect freedom of speech and expression on Internet Mouthshut.com v. Union of India • Internet users are free to post anything online and publishers cannot be forced to take down content without a court order • Declared transgender people to be a 'third gender', affirmed that the fundamental National Legal Services rights granted under the Constitution of India will be equally applicable to transgender Authority v. Union of India people, and gave them the right to self-identification of their gender as male, female or third-gender. S. R. Bommai v. Union of • The judgement attempted to curb blatant misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed over state governments The Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, Shreya Singhal v. Union of • relating to restrictions on online speech, unconstitutional on grounds of violating the India freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India State of Madras v. • This judgement led to the First Amendment of the Constitution of India. It was the first Champakam Dorairajan major judgement regarding reservations in Republic of India. Suresh Kumar Koushal vs. Reinstated Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. Naz Foundation • For the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with Vishakha and others v State • human dignity in Articles 14, 15, 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards of Rajasthan against sexual harassment Aruna Shanbaug vs Union of Accepting passive euthanasia. The SC issued a set of guidelines legalizing passive India (2011) euthanasia in the country. It upheld the right to death with dignity. Verdict on LGBT Rights. In this case, the two-judge bench of Delhi High Court held that treating consensual homosexual sex between adults as a crime is a violation of Naz Foundation vs Govt. of fundamental rights and thus scrapped Section 377 of IPC. Later, in Suresh Kumar NCT of Delhi (2009) Koushal vs. Naz Foundation (2009), SC re-instated Section 377 stating that judicial intervention was not required in that issue. Now, the SC’s judgment in the Right to Privacy case has once again opened up debate on Section 377. The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is also a fundamental right enshrined in Justice Puttaswamy case Article 21. Fundamental Rights • Derived inspiration from the Constitution of USA (i.e., Bill of Rights). • Described as the Magna Carta of India • These are ‘justiciable’ Fundamental Rights. • These are meant for promoting the ideal of political democracy. • The Fundamental Rights are named as 1) They are guaranteed and protected by the Constitution, which is the fundamental law of the land. 2) They are ‘fundamental’ and most essential for the all-round development (material, intellectual, moral and spiritual) of the individual

Articles Related to Fundamental Rights (PART III on the Indian Constitution) at a Glance General • 12. Definition of State • 13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights Right to Equality • 14. Equality before law • 15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 42 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• 16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment • 17. Abolition of untouchability • 18. Abolition of titles Right to Freedom • 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. FR available only to citizens and not to • 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences foreigners • 21. Protection of life and personal liberty • 15. Prohibition of discrimination on • 21A. Right to education grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or • 22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases place of birth Right against Exploitation • 16. Equality of opportunity in matters of • 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour public employment • 24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. • 19. Protection of certain rights regarding Right to Freedom of Religion freedom of speech, etc. • 25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and • 29. Protection of interests of minorities • propagation of religion • 30. Right of minorities to establish and • 26. Freedom to manage religious affairs administer educational institutions • 27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular • religion RIGHTS OUTSIDE PART III: These rights are • 28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious known as constitutional rights or legal • worship in certain educational institutions. rights or non-fundamental rights. They are: Cultural and Educational Rights • 29. Protection of interests of minorities 1) No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law (Article 265 • 30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational in Part XII). institutions 2) No person shall be deprived of his 31. Compulsory acquisition of property—(Repealed) • property save by authority of law Saving of Certain Laws (Article 300-A in Part XII). • 31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. 3) Trade, commerce and intercourse • 31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations throughout the territory of India shall • 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles be free (Article 301 in Part XIII). • 31D. Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities— (Repealed) Right to Constitutional Remedies • 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this part • 32A. Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under Article • 32—(Repealed) • 33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this part in their application to forces, etc. • 34. Restriction on rights conferred by this part while martial law is in force in any area • 35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this part

Directive Principles of State Policy [Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51]

• Borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution. • Dr B R Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. • The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and is the soul of the Constitution. • Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution

Socialistic Principles: These principles Directive Principles of State Policy at a Glance reflect the ideology of socialism. They lay • 36. Definition of State down the framework of a democratic • 37. Application of the principles contained in this part socialist state, aim at providing social • 38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the and economic justice, and set the path people towards welfare state. • 39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State Article: 38, 39, 39A, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47 To secure a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good; c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production; DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 43 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

d) equal pay for equal work for men and women; e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse; f) opportunities for healthy development of children. • 39A. Equal justice and free legal aid Gandhian Principles: They represent • 40. Organisation of village panchayats the programme of reconstruction • 41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases enunciated by Gandhi during the • 42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief national movement. • 43. Living wage, etc., for workers Article: 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48 • 43A. Participation of workers in management of industries • 43B. Promotion of co-operative societies Liberal–Intellectual Principles: The • 44. Uniform civil code for the citizens principles included in this category • 45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the represent the ideology of liberalism. age of six years Article: 44, 45, 48. 48A, 49, 50, 51 • 46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections • 47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health • 48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry • 48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife • 49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance • 50. Separation of judiciary from executive • 51. Promotion of international peace and security

DPSP added in later years 1. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. They require the State: i. To secure opportunities for healthy development of children (Article 39). ii. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39 A). iii. To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries (Article 43 A). iv. To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife (Article 48 A). 2. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added one more Directive Principle, which requires the State to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities (Article 38). 3. The 86th Amendment Act of 2002 changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21 A. The amended directive requires the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. 4. The 97th Amendment Act of 2011 added a new Directive Principle relating to co-operative societies. It requires the state to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies (Article 43B).

DPSP OUTSIDE PART IV 1. Claims of SCs and STs to Services: The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or a State (Article 335 in Part XVI). 2. Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of every state and every local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups (Article 350-A in Part XVII). 3. Development of the Hindi Language: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language and to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India (Article 351 in Part XVII).

The above Directives are also non-justiciable in nature. However, they are also given equal importance and attention by the judiciary on the ground that all parts of the constitution must be read together.

Difference between FR and DPSP FR DPSP Negative and prohibits the State from doing certain Positive and require the State to do certain things. things. Justiciable, and are legally enforceable by the courts if non-justiciable, not legally enforceable violated Establish political Democracy Establish social and economic democracy Have Legal Sanctions Have moral and political Sanctions

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Personal and individualistic: Promote welfare of Societarian and socialistic: Promote welfare of community individuals Automatically enforced: Legislation not required for Not automatically enforced: require legislation for their implementation implementation The courts are bound to declare a law violative of The courts cannot declare a law violative of any of the any of the Fundamental Rights as unconstitutional and Directive Principles as unconstitutional and invalid. invalid. However, they can uphold the validity of a law on the ground that it was enacted to give effect to a directive.

CONFLICT BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES • Champakam Dorairajan case (1951): Directive Principles as subsidiary to the Fundamental Rights, and Fundamental Rights could be amended by the Parliament by enacting constitutional amendment • Golaknath v. State Of Punjab (Golaknath case) 1967: FR are Sacrosant and Parliament cannot take away or abridge any of FR to implement DPSP • Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala: • Minerva Mills v. Union of India: Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. Fundamental Duties • Inspired by the Constitution of erstwhile USSR. • None of the Constitutions of major democratic countries like USA, , France, Germany, Australia and so on specifically contain a list of duties of citizens. • Japanese Constitution is the only democratic Constitution in world which contains a list of duties of citizens. • Sardar Swaran Singh Committee: Set up for recommendations about fundamental duties. • 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976: added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A • They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. • Protection and improvement of environment, forest & wildlife is found common place in both Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles of State Policy Article 51 A Contains duties as:

1. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; 2. to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom; 3. to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; 4. to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; 5. to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; 6. to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture; 7. to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures; 8. to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; 9. to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; 10. to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement; and 11. to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. [added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.] Legal provisions for the implementation of some of the Fundamental Duties [As per Verma Committee on Fundamental Duties, 1999]

1. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act (1971) 2. The various criminal laws in force provide for punishments for encouraging enmity between different sections of people on grounds of language, race, place of birth, religion and so on. 3. The Protection of Civil Rights Act4 (1955) provides for punishments for offences related to caste and religion. 4. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) declares the imputations and assertions prejudicial to national integration as punishable offences.

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5. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967 provides for the declaration of a communal organisation as an unlawful association. 6. The Representation of People Act (1951) provides for the disqualification of members of the Parliament or a state legislature for indulging in corrupt practice, that is, soliciting votes on the ground of religion or promoting enmity between different sections of people on grounds of caste, race, language, religion and so on. 7. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 prohibits trade in rare and endangered species. 8. The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 checks indiscriminate deforestation and diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. Difference Between Adjournment, Prorogation and Dissolution Adjournment Prorogation Dissolution By Presiding office President President/Automatic (end of 5-year term) It Terminates Sitting Session Dissolves Lok Sabha (Not Rajya Sabha) • All pending Businesses, Bills, Motions, Resolutions, Motions, petition – Lapse No effect on Bills If any Pending Bill or Assurance- is waiting for committee Effects No effect on Bills but Pending • examination- Does not Lapse. Notices Lapses • An Impeachment Motion for the removal of Judge does not Lapse

Budget (The Constitution refers to the budget as the ‘annual financial statement’) • Term ‘budget’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution but dealt with in Article 112 of the Constitution. • The budget is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India in a financial year • The budget goes through the following six stages in the Parliament: 1. Presentation of budget. 2. General discussion. 3. Scrutiny by departmental committees. 4. Voting on demands for grants. 5. Passing of appropriation bill. 6. Passing of finance bill.

Difference between Appropriation and Finance Bill

Appropriation Bill Finance Bill • It legalizes expenditure side of the budget • It legalizes income side of Budget • No amendments that will affect/alter the grant voted is • It is passed to give effect to financial proposals of the not allowed government for the following year • It provides appropriation out of Consolidated fund of • It contains tax proposals. India • So can be passed only after the demand for Grants have • It is passed to meet been voted and total expenditure is known 1. Grants voted by Lok Sabha • Amendment motion can be moved 2. Expenditure charged upon Consolidated fund of • Can reject or reduce tax India • It must be enacted (i.e. passed by parliament and assented by President within 75 days) Grants Token Grant Discretionary Grant (Article 281) Statutory Grant (Article 275) • It is Transfer of funds from one • Given to Central/State for any • It is given to states in need of financial head to another public purpose assistance • It is done by re-appropriation • It is given even if it is not within • Given on recommendation of Finance of Demand for Grants their legislative competence commission • Charged on Consolidated fund of India • Can also be specific grant for state Welfare Additional Grant Excess Grant • Given for additional new • If the Money spent is excess than granted service • It is voted by the Lok Sabha after the financial year.

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• Before the demands for excess grants are submitted to the Lok Sabha for voting, they must be approved by the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament. Exceptional Grant Supplementary Grant Vote of Credit • For special Purpose • If the granted amount is found to • To meet unexpected demand be insufficient Motions Adjournment Motion Censure Motion Substantive Motion • Passed for urgent public importance • Should state a reason • Matters dealing with very very • It’s a Censure against Government • Can be against a individual important subject • Needs a support of 50 members minister e.g. • An extraordinary device • Passed to sensor a specific • President impeachment • Discussion should not last less than 2.5 hours policy • Chief Election Commissioner • Rajya Sabha is not allowed to pass • If Passed Council of Removal • If Passed Council of Ministers need not Resign Ministers need not Resign • Speaker Removal No confidence Motion • Need not state reason No Day yet named Motion Calling Attention Motion • Need support of 50 members • Admitted by Speaker • Matter of Urgent public • If Passed Council of Ministers must resign • But not given a date importance is taken • Is passed against entice COM • Not by Rajya Sabha Closure motion • It Cuts short debate and if passed the matter is put to vote Done in types • Simple: if sufficiently discussed • By Compartment: Grouped into parts and put to vote • Kangaroo: Only important is taken and put to vote • Guillotine: Undiscussed/discussed all put to vote Budgetary Motions *[if any of the below motion is passed it shows the lack of confidence in the Government] Policy cut Motion Economy cut Motion Token Cut Motion • It is a disapproval of a policy Amount is reduced to a specific Amount is reduced by Rs100 • The amount is reduced to Rs1 amount

Demand for Grant Vote on Account Vote of Credit The demands are presented ministry 1/6th of total estimation to carry on It’s a special circumstance grant to meet wise. normal proceedings till the unexpected expenditure A demand becomes a grant after it has appropriation bill is passed been duly voted. Commissions in India Commission Purpose To recommend the reorganization of state boundaries. States Reorganization Commission • Dhar committee recommended the reorganization of states on the • Linguistic Provinces Commission under S K Dhar basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor. 1948 • JVP committee rejected language as the basis for reorganization • JVP (Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallahbhai Patel and of states. Pattabhi Sitaramayya) Committee 1948 • Fazl Ali Com: Accepted language as the basis of reorganization of • Fazl Ali Commision 1955 states. But it rejected the theory of ‘one language– one state’. Dhebar Committee Status of PVTGs(Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) For educational reforms. Kapur Commission To inquire into Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination. Khosla Commission To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose. To consider seat reservations and quotas for people to redress Mandal Commission caste discrimination. • Rajamannar Committee 1969 • Anandpur Sahib Resolution 1973 To examine center-state relations. • West Bengal Memorandum 1977 • Sarkaria Commission 1983 DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 47 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Punchi Commission 2007 Mukherjee Commission To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose. To inquire into the anti-Sikh riots of 1984.

Committee on working of Panchayat Raj Name Recommendations Balvantrai Mehta Committee 1957 3 tier 2tier, Compulsory power of taxation, Social Audit, Nyaya Panchayats Ashok Mehta Committee 1977 and Constitutional recognition to Panchayats G. V. K Rao More importance to lower levels, reduction in role of DC Dantwala Committee 1978 Basic decentralization planning at District level Hanumanthrao Committee 1984 District Planning committee L. M. Singhvi Committee 1986 Constitutional recognition to PR, More viable Gram Panchayats Constitutional recognition to PR, 3tier and State Finance Thungon Committee 1988 Commission Constitutional recognition to PR, 3tier, Fixed term, member directly elected, Reservation for SC ST and Women, power to Levy collect Gadgil Committee 1988 and Appropriate tax, State , State election Commission

To examine the representation of Backward Classes in the State public services. National Commission to review the working of the To suggest changes in electoral laws. Constitution To inquire into the Godhra incident and the communal riots that Nanavati-Shah commission ensued in 2002. Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities To investigate the issues of linguistic and religious minorities in (Ranganath Misra Commission) India. To inquire into the Godhra incident and the communal riots that U.C. Banerjee Commission ensued in 2002. Srikrishna Commission To investigate the cause of the 1992 Bombay riots. Thakkar Commission To probe the assassination of Indira Gandhi. To inquire into corruption allegations in the wake of the Tehelka Phukan Commission tapes controversy. Upendra Commission To probe the alleged rape and murder of Thangjam Manorama Devi. Shah Commission To probe the excesses committed during the emergency (1975-77). To promote and uplift the society’s deprived sections. To probe the Babri Masjid demolition. Sahariya Commission To review POTA implementation. Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Recommended establishment of the CBI Corruption (1962-1964) Recommended establishment of the CVC

Division of Legislative Subjects Union List State List Concurrent List Defence, Foreign affairs, Banking, Public order and police, Criminal law and Procedure, Civil Insurance, Currency and coinage, Local Government, Procedure, Marriage Union duties and Taxes Public Health and Sanitation, Contracts, Torts, Railways, Highways, Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries. Trusts, Welfare of Labour. Shipping, Airways, State taxes and Duties, Economic and Social Planning and Posts and Telegraphs, State Public Services, Land Revenue, Education Forests, Foreign loans, Taxes on Agricultural Income, Estate Duty, Adulteration of Foodstuffs. Reserve Bank of India, Lotteries Taxes on Land and Buildings, Trade Unions, Electricity, International Trade and Alcoholic liquors for Human consumption, Newspapers, Books and Commerce, Taxes on the sale of Corporation Tax and others. Electricity and others. Printing presses and others. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 48 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

ENVIRONMENT

In News 1. UNFCCC COP 24: The 24th Session of the of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 24) was held in Katowice, Poland. • Accounting Guidance Rules to guide the countries for their Climate pledges (“nationally determined contributions”, NDCs), to compare pledges and to add them up as a global aggregate. • Market mechanisms: It provides for the trading of carbon credits i.e. overachievement of NDCs, as well as individual projects generating carbon credits for sale. • The schemes and methodologies for the implementation of Sustainable Development Mechanism- SDM would be discussed in COP-25. The SDM is intended to replace the Kyoto Protocol’s “Clean Development Mechanism” (CDM) for carbon offsets. • Loss and damage: The global stocktake rules add loss and damage clause. • Setting up an expert compliance committee: The committee will be able to investigate countries that fail to submit climate pledges. • Talanoa Dialogue: The convention invited countries to consider the outcomes of the Talanoa dialogue in preparing their NDCs and in efforts to enhance pre-2020 ambition. 2. The Uttarakhand High Court has declared the “entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic” as legal entities. 3. India for first will host the 14th session of Conference of Parties (COP-14) of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in September 2019 in New Delhi 4. The Environment Ministers Group of 20 (G-20) countries have agreed to adopt new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste on global scale. 5. Plastic Waste included in Basel Convention on the Control Of Hazardous Wastes, in a legally-binding framework, in a move to quickly reduce amount of plastic being washed into world’s oceans. 6. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed Hump-backed Mahseer as Critically Endangered in the Red List of Threatened Species. • The Hump-backed Mahseer is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish and is referred to as tiger of the water. The Hump-backed Mahseer is found only in the Cauvery river basin including Pambar, Kabini and Bhavani rivers. 7. Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) called ‘Plan Bee’ to keep wild elephants away from train tracks has won the ‘Best Innovation Award’ in Indian Railways 8. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve was included in the UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserve (WNBR) under the Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB). 9. India has designated Sundarban Reserve Forests as the wetlands of International Importance, making it the 27th site in India. It is the largest tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. 10. India Biodiversity Award 2018 was conferred by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA). 11. The Kaziranga National Park (KNP) [UNESCO world heritage site.] had been split into two divisions — the existing Eastern Assam Wildlife and the new Biswanath Wildlife park with Brahmputra flowing in between. 12. Rajasthan has become the first State in the country to implement the national policy on biofuels. 13. World’s largest solar plant • will become the world’s largest singlelocation solar photo-voltaic plant with a installed capacity of 5,000 MW Capacity by 2023. • Other high capacity project In India: Bhadla Solar Park (2255 MW capacity in Rajasthan); Kurnool (2000 MW capacity in Andhra Pradesh). 14. NMCG has started “Ganga Vriksharopan Abhiyan” in five main stem Ganga basin states – Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. 15. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2018 (under the Environment Protection Act, 1986), based on the recommendations of Shailesh Nayak Committee report (2016). 16. Centre has released a draft notification for earmarking Eco-Sensitive Area (ESA) in . Which proposes nearly 37% of Western Ghats as ‘no go’ zone, as recommended by Kasturirangan Committee. (The panel had recommended 64% of western ghats as ESA). 17. Ministry of Power has launched Energy Conversation Building Code for residential buildings named Eco Nivas Samhita, 2018 in order to promote energy efficiency in design and construction of homes and generate awareness towards conservation. 18. PARIVESH (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous and Environmental Single window Hub): An integrated environmental management system 19. The Palghar district in northern Maharashtra has been witnessing an unusual frequency of earthquakes since November 2018. National Centre for Seismology (NCS) has categorized the unusual tremors as an ‘earthquake swarm’.

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• Earthquake swarm: It is a series of low magnitude earthquakes that occur in a localized region and over a period ranging from days, weeks to even months. 20. Excess water from South Lhonak lake (Sikkim) had to be siphoned to prevent Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods (GLOFs) 21. India along with 23 countries participated in this major -wide tsunami mock drill, namely IOWAVE18. organised by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO). 22. India Meteorological Department (IMD), for the first time, has provided a country-wide soil moisture forecast termed ‘Experimental Forecasts Land Surface Products’. It has been developed using the ‘Variable Infiltration Capacity’ model that takes into consideration soil, vegetation, land use and land cover among other parameters. 23. Climate change could lead to decline of underwater kelp forests. • Kelp forest are large brown algae seaweeds. They grow in "underwater forests" (kelp forests) in shallow oceans. • Kelps live further from the tropics than coral reefs, mangrove forests, and warm-water seagrass beds. 24. US mid-west experienced sub-zero temperatures due to a breakdown in the polar vortex. • It is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North and . • The term refers to the counter-clockwise flow (clockwise over south pole) of air that • There are not one but two polar vortexes in each hemisphere. 25. IMD recently launched the Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) to provide probabilistic weather forecasts upto next 10 days. With this new model, India joins the US with a model that predicts with a 12 km resolution. Only the 'European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast' has a better 9km resolution. 26. Scientists have identified a new phase in Earth's geological history called the Meghalayan age. which is the subdivision of the Holocene Epoch, began about 4,200 years ago and the most recent unit of the Geologic Time Scale • The Meghalayan Stage has been defined at a specific level in a stalagmite in the Mawmluh caves — one of the India’s longest and deepest — in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya 27. The International Conference on Status and Protection of Coral Reefs (STAPCOR)-2018 took place recently at Bangaram Coral Island of Lakshadweep. Theme of the conference was “Reef for Life”. It takes place every 10 year after the foundation of STAPCOR in 1998 when heavy bleaching of corals was observed internationally because of Global warming, climate change and El-Nino effect. 28. United Nation Environment Program has awarded Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) with Asia Environment Enforcement Awards, 2018. • WCCB coordinated “Operation Thunder Bird” (INTERPOL’s multi-national and multispecies enforcement operation) in India. • WCCB has launched “Operation wildnet” to counter the menace of the illegal trade through internet. 29. Lake Urmia: It is an endorheic (which do not drain to the sea) salt lake in Iran. • The lake has shrunk to 10% of its former size due to damming of the rivers that flow into it, and the pumping of groundwater from the surrounding area. • Lake Urmia is designated as a site of international importance under the UN Convention on Wetlands. 30. Indian Ocean Research Vehicle (IORV) Sagar Nidhi as part of India- US expedition seeking to find answers to vagaries of Bay of Bengal fed South-West Monsoon was set out in Indian Ocean. The project is funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and the US Office on Naval Research. 31. Butterfly species Tamil yeoman (Cirrochroa thais) has been officially declared as state butterfly of Tamil Nadu. 32. The Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Council has launched a rating tool ‘GRIHA for Existing Day Schools’ to evaluate the environmental performance of existing schools across India. 33. Nekton Mission is aimed at enhancing the humanities knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans to speed up the protection and governance of our last great wilderness, the deep ocean. 34. The IQAir AirVisual 2018 World Air Quality Report was compiled by Greenpeace in association with IQAir AirVisual. The index measures the presence of fine particulate matter PM2.5 in the air. 35. India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia have signed the New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019 declaration 36. Spotted Cheetahs being translocated from Namibia would be kept at Nauradehi sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. 37. India’s first specialised hydrotherapy treatment centre (water clinic) for elephants was opened in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. 38. India, the fourth largest carbon emitter, Paris Climate Commitment to reduce its emissions by 33–35 percent by 2030 compared to 2005 levels 40 percent of total energy demand from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 33 percent forest cover 39. India is the cheapest solar energy producer: IRENA report

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There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40501.13 km2, which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May, 2019).

National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Power Plants Wildlife Sanctuaries States National Parks (NP) Power Plants (WLS) • Dachigam National Park J&K • Gulmarg WLS • Hemis National Park Capital: Jammu (Winter) • Limber WLS • Kishtwar National Park (Summer) • Nandini WLS • Salim Ali National Park • Bandli WLS • Pin Valley National Park • Daranghati WLS • Girinagar Hydel Project • Great Himalayan National Park • Dhauladhar WLS Himachal Pradesh • Binwa Hydel Project • Inderkilla National Park • Nargu WLS Capital: Shimla • Rangtong Hydel Project • Khirganga National Park • Pong Dam Lake WLS • Baner&Neugal Project • Simbalbara National Park • Shilli WLS • Talra WLS • Abohar WLS Punjab • Guru Gobind Singh Super • Harike Lake WLS Capital: Chandigarh Thermal Power Plant • Jhajjar WLS • Gorakhpur Atomic Power • Bhindawas WLS Haryana • Kalesar National Park Station • Kalesar WLS Capital: Chandigarh • • Deenbandhu Chhotu • Khaparwas WLS • Ram TPS TPS Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has issued notification declaring the area around the boundary of Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ). Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary: located on Southern Delhi Ridge of Aravalli hill range on Delhi-Haryana border. • Hastinapur WLS • Narora Atomic Power • Ranipur WLS Station UP • Sohagibarwa WLS • Rihand Thermal Power • Dudhwa National Park Capital: • Sur Sarovar WLS Station • Chandraprabha WLS • Anpara Thermal Power • National Chambal WLS Station • Gautam Budha WLS • Kahalgaon Super Thermal Bihar • Kaimur WLS • Valmiki National Park Capital: Patna • Pant (Rajgir) WLS • Barauni TPS • Valmiki WLS • Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur District. • The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, it is protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in Asia. • Badalkhol WLS • Sipat Thermal Power Plant • Indravati National Park Chattisgarh • Bhairamgarh WLS • Hasdeo TPS • Kanger Valley National Park Capital: Raipur • Bhoramdev WLS • Bhilai Expansion Power • Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) • Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS Plant • Chandrapura TPS Jharkhand CM: • Lawalong WLS • Koderma Thermal Power Raghuvar Capital: • Betla National Park • Palkot WLS Station Ranchi • Parasnath WLS • Bokaro TPS • Coringa WLS • Kolleru WLS • Simhadri Super Thermal Andhra Pradesh • Nellapattu WLS Power Plant Capital: Amravathi • Sri Venkateswara National Park • Pulicat Lake WLS • Sri Damodaram [* initially] • Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarjuna Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power SagarSrisailam) WLS Station • Rollapadu WLS Telangana Mrugavani National Park Kawal WLS Capital: Hyderabad • •

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• Dibru-Saikhowa NP • Amchang WLS • Kaziranga National Park • Chakrashila WLS Assam • Manas National Park • Dihing Patkai WLS • Bongaigaon Thermal Power Capital: Dispur • Nameri National Park • East Karbi Anglong WLS Plant • Rajiv Gandhi Orang National • North Karbi Anglong WLS Park • Nambor WLS • Assam Spring Festival was held at Manas National Park • Tiger population increased by 50% in Manas • Manas National Park (or Manas wildlife sanctuary) is UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve in Assam. • In a recent census Kaziranga National Park revealed that there was a marginal increase in the population of the one- horned rhinoceros here. Kaziranga National Park • The sanctuary hosts two-thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses • Tigers: Kaziranga is home to the highest density of tigers among protected areas in the world, and was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006The sanctuary hosts two-thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses • Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for conservation of avifaunal species. • Located on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, the park combines high species • diversity and visibility Orang tiger reserve • It is 49th Tiger Reserve of country, notified in 2016. • It is also known as the mini Kaziranga National Park (IUCN site) since the two parks have a similar landscape made up of marshes, streams and grasslands. • Bondla WLS • Madei WLS Goa • Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) Bhagwan Mahavir Capital: Panaji National Park • (Mollem) WLS • Netravali WLS • Jambugodha WLS • Jessore WLS • Kutch Desert WLS • Mundra Thermal Power • Blackbuck National Park, Station Velavadar • Mitiyala WLS Porbandar Lake WLS • Ukai Thermal Power Station Gujarat • Gir Forest National Park • Rampara Vidi WLS • Akrimota Thermal Power Capital: Gandhinagar • Marine National Park • Ratanmahal WLS Station • Gulf of Kutch • Shoolpaneswar • Kakrapar Nuclear Power • Bansda National Park • (Dhumkhal) WLS Plant • Thol Lake WLS Wild Ass WLS Banni Grassland: It is arid grassland ecosystem in Kutch region of Gujarat. It is believed to be the last known habitat of cheetah in India PM released a book named "Birds of Banni Grassland” • Arabithittu WLS • Attiveri WLS • Bhadra WLS • Bandipur National Park • Bhimgad WLS • Raichur Thermal Power • Bannerghatta National Park • WLS Station Karnataka National Park Cauvery WLS Udupi Thermal Power Plant Capital: Bangalore • • • • Nagarhole National Park • Nugu WLS • Bellary Thermal Power • Anshi national park • Pushpagiri WLS Station • Ranganathittu Bird WLS • Sharavathi Valley WLS • Someshwara WLS • Eravikulam National Park • WLS • Mathikettan Shola National Park • Chimmony WLS Kerala • Brahmapuram Power • Periyar National Park • Idukki WLS Capital: Station • Silent Valley National Park • Malabar WLS Trivandampuram • Kayamkulam Power Station • Shola National Park • Mangalavanam Bird WLS • Pampadum Shola NP • Neyyar WLS DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 52 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Periyar WLS T • hattekad Bird WLS Periyar National Park • It is notable as an elephant reserve and a tiger reserve. • The park is a repository of rare, endemic and endangered flora and fauna and forms the major watershed of two important rivers of Kerala, the Periyar and the Pamba. Idukky Wildlife Sanctuary The Forest type: • West Coast Tropical Evergreen forests, • Semi Evergreen forests, • Moist Deciduous Forests, • Hill shoals and Grass Lands Biodiversity: Elephant, Sambar, Barking Deer, Mouse deer, Bonnet macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Malabar giant squirrel, Great Indian Hornbill, Grey-headed Bulbul etc. • Kanha National Park • Bori WLS • Madhav National Park • Gandhi Sagar WLS • Vindhyachal Super Thermal • Mandla Plant Fossils National Power Station • Ghatigaon WLS Park • Sant Singaji Thermal Power • Ken Gharial WLS • Panna National Park Plant MP • Narsighgarh WLS • Pench National Park • Satpura Thermal Power Capital: Bhopal • National Chambal WLS • Sanjay National Park Station • Orcha WLS • Satpura National Park Van • Amarkantak TPS • Kuno WLS • Vihar National park • Sasan Ultra Mega Power • Sardarpur WLS • Dinosaur Fossils NP Project • Son Gharial WLS • Fossil NP Kanha Tiger Reserve It had inspired Rudyard Kipling for his famous novel Jungle Book. The park has a significant population of Bengal tiger, Indian leopards, sloth bear, barasingha and Indian wild dog. • WLS • Bhamragarh WLS • Bhimashankar WLS • Chandoli National Park • Great Indian Bustard • Tarapur Atomic Power • Navegaon National Park WLS Station Maharashtra • Tadoba National Park • Jaikwadi WLS • Tirora Thermal Power Capital: Mumbai • Gugamal national park • Koyana WLS Station • Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) NP • Nagzira WLS • Amravati Thermal Power • Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) NP • Painganga WLS Plant • Radhanagari WLS • Sagareshwar WLS • Tipeshwar WLS Manipur • YangoupokpiLokchao • Keibul Lamjao National Park Capital: Imphal WLS • Baghmara Pitcher Plant Meghalaya • Balphakram National Park WLS

Capital: Shillong • Nokrek National Park • Nongkhyllem WLS • Siju WLS • Dampa WLS (TR) Mizoram • Murlen National Park Ngengpui WLS • Capital: Aizawl • Phawngpui Blue National Park • Pualreng WLS Tokalo WLS • Fakim WLS Nagaland • Dikhu Hydro Electric Power • Intanki National Park • Puliebadze WLS Capital: Kohima Plant • Rangapahar WLS • Badrama WLS • Baisipalli WLS Odisha • Bhitarkanika National Park • Chilika (Nalaban) WLS Talcher Super Thermal Capital: • Power Station Bhubaneshawer • Simlipal National Park • Hadgarh WLS • Khalasuni WLS • Satkosia Gorge WLS DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 53 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Bhitarkanika National Park: Ramsar Convention site since 2002 • Gahirmatha Beach and Marine Sanctuary lies to the east. • It is home to Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), White Crocodile, Indian python, King Cobra, black ibis, darters and many other species of flora and fauna. • The sanctuary is the second largest mangrove ecosystem in India. • The national park and wildlife sanctuary is inundated by a number of rivers - Brahmani, Baitarni, Dhamra, Pathsala Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary • It is very famous for its nesting beach for olive ridley sea turtles. • It is the one of world’s most important nesting beach for turtles. Nalbana Bird Sanctuary or Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Simlipal National park • Its reserve is part of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. • It was the second largest national park in India. • It is home to 99 royal Bengal tigers and 432 wild elephants. • Besides it is famous for gaurs (Indian bison), chausingha as well as an orchidarium. • Bundh Baratha WLS • Darrah WLS • Jawahar Sagar WLS • Sariska National Park • Kailadevi WLS • Ranthambore National Park • Chhabra Thermal Power Rajasthan • Mount Abu WLS • Darrah National Park Station Capital: Jaipur • Ramsagar WLS • Desert National Park • Suratgarh Power Station • Sariska WLS • • Sawai Man Singh WLS • Shergarh WLS • Sitamata WLS • Fambong Lho WLS Sikkim • Khangchendzonga National Park • Kitam WLS (Bird) • Rangit Hydro Electric Power Capital: Gangtok (KNP) • Maenam WLS Project • Pangolakha WLS KNP was added in the ’mixed’ heritage site category in its list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO It exhibits qualities of both natural and cultural significance • Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) WLS • Mudumalai National Park • Kalakad WLS • Kudankulam Nuclear • Mukurthi National Park • Karaivetti WLS Power Plant Tamil Nadu • Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) • Karikili WLS • Neyveli Thermal Capital: Chennai • Guindy National Park • Mudumalai WLS • Tuticorin Thermal Power • Pulicat Lake WLS • Gulf of Mannar Marine National Station Park • Vaduvoor WLS • Vedanthangal WLS • Vettangudi WLS • Gumti WLS • Palatana Thermal Power • Bison( Rajbari ) National Park • Rowa WLS Capital: Agartala Plant Clouded Leopard National Park Sepahijala WLS • • • Trishna WLS • Gangotri National Park • Askot Musk Deer WLS • Jim Corbett National Park • Binsar WLS • Chibro Power Plant Uttarakhand • Valley of Flowers National Park • Govind Pashu Vihar WLS • Khodri Power Plant Capital: Dehradun • Govind NP • Kedarnath WLS • Chilla Power Plant • Nanda Devi NP • Sonanadi WLS • Rajaji NP • Mejia Thermal Power • Buxa National Park (TR) • Ballavpur WLS Station • Neora Valley NationalPark • Chintamani Kar Bird • Farakka Super Thermal WB • Singalila National Park Sanctuary Power Station Capital: Kolkata • National Park • Haliday Island WLS • Kolaghat Thermal Power • Gorumara NP • Lothian Island WLS Station • Jaldapara NP • Mahananda WLS • Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 54 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station Buxa Tiger Reserve • Its northern boundary runs along the international border with Bhutan • The fragile "Terai Eco-System" constitutes a part of this reserve. • The Phipsu Wildlife Sanctuary of Bhutan is contiguous to the north of BTR. • Animals found -tiger, civet, elephant, gaur (Indian bison), Indian boar and red jungle fowl • The Buxa Tiger Reserve has been identified for the tiger augmentation programme by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). • The tigers from the forest reserves of Assam, which have a similar flora and fauna, will be introduced in Buxa. Sunderban Reserve Forest to get Ramsar site status • Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh • Mouling National Park

UNESCO World Heritage Site: 1. Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area 2014 2. Kaziranga National Park 1985 3. Keoladeo National Park 1985 4. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 1985 5. Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 1988 6. 1987 7. Western Ghats 2012

Biosphere reserves of India (area wise) Year Name Location State Type Key fauna Nilgiri Part of Waynad, Nagarhole, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed 1986 Biosphere Bandipur and Mudumalai, Kerala and Western Ghats macaque Reserve Nilambur, Silent Valley Karnataka Nanda Devi National Parts of Chamoli District, Western Snow Leopard, 1988 Park & Pithoragarh District &Bageshwar Uttarakhand Himalayas Himalayan Black Bear Biosphere District Reserve Indian part of Gulf of Mannar extending from Rameswaram Gulf of 1989 island in the North to Tamil Nadu Coasts Dugong or sea cow Mannar Kanyakumari in the South of Tamil Nadu and 1988 Nokrek In west Garo Hills Meghalaya East Himalayas Red panda Part of delta of Ganges and 1989 Sundarbans West Bengal Gangetic Delta Royal Bengal tiger Brahmaputra river system Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Golden langur, red 1989 Manas Barpeta,Nalbari, Kamrup and Assam East Himalayas panda Darrang Districts Deccan Gaur, royal Bengal tiger, 1994 Simlipal Part of Mayurbhanj district Odisha Peninsula elephant Dihang- Arunachal Mishmi Takin, Musk 1998 Part of Siang and Dibang Valley Eastern Himalaya Dibang Pradesh Deer Pachmarhi Parts of Betul District, Madhya Giant squirrel, flying 1999 Biosphere Hoshangabad Districtand Semi-Arid Pradesh squirrel Reserve Chhindwara District Four-horned antelope, Achanakma Indian wild dog,Sarus r- Madhya Part of Annupur, Dindori and crane, White-rumped 2005 Amarkantak Pradesh,Ch Maikala Hills Bilaspur districts vulture,Philautus Biosphere hattisgarh sanctisilvaticus (Sacred Reserve grove bush frog)

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Part of Kutch, Rajkot, Great Rann 2008 Surendranagar and Patan Gujarat Desert Indian wild ass of Kutch Districts Pin Valley National Park and surroundings;Chandratal and Himachal Western 2009 Cold Desert Snow leopard Sarchu & Wildlife Pradesh Himalayas Sancturary Khangchen Snow leopard, red 2000 Parts of Kangchenjunga Sikkim East Himalayas dzonga panda Agasthyama Neyyar, Peppara and Shenduruny lai Kerala,Tami 2001 Wildlife Sanctuary and their Western Ghats Nilgiri tahr, elephants Biosphere l Nadu adjoining areas Reserve Researchers have discovered new grass-like plant species named Fimbristylis agasthyamalaensis in hills within the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve. Great Andaman Nicobar Southern most islands of 1989 and Nicobar Islands Saltwater crocodile Biosphere Andaman and Nicobar Islands Islands Reserve Dibru- Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia 1997 Assam East Himalayas Golden langur Saikhowa districts Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering Seshachala Andhra 2010 parts of Chittoor and Kadapa Eastern Ghats Slender Loris m Hills Pradesh districts Part of Panna District and Madhya Catchment Area Tiger, chital, chinkara, 2011 Panna Chhatarpur District Pradesh of the sambhar and sloth bear

INDIA ‘s Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’S WNBR. (Total 11) Nilgiri Tamil, Gulf of Mannar, Sunderbans, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Pachmarhi, Similipal, Achanakmar Amarkantak, Great Nicobar, Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Khangchendzonga National Park

List of Tiger Reserves Core & Buffer Areas Sl.No. Name of Tiger Reserve (Year of creation) State 1 Bandipur (1973-74) Karnataka 2 Corbett (1973-74) Uttarakhand Amangarh (buffer of Corbett TR) 2012 Uttar Pradesh 3 Kanha (1973-74) Madhya Pradesh 4 Manas (1973-74) Assam 5 Melghat (1973-74) Maharashtra 6 Palamau (1973-74) Jharkhand 7 Ranthambore (1973-74) Rajasthan 8 Similipal (1973-74) Odisha 9 Sunderbans (1973-74) West Bengal 10 Periyar (1978-79) Kerala 11 Sariska (1978-79) Rajasthan 12 Buxa (1982-83) West Bengal 13 Indravati (1982-83) Chhattisgarh 14 Namdapha (1982-83) Arunachal Pradesh 15 Dudhwa (1987-88) Uttar Pradesh 16 Kalakad-Mundanthurai (1988-89) Tamil Nadu 17 Valmiki (1989-90) Bihar 18 Pench (1992-93) Madhya Pradesh 19 Tadoba-Andhari (1993-94) Maharashtra 20 Bandhavgarh (1993-94) Madhya Pradesh 21 Panna (1994-95) Madhya Pradesh 22 Dampa (1994-95) Mizoram 23 Bhadra (1998-99) Karnataka 24 Pench (1998-99) Maharashtra 25 Pakke (1999-2000) Arunachal Pradesh 26 Nameri (1999-2000) Assam

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27 Satpura (1999-2000) Madhya Pradesh 28 Anamalai (2008-09) Tamil Nadu 29 Udanti-Sitanadi (2008-09) Chattisgarh 30 Satkosia (2008-09) Odisha 31 Kaziranga (2008-09) Assam 32 Achanakmar (2008-09) Chattisgarh 33 Dandeli-Anshi (Kali) (2008-09) Karnataka 34 Sanjay-Dubri (2008-09) Madhya Pradesh 35 Mudumalai (2008-09) Tamil Nadu 36 Nagarahole (2008-09) Karnataka 37 Parambikulam (2008-09) Kerala 38 Sahyadri (2009-10) Maharashtra 39 Biligiri Ranganatha Temple (2010-11) Karnataka 40 Kawal (2012-13) Telangana 41 Sathyamangalam (2013-14) Tamil Nadu 42 Mukandra Hills (2013-14) Rajasthan 43 Nawegaon-Nagzira (2013-14) Maharashtra 44 Nagarjunsagar Srisailam (1982-83) Andhra Pradesh 45 Amrabad 2014 Telangana 46 Pilibhit 2014 Uttar Pradesh 47 Bor 2014 Maharashtra 48 Rajaji 2015 Uttarakhand 49 Orang 2016 Assam 50 Kamlang 2016 Arunachal Pradesh

List of Ramsar sites (related to wetland) in India Name Location 1 Ashtamudi Wetland Kerala 2 Odisha 3 Bhoj Wetland Madhya Pradesh 4 Himachal Pradesh 5 Chilika Lake Odisha 6 Deepor Beel Assam 7 West Bengal 8 Punjab 9 Hokera Wetland Jammu and Kashmir 10 Punjab 11 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 12 Andhra Pradesh 13 Manipur 14 Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Gujarat 15 Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Tamilnadu 16 Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh 17 Himachal Pradesh 18 Punjab 19 Tripura 20 Sambhar Lake Rajasthan 21 Sasthamkotta Lake Kerala 22 Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Jammu and Kashmir 23 Tsomoriri Jammu and Kashmir 24 Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) Uttar Pradesh 25 -Kol Wetland Kerala 26 Jammu and Kashmir 27 Sundarban Wetland West Bengal

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Elephant Reserves Sl. Elephant Range Elephant Reserve State No. 1. Mayurjharna ER West Bengal 2. Singhbhum ER Jharkhand 3. Mayurbhanj ER Orissa East-Central Landscape 4. Mahanadi ER Orissa 1 (South-West Bengal- Jharkhand - Orissa) 5. Sambalpur ER Orissa 6. Baitami ER Orissa 7. South Orissa ER Orissa 8. Lemru ER Chhattishgarh 9. Badalkhol - Tamorpingla ER Chhattishgarh Kameng-Sonitpur Landscape 10. Kameng ER Arunachal 2 (Arunachal - Assam) 11. Sonitpur ER * Assam Eastern-South Bank Landscape 12. Dihing-Patkai ER Assam 3 (Assam - Arunachal) 13. South Arunachal ER Arunachal 14. Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong ER Assam Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki Landscape 4 15. Dhansiri-Lungding ER Assam (Assam - Nagaland) 16. Intanki ER Nagaland North Bengal- Greater Manas Landscape 17. Chirang-Ripu ER Assam 5 (Assam - West Bengal) 18. Eastern Dooars ER West Bengal Meghalaya Landscape 19. Garo Hills ER Meghalaya 6 (Meghalaya) 20. Khasi-hills ER # Meghalaya 21. Mysore ER Karnataka 22. Wayanad ER Kerala Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghat Landscape 23. Nilgiri ER Tamil Nadu 7 (Karnataka - Kerala- Tamilnadu- Andhra) 24. Rayala ER Andhra 25. Nilambur ER Kerala 26. Coimbatore ER Tamil Nadu Anamalai-Nelliampathy- High Range Landscape 27. Anamalai ER Tamil Nadu 8 (Tamilnadu - Kerala) 28. Anamudi ER Kerala Periyar-Agasthyamalai Landscape 29. Periyar ER Kerala 9 (Kerala - Tamilnadu) 30. Srivilliputhur ER Tamil Nadu North-Western Landscape 31. Shivalik ER Uttarakhand 10 (Uttarakhand - Uttar Pradesh) 32. Uttar Pradesh ER U.P.

Mangrove sites in India State/Union Territories Mangrove Sites West Bengal Sunderbans Orissa Bhaitarkanika, Mahanadi, Subarnarekha, Devi-Kauda, Dhamra, Mangrove Genetic Resources Centre, Chilka Andhra Pradesh Coringa East, Godavari, Krishna Andaman & Nicobar North Andaman, Nicobar Tamil Nadu Pichavaram, Muthupet, Ramnad, Pulicat, Kaznuveli Kerala Vembanad, (North Kerala) Karnataka Coondapur, Dakshin Kannada/ Hannavar, Karwar, Mangalore Forest Division Goa Goa Maharashtra Achra-Ratnagiri, Dev garh-Vijay, Durg, Veldur, Kundalika-Revdnada, Mumbra-Diva, Vikroli, Shreevardhan, Vaitarna, -Manori, Malvan Gujarat Gulf of Kutchh, Gulf of Khambhat, Dumas-Ubhrat

Local term for Sacred Groves in States 1. Andhra Pradesh: Pavithravana 2. Arunachal Pradesh: Gumpa Forests (attached to Buddhist monestries) 3. Goa: Deorai, Pann 4. Jharkhand: Sarana 5. Karnataka: Devara Kadu 6. Kerala: Kavu, Sara Kavu 7. Maharashtra: Devrai, Devrahati, Devgudi DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 58 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

8. Manipur: Gamkhap, Mauhak ( sacred bamboo reserves) 9. Meghalaya: Ki Law Lyngdoh, Ki Law Kyntang, Ki Law Niam 10. Orissa: Jahera, Thakuramma 11. Puducherry: Kovil Kadu 12. Rajasthan: Orans, Kenkris, Jogmaya 13. Tamil Nadu: Swami shola, Koilkadu 14. UttaraKhand: Deo Bhumi, Bugyal (sacred alpine meadows) 15. West Bengal: Garamthan, Harithan, Jahera, Sabitrithan, Santalburithan

Difference between BR, WLS and NP Biosphere Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary National Park National park is These are areas of terrestrial and coastal Refers to the geographical another protected ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile area which is reserved area kept apart for the Definition the conservation of biodiversity with its exclusively for the conservation of wild sustainable use conservation of bio-diversity life Human Not in the core zone and very limited in the Limited human activity is No human activity is activity buffer zone allowed allowed Biosphere Reserves have specific geographical Usually, not as well marked boundaries and may be completely inland, as in the case of a national Properly marked Boundary along the coast or defined by the borders of park their natural watersheds. Degree of A higher level of Permanente A good level of permanency permanency permanency Nominated by national government which meet Usually through a competent a minimal set of criteria and adhere to minimal Usually by the national authority like chief Establishment set of conditions for inclusion in the world or federal government conservator of forests, etc. network of Biosphere reserves.

The scheme of 'Assistance for the Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries' was reformulated and renamed as 'Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH)' during the 11th Plan period (2007-2012). Species under IDWH Scheme: 9. Indian Rhino or Great One-horned Rhinoceros 1. Asian Wild Buffalo 10. Jerdon’s Courser 2. Asiatic Lion 11. Malabar Civet 3. Brow-Antlered Deer or Sangai 12. Marine Turtles* 4. Dugong 13. Nicobar Megapode 5. Edible Nest Swiftlet 14. Nilgiri Tahr 6. Gangetic River Dolphin 15. Snow Leopard 7. Great Indian Bustard 16. Swamp Deer 8. Hangul 17. Vultures*

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HISTORY Ancient Terms and their Meanings Terms Meanings Agnikula Some group of Rajput clans who claim to have arisen from Yajna Havana-Kunda Agrahara Contribution of land or taxes from a village by the king to the Brahmins Ajivika A heterodox sect closer to Jainism, It prospered at the time of the Buddha Amatya Official title for a higher official used from the Mauryan Period. Aranyakas These are Vedic texts, Composed by hermits Artha Prosperity and well-being, One of the four aims of life of a Hindu Arthashastra Written by Kautilya, Ancient Indian treatise on economic policy, statecraft, and military strategy Ashramas The four stages of life, One facet of the Dharma concept in Hinduism Ayukta Title of an officer often used in the Mauryan period Bhagavata A sect dedicated to Lord Vishnu Bhukti Gupta period administrative unit of a kingdom Bodhisattva A individual who attains nirvana by working for the welfare of the world Brahmacharya The first of the four stages (Ashramas) of life. Brahmanas A collection of ancient Indian texts with annotations on the hymns of the four Vedas Chaitya A Buddhist place of worship. Charvaka It is known as Lokayata and Bṛhaspatya, An ancient school of Indian materialism Devadana Contributed revenue assigned to a temple Dharma Piety, Morality – a way of life Digambara A Jain sect, This sect believes that to attain Moksha, one must give up the luxury of clothes also. Garbhagriha The sanctum of the Hindu temple. Gayatri mantra The very important verse from the Rig Veda Grama A village Hinayana One of the two major Buddhist sects Jati Family or a group of people defined by their profession Kaliyuga The fourth and final era Karma Action Kharoshthi Ashokan inscription of Shahbazgari and Manashera are written in this script Kula The clan or extended family Mandalam An administrative unit, frequently used in south India. Matha A center of education attached to a religious establishment Nagara Temple architecture style developed in central and Northern India Nishaka A term used for coin Pana A term used for coin Rajuka An official designation used in the Mauryan period Rashtra Country Samiti A larger assembly Satamana A silver coin which weighed about 180 grains. Sati A Practice one who has sacrifice herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. Stupa Domical structure containing relics of the Buddha. Theravada A Buddhist sect Upanishads The philosophical texts included in Vedic literature Varna Four-fold division of Hindu society

The Edicts of Ashoka Erected pillars and edicts all over the subcontinent and even in modern-day Afghanistan, Nepal, and Pakistan to spread the Buddha’s word. James Prinsep, a British antiquary and colonial administrator was the first person to decipher Ashoka’s edicts. These inscriptions are the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. Languages used • In eastern part of the empire, Magadhi language in Brahmi script is used. (Magadhi is the dialect of Prakrit found in Magadha). • In western parts of the Mauryan Empire, Prakrit in kharoshti script is used. • Major Rock Edict XIII contains an extract in Greek and Aramaic as well. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 60 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 These inscriptions can be classified into three: Pillar edicts, Major rock edicts and Minor rock edicts. Pillar Edicts • There are seven pillar edicts. • Two types of stones are used: spotted white sandstone (from Mathura) and buff coloured sandstone and quartzite (from Amaravati). • All the pillars are monoliths (carved out of from stone). • They have been found from different places like Kandahar (Afghanistan), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), Delhi, Vaishali and Champaran (Bihar), Sarnath and Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh), Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh), and Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh). • Fragments of the same edict are found in different places. • Many pillars are as high as 50 feet high and weigh as much as 50 tons. • The pillars depict animals such as elephants and lions, and wheels and lotuses which are all significant symbols in Buddhism. • The following table gives the Edict number and what it talks about.

Edict name Details Pillar Edict I Ashoka’s principle of protecting his people. Pillar Edict II Dhamma Pillar Edict III Avoiding practices of cruelty, sin, harshness, pride and anger among his subjects. Pillar Edict IV Responsibilities of the Rajukas. List of animals and birds that should not be killed on certain days. Another list which mentions animals Pillar Edict V that should never be killed. Pillar Edict VI Dhamma policy of the State. Pillar Edict VII Ashoka’s work for fulfilling Dhamma. Tolerance for all sects.

14 major rock edicts. Edict Name Details Major Rock Edict I Prohibits animal slaughter and bans festive gathering. Major Rock Edict II Care for man and animals. Mentions the Pandyas, Satyapuras and Keralaputras of South India. Generosity to Brahmins. About Yuktas, Pradeshikas and Rajukas who would go every five years to Major Rock Edict III different parts of his empire to spread Dhamma. Major Rock Edict IV Dhammaghosha (sound of Dhamma/righteousness) over Bherighosha (sound of war). Major Rock Edict V About Dhammamahamatras. Talks about treating slaves right. Major Rock Edict VI King’s desire to know about his people’s conditions. About welfare measures. Major Rock Edict VII Tolerance for all religions. Major Rock Edict VIII Ashoka’s first visit to Bodh Gaya and the Bodhi tree (his first Dhamma Yatra). Major Rock Edict IX Condemns popular ceremonies. Major Rock Edict X Disapproves of the individual’s desire for fame and glory and stresses on Dhamma. Major Rock Edict XI Elaborates on Dhamma. Major Rock Edict XII Tolerance for all religions and sects. Mentions victory over Kalinga. Mentions Ashoka’s Dhamma victory over Greek Kings Antiochus of Major Rock Edict XIII (Amtiyoko), Ptolemy of (Turamaye), Magas of Cyrene (Maka), Antigonus of Macedon (Amtikini), Alexander of Epirus (Alikasudaro). Also mentions Pandyas, Cholas, etc. Major Rock Edict XIV Engraving of inscriptions installed in various parts of country.

Minor Rock Edicts: Minor rock edicts are found on 15 rocks across the country and in Afghanistan also. Ashoka uses his name only in four of these places namely, Maski, Brahmagiri (Karnataka), Gujjara (MP) and (AP). • Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayag Prasasti): • The Ashokan inscriptions suggest that the pillar was first erected at Kaushambi, an ancient town some 30 kilometres west of its current location which was then the capital of the kingdom of Koshala • There were also inscriptions issued by Samudragupta and was composed by Harisena. It is written in very simple and refined Sanskrit in kavya style. It lists achievements of Samudragupta. This Inscription is a eulogy of Samudragupta and mentions about the conquests of Samudragupta and boundaries of the Gupta Empire. The eulogy of Harisena describes him as hero of 100 battles. He performed Ashvamedha Yajna, this has been testified by a seal of Samudragupta bearing a Horse. This was probably first Ashvamedha after Pushyamitra Shunga. He is depicted in his coins playing Veena. He allowed the king of Ceylon to build a monastery at Bodhgaya. Another term used by Harisena for him is Kaviraja, which testified him as a patron of poetic arts and a poet himself. Samudragupta also assumed the title of Vikramanka • It also has inscriptions by the Mughal emperor Jahangir, from the 17th century

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 61 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 Other Major Inscriptions • Junagarh Rock inscription: The Junagarh Rock inscription of Rudradaman is considered as an early example of chaste Sanskrit, written in mid second century AD. It mentions that one of Chandragupta Maurya’s governors, Pushyagupta, was responsible for building a dam on Sudarshana Lake near Girnar in Kathiawar. From another inscription of Skandgupta we came to know that this very dam was repaired during his reign, almost 800 years after it was built • Mahrauli Inscription / Garuda Pillar: The Mahrauli Iron Pillar was originally placed on a hill near the Beas and was brought to Delhi by a King of Delhi. This pillar credits Chandragupta with conquest of the Vanga Countries by his battling alone against the confederacy of the enemies united against him. It also credits him for conquest of Vakatkas in a fight that ran across seven mouths of Sindhu. This pillar was established by Chandragupta-II of Gupta dynasty as in the honor of Lord Vishnu • Nasik Inscription: The achievements of Gutamiputra Satkarni were mentioned in Nasik Inscription that were composed by his mother Gautami Balasri. The Nasik Prasasti describes Gautamiputra as the ruler of the Aparanta, Anupa, Saurashtra, Kukura, Akara and Avanti and defeated the Saka King Nahapana and restored the prestige of his dynasty by reconquering a large part of the former dominions of the Satavahanas • Nanaghat Inscription: The Nasik and Nanaghat inscriptions are the major sources that gives detailed information about the Satavahana empire. The Nasik inscription was made by Gautami Balasari and Nanaghat inscription was issued by Naganika • Mandsaur Inscription: It was by Kumaragupta and was written by Vattasbhatta

Medieval

Terms Used and their Meaning Amil: Revenue officers Mulhid: A heretic, one who renounces the faith. Mullahs: persons claiming to be religious leaders of the Amir-i-akhur: amir or officer commanding the horse Musalmans Muqaddam: village headman; literally the first or senior Amir-i-hajib: officer-in-charge of the royal court man Amirul Mominin: Commander of the Faithful; the Caliph Murid: Disciple Arz-i-mamalik: minister in charge of the army of the whole Mustaufi: An auditor of accounts specially of those country collecting land revenue. Abwab: miscellaneous cesses, imposts and charges Mutasaddi: A writer, a clerk levied by zamindars and public officials Nabud: Remission of land revenue on account of natural Afaqis: foreigners (in the Deccan) disasters. Ahadi: gentleman trooper Nabuwat: Prophethood Ahl-i-qalam: a scribe Naib: deputy, assistant, agent, representative Amil, amalguzar: revenue collector Na-Khuda: Commander or captain of a ship Amu Darya: The River Oxus Narnal: Swivel gun carried by men Arraba: a wagon, a cart Nasaq: A mode of assessment Naukar, Nokar: Servant, term used by Timurid rulers for Ashraf: a person of noble birth, a gentleman their nobles Ataliq: guardian Nawab: viceroy, governor; title of rank Nazrana: gift, usually from inferior to superior; forced Banduqchi: musketeer contribution Bania, Baniya merchant; in some areas also refers to moneychanger or banker; a caste traditionally engaged in Nilgai: A kind of deer the above activities Banjar: waste or fallow-land, fit for cultivation : One-eigth of a day i.e. three hours Banjara: grain and cattle merchant; name of an itinerant Pahi: A non-resident cultivator, temporary cultivator tribe Baqqal: trader, grain-dealer Paibaqi: Land reserved for allotment in jagir Paibos: kissing the feet, a ceremony generally reserved for Barawardi: a recruit on ad-hoc pay God Bargi, bargirl: an auxiliary soldier, a plunderer Patar: mistress, kept woman, common law wife. Batai: division of the crop between the cultivator and the landlord or the government; payments may be in kind or Patel: village headman cash DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 62 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Patta: document given by collector of revenue to the Bayutat: House-hold expenses, especially royal karkhanas revenue payer stating terms on which the land is held and the amount payable Beg: noble Patwari: Bidat: innovations in matters of religion, heresy Peshkar Agent: manager of finances Balahar: the lowest grade of the agricultural peasant Peshkash Tribute: from subordinate rulers Banjara: a corn merchant Polaj: Land constantly in cultivation Barid: intelligence officer appointed by the state to collect Qasba: small town information Cartaz: a permit given by the Portuguese to traders. Rabi: the winter crop Chachar: land out of cultivation for 3-4 years Rahdari: Protection money paid by travelers Chauth or chauthai: one-fourth of the land-revenue, Rai: a Hindu chief, usually one having his own territory and Orignally a zamindari charge in Gujarat, demanded by army as war expense. Chetti, Chettiar: merchant caste of South India Raiyat: Subjects, payers of land-revenue Raiyati: Areas without a zamindar, or where cultivation of Charai: a tax on cattle land-revenue was easy, productive. Chatr: royal umbrella Ray: A schedule Dadni: giving of advances (dadan) to artisans by Rekh: Assessed land revenue in Rajasthan merchants Dagh: System of branding of horses and animals Riyayati: Sections assessed at a concessional rate Dahsala: Revenue settlement based on assessment of Sair, sayer: taxes other than land revenue; transit duties ten (dah) years revenue Sama music: some time accompanied by dance for the Dalai, Dallal: Broker mystics Dam: A copper coin, considered 1/40* of a silver rupee Saranjam: Lane allotted in lieu of military service for official purposes Darogha: a minor officer in charge of a local office Sardeshmukhi One-tenth of the assessed income Dar-ul-harb: Land not owing allegiance to Muslim rule, enemy land Dastur rule: assessment circle Sayurghal: Rent-free land Dastur-al-amal: Rule book Shahbandar: Official in charge of a port Dhimmi: A non-Muslim client or subject Shariat: Muslim religious law Diwan: chief financial minister, a department, a book of Shroff: banker and moneylender; moneychanger verses Doab: land between the Jumna and the Ganges Sijdah: Prostration, theoretically before God Du-aspa sih-aspa: A technical term meaning twice the Sufis: Mystics number of sawars entertained otherwise Tappa small estate or a group of villages Taqavi: Advance of money for sowing or extend ing Dallals: brokers cultivation. Darogha: a minor officer in charge of a local office Taqlid: Religious show without real piety, hypocricy Darul Adl: the market of Delhi or cloth and other Tasawwuf: Mysticism commodities; literally, place of justice Darul Mulk: capital Tauhid: unity of God Doab: land between the Jumna and the Ganges Upari: temporary occupant; tenant-at-will Farman: a royal order Usar: barren land Farr-i-izadi: Divine Light communicated to ideal rulers Vatan, watan: hereditary lands Gazz-i-Sikandari: the yard of Sultan Sikandar Lodi Wahdat-al-Wajud: Unity of God and the beings Gumashta: agent or representative Wali-ahad: heir-presumptive Gajnal: A swivel gun born by an elephant (gaj) Yassa: Regulations or code book of Chingiz Garhi: A hill fort, mud fort made of thick clay Zawabit: Secular laws Ghalla-bakshi: One mode of batai (q.v.) Zimmi, dhintmi: protected non-Muslim Zor-talab: Areas of turbulence often held by powerful Gharib: Foreigners (in the Deccan) zamindars. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 63 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Ghazi: A hero, a soldier fighting against infidels Iqta: a governorship; or grant of revenues of a piece of land Iqtadar: governor or a person in whose charge an iqta has Ghusal-Khana: Private audience hall near the bathroom been placed Malikana: special allowance assigned to zamindar or Gumashta: agent or representative landowner Gunj; ganj Mart Jama Khana: a house of mystics Habshi: Abyssinian, East African jitals: Copper coins of the Delhi sultanat Hadis: acts or words of the Arabian prophet Khalisa: income which went directly went to the king Kharaj: land revenue; also tribute paid by a subordinate Hakim: A governor, a commander ruler Hakim: A physician, a sage Khuts: class of village headmen Hammam: Room for Bath of hot and cold water Mameluks: slave-officers Haram: Forbidden Mohalla: a section or part of a town; quarter of a city Harmandir: The Sikh golden Temple at Amritsar. Mushrif-i-mamalik: accountant for all provinces Hasil: Actual realization (of land revenue) Nawisandas: clerks Paibos: kissing the feet, a ceremony generally reserved for Hun A: gold coin God Hundi; bill of exchange Pir: spiritual guide Qalandars: a class of Muslim mendicants, generally uneducated, who did not believe in private property and Ijara: revenue-farming wandered about from place to place and lived by persistent begging Ijaradar: farmer of any item of public revenue, mainly land Qasbas: towns Imam: supreme commander, leader; also, the person Qazi: a Muslim judge leading the congregation Muslim prayers Inam gift: benefaction; land held free of revenue or at low Rai: a Hindu chief, usually one having his own territory and rates of revenue army Jagir: income from a piece of land assigned to officers by Rai Rayan: The Rai of Rais; the title given by Alauddin Khalji the ruler or a piece of land assigned to a government to Deo of Deogir officer by the state Jagirdar: holder of a jagir Raiyyat: subjects Sadah: literally, one hundred; the term sadah amirs meant Jama: total sum; total land revenue levied from an estate officers controlling territory containing about a hundred or division of country villages Jamabandi: settlement of the amount of revenue assessed upon an estate, village or district. Sadr-i jahan: title of the central officer of the Delhi sultanat, who was in charge of religious and charitable endowments Jama-dami: Assessed income in terms of dams Jama-i-kamil: Maximum assessment Sama: an audition party of the mystics Jamiat: A military following Sarrafs: moneychangers, bankers Jarib: A measurement, land measurement or survey Sarai: inn Jharoka: darshan Showing of the Emperor to the Public Sarai-Adl: name given to Alauddin Khaljis market in Delhi from the Palace for the sale of cloth and other specified commodities Jihad: holy war Shahr: city, used for the capital, Delhi Jihat: Extra cesses Shariat: Muslim religious law Jizya: has two meanings: (a) in the literature of the Delhi Shiqdar: an officer-in-charge of an area of land described as Sultanat, any tax which is not kharaj or land tax; (b) in the a shiq shariat, a personal and yearly tax on non-Muslims Junglah: Horses of mixed breed Shuhna: head of the police, mayor, provost Kafir: non-Muslim (literally, one who is ngrateful to God) Shuhna-i mandi: officer-in-charge of the grain-market Kankut: Estimation of land revenue Sufis: mystics Karinda: Agent Tanka: silver coin of the Delhi sultanat Karkhanas royal factories or enterprises for producing or Tauhid: unity of God collecting commodities required by the state Karori: A revenue official Ulema: Muslims of religious learning; plural of alim Khalifa Caliph: Commander of the Faithful, or successor Umara: Plural of amir; amir means ruler or commander of a sufi DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 64 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Khalisa: land land held and managed directly by the state Usar: saline land Khalsa: The Sikh order set up by Guru Govind Wajh: money, salary Khanazad: One born in the house, old (Turkish) Wajhdar: a salaried officer employees Khanqahs: a house of mystics but more commodious Wali: governor than the jamaat khana Waliahad: heir-presumptive Wazir-i mutlaq: wazir with full powers, who could administer Khilat: robe of honour without interference by the king Khilafat Caliphate; commander of the faithful Zawabits: state laws Khiraj, kharaj tax; especially land revenue Mansab: military rank conferred by the Mughal Government Khud-kasht: Owner of land who cultivates with his own ploughs and bullock and some hired labour, resident Mansabdar: holder of a mansab cultivator Kufr: Disbelief Mapillah: Muslim community in Kerala Kulkarni: village accountant Math: Monastery Kunbi: caste of cultivators in Maharashtra Mauza: revenue term for a village Liwan: Ante chamber Mihrab: High alter from which the priest prays. Madad- i-maash: assignment of revenue by the government for the support of learned or religious Miras: hereditary right persons, or benevolent institutions. Madrasa: an educational institution Mirasdar: holder of miras lands Mahajan: merchant, banker Mokasa: Grant of land for military service, rent-free land. Mahal: a group of lands regarded as a unit for land Muhtasib: an officer appointed to maintain regulations in a revenue purposes municipality Mahawara-un-Nahart: Transoxiana Mujannas: Mixed breed of Arabi and Iraqi horses. Mahzar: A declaration signed by ulama Mujtahid: One entitled to interpret holy laws Malikut-Tujjar: literally, chief of merchants; a title given to Malik: Owner one of the highest officer of the state

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Rulers of Delhi Sultanate The five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate include: • The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290) Important Rulers of Mamluk Dynasty • The Khilji Dynasty (1290 -1320) • Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first ruler of the Mamluk • The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) Dynasty (also called the slave dynasty). He was a generous ruler and ruled over the Sultanate of Delhi for over four • The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) years. Qutb-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of Qutub Minar. • The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) • Another important ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty was Shams-ud- The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290) din Iltutmish. He was the son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. List of the Mamluk Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate Shams-ud-din Iltumish was known for the Iqta system of land in this era. revenue and the completion of Qutub Minar. Ruler Reign • After Shams-us-din Iltumish, his military trained daughter Qutb-ud-din Aibak 1206–1210 Raziya Sultan (Raziyat-ud-din Sultana) took over the Sultanate Aram Shah 1210–1211 of Delhi. Balban succeded Raziya Sultan, followed by his grandson Qaiqabad (Kaikubad). Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1211–1236 • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji aka Malik Firuz killed Qaiqabad and put Rukn-ud-din Firuz 1236 an end to the Mamluk Dynasty or Slave Dynasty. Raziyat-ud-din Sultana 1236–1240 Muiz-ud-din Bahram 1240–1242 Important Rulers of Khilji Dynasty Ala-ud-din Masud 1242–1246 • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was also known as the general of slaves Nasir-ud-din Mahmud 1246–1266 and a very smart sultan. He avoided wars with invaders such as Ghiyas-ud-din Balban 1266–1286 Halaku and Ulugh Khan. In fact, he made peace with Ulugh Khan by giving his daughter. Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad 1286–1290 • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was assassinated by his nephew Ala-ud- Kayumars 1290 din Khilji. He was the first Muslim ruler to be brave enough to cross the Satpuras, Vindhyas and to conquer The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) Deccan. List of Khilji rulers who ruled over Delhi Sultanate • Ala-ud-din Khilji passed away in the year 1316 and was in this era. succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah. Mubarak Shah was killed Ruler Reign by Khusru Khan who sat on the throne of Delhi Sultanate for Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji 1290–1296 some time. Later, he was killed by Ghiyath-al-din Tughluq, which Ala-ud-din Khilji 1296–1316 marked the era of the Tughlaq Dynasty. Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah 1316–1320

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414) • The first ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty was Ghiyath-al-Din List of Tughlaq rulers who ruled over Delhi Tughlaq, who was also known by the name Ghazi Malik. Sultanate in this era. • He was succeeded by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq who was known Ruler Reign for his misadventures related to administration and war. • Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq Ghiyath-al-din Tughlaq 1321–1325 who was half Muslim (his mother was a Hindu). He was known Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1325–1351 to establish cities. Under his reign, cities like Firuzshah Kotla Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 (Delhi), Hisar, Jaunpur (West Bengal), Fatahabad, Firozabad Ghiyas-ud-in Tughlaq II 1388–1389 were founded. Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390 • • After the Tughlaq Dynasty, Khizr Khan founded the Sayyid Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah 1390–1393 Dynasty. He was the governor of Multan and Timur’s deputy in III India. Khizr Khan died of illness and was succeeded by his son Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I 1393 Mubarak Shah. Mahmud Nasir ud din 1393–1394 • Mubarak Shah had a vision of expanding the empire, but his Nusrat Shah 1394–1399 plans were foiled by opposition and revolts of the nobles. Even Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1399–1413 with this opposition, Mubarak Shah was an efficient ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.

• After Mubarak Shah, the Delhi Sultanate was ruled by two The Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451) incompetent rulers – Muhammad Shah and Ala-ud-din Alam Shah thereafter. Ala-ud-din Alam Shah was the last ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty. He gave up the throne voluntarily in favour of Bahlol Lodi.

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Here is the list of Sayyid Rulers of Delhi Sultanate • The rulers of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty were the last rulers of in this era. the Delhi Sultanate. They tried their best to bring Delhi to the Ruler Reign past glory, but could not succeed. Khizr Khan 1414–1421 • Bahlol Lodi was the first ruler of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty and Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 was succeeded by his son Sikandar Lodi. Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 • Sikandar Lodi was known for his leadership and thirst for Alam Shah 1445–1451 supremacy. He launched campaigns against several

kingdoms. In the year 1503, he established the city of Agra. The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526) He also transferred his headquarter to Agra due to its Ruler Reign strategic location. Bahlol Lodi 1451–1489 • Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi, who Sikander Lodi 1489–1517 was the last of the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526 • One of Ibrahim Lodi’s uncles, Daulat Khan Lodi, fled to Kabul Here is the list of Afghan Lodi Rulers of Delhi and invited Babur to attack India. Taking Daulat Khan Lodi’s Sultanate in this era. advice, Babur attacked Northern India and thus the Afghan Lodi Dynasty came to an end.

Important Wars of Medieval India

War Year Place Won by Lost by Importance First battle of Tarine 1191 Tarine Pritvi raj chauhan Mohamad ghor Second Battle of 1192 Tarine Mohamad ghor Pritvi raj Chauhan tarine First Battle of Foundation to Mughal 1526 panipat Babar Ibrahim lodi panipat empire. Rajput Battle of kanva 1527 khanva babar (under rana sanga) Shershah occupied the Battle of kanauj 1540 kanauj shershah Humayun place of Mughals. Hemu defeted the Battle of Fort area 1556 Hemu force of akbar and got tughalaqabad of delhi title VIKRAMADTYA Second battle of Akbar reconquered 1556 Panipat akbar Hemu Panipat delhi. Talikote Battle of talikote or Alliance of 5 shah Aliya ramaraya End of vijayanagara 1565 (in Bannihatti dynasties. Of vijayanagara empire. karnataka) Third battle of 1761 panipat Ahamad shah abdali Marathas Treaty of surath panipat

Modern BATTLES / WARS & TREATIES & AGREEMENTS List of Important Wars and Treaties in Indian History Anglo Marathas War Year Treaty Gov General Battles Began: Treaty of Surat First 1775-82 Warren Hastings Battle of Wadgaon End: Treaty of Salbai Second 1803-05 Began: Lord Wellesley Battle of Battle of Third 1816-19 Treaty of Gwalior Marquess of Hastings End of rule Anglo French War Year Treaty Gov General Battles Reason: Austrian 1746: Battle of Adyar/San First 1746-48 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle succession in Europe Thome

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War of succession between Nasir Jung 1749: Battle of Ambur (English) and Second 1749-54 Muzaffar Jung Rise of Robert Clive in India (French) after death of Nizam Reason: 7 years’ war 1760: Battle of Wandiwash Third 1758-63 Treaty of Paris in Europe (French defeat) Anglo Mysore War Year Treaty Gov General Battles First 1766-69 After death of Hyder Ali in 1782 Second 1780-1784 Treaty of Mangalore Warren Hastings Tipu led the war Third 1789-92 Treaty of Seringapatnam Cornwallis Defeat of Tipu Battle of Seringapatnam. Death Fourth 1799 Wellesley of Tipu. Anglo Sikh War War Year Treaty Gov General Battles First 1845-46 Treaty of Lahore Hardinge Second 1848-49 Dalhousie Final Subjugation of the Anglo Afghan War War year treaty Gov. General Battles Tripartite Treaty between First 1839-42 Ranjit Singh, Shah Shuja The Lord Auckland & Lord Auckland Treaty of Peshawar, Second 1868-80 Dufferin Treaty of Gandamak Ended in an Artimice. Third 1919-21 Durand line established. Chelmsford Treaty of Rawalpindi

List of Important Treaties in the History of India Name of The Treaty Year Importance/Remarks

The treaty established the boundary between the and the Ahom Treaty of Asurar Ali 1639 kingdom ending the Mughal’s efforts to conquer Ahom. The Treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 between the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I, who was commander of the Mughal Empire, and Maratha Shivaji Maharaj. Treaty of Purandar 1665 Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort. When Shivaji realised that war with the Mughal Empire would only cause damage to the empire and that his men would suffer heavy losses, he choose to make a treaty. Henceforth the maratha king became the mayor of the place and the peshwa Sangola Agreement 1752 emerged as the real head of maratha federacy. Signed between Siraj-ud-dwala and Robert Clive allowing the British to fortify Treaty of Alinagar 1757 Calcutta and also allow British goods to pass through Bengal without duties. The french were defeated by the british company and its settlements were captured. Treaty of Paris 1763 The french possessions in india were ,however restored by this treaty.

The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Lord Robert Clive, of the East India Company, as a outcome of the Battle of Buxar of 1764. As per the terms of the Treaty of Allahabad 1765 agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar- Orissa. This Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India.

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The Treaty of Madras was signed between the British and Hyder Ali of Mysore to bring to and end the first Mysore War. Under the treaty, both the parties agreed to Treaty of Madras 1769 return the areas won the each and to support each other in case of a thrid party invasion.

Treaty of Benaras 1773 Between hastings and nawab of oudh. Allahabad was handed over to nawab. On the death of shuja ud daula in 1775 , a new treaty was concluded with his Reaty of 1775 1775 successor , according to which a regular brigade of the company’s troops was stationed in oudh.. Signed by raghunath rao with the bombay governament in the hope of help of Treaty of Surat 1775 english subsidiary troops in his flight for peshwaship Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing the first phase of the First Treaty of Purandar 1776 Anglo-Maratha War to an end. Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing the second phase of the First Treaty of Wadgaon 1779 Anglo-Maratha War to an end. Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing the First Anglo-Maratha War Treaty of Salbai 1782 to an end. The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to Treaty of Mangalore 1784 the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Lord macartney ,governor of madras ,concluded with tipu the treaty of mangalore on the basis of mutual restriction of conquests and liberation of prisoners. Signed between the British (Lord Cornwallis), the Marathas, Hyderabad and Tipu Treaty of 1792 Sultan. This ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War allowing the Marathas, the Nizam of Seringapatam Hyderabad and the British to annex almost half of Tipu Sultan’s territories. Treaty of Bassein 1802 Signed by baji rao II with the english after his defeat at the hands of . Treaty of Deogaon 1805 Holkar gave up claims on the areas of company’s allies. Between ranjith singh and the english company , which fixed the river sutlej as the Treaty of Amritsar 1809 boundary of ranjith singh’s authority.

After the english victory over nepal , the treaty was signed . The nepal ruler gave up Treaty of Sagauli 1816 his claims to sikkim , ceded the disputed tarai tracts , and received a resident at khatmandu . Great britain agreed to help iran with men and money against any european invader Treaty of Yandaboo 1826 .

Signed between Governor General Air Henry Hardinge for the British and members of Treaty of Lahore 1846 Lahore darbar representing the young Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur. The treaty marked the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty of Amritsar followed the Treaty of Lahore. By this treaty the British East Treaty of Amritsar 1846 India Company sold Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh, whose dynasty ruled till 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh acceded Kashmir to India.

By this treaty , rani jindan was deprived of all powers and the administration was to Treaty of Bhirowal 1846 be carried on by a ‘ council of regency ‘ composed of eight leading chiefs under the virtual dictatorship of the british resident .

Land Revenue Systems in British India Zamindari System • Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. • It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi, North Karnataka [where political consolidation was complete] • Also known as Permanent Settlement System. • Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants. • The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share (89%) belongs to East India Company. Ryotwari System • Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820. Ricardian influence. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 69 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India. • In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants. • The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land. Mahalwari System [Modified version of Zamindari System] • It was pioneered by Halt Macanzee • Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.and was Periodically Revised • It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India. • Settlement was done estate by estate • The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System. • In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages. • Ownership rights were vested with the peasants. • The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.

Indian National Congress Sessions Year Location Important facts 1st session of INC, President- W.C. Bonnerjee, Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of British 1885 Bombay India, attended by 72 delegates 1886 Calcutta President- Dadabhai Naoroji 1887 Madras President- (1st Muslim president of INC) 1888 Allahabad President- George Yule (1st English president of INC) 1889 Bombay President- Sir 1890 Calcutta President- 1891 Nagpur President- P. Ananda Charlu 1892 Allahabad President- Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 1893 Lahore President- Dadabhai Naoroji 1894 Madras President- 1895 Poona President- President- Rahimtullah M. Sayani 1896 Calcutta The National Song, Vande Mataram was sung for the first time. 1897 Amraoti President- C. Sankaran Nair 1898 Madras President- Ananda Mohan Bose 1899 Lucknow President- 1900 Lahore President- N.G. Chandavarkar 1901 Calcutta President- Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha 1902 Ahmedabad President- Surendranath Banerjee 1903 Madras President- Lal Mohan Ghosh 1904 Bombay President- Sir Henry Cotton 1905 Benares President- 1906 Calcutta President- Dadabhai Naoroji Congress splits into extremists and moderates, was the President 1907 Surat Moderates, led by Gokhale and the other consisting of Extremists, led by Tilak. 1908 Madras 23rd Session continued, Rash Behari Ghosh was the President 1909 Lahore President- 1910 Allahabad President- Sir William Wedderburn 1911 Kolkata Jana Gana mana was sung for the first time, Bishan Narayan Dar was the President 1916 Lucknow Joint session with Muslim league- Lucknow pact, President- Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1917 Calcutta President- (1st women president of INC) Bombay and Two sessions 1918 Delhi 1st President- , 2nd President- Madan Mohan Malaviya 1919 Amritsar President- 1920 Nagpur President- C. Vijayaraghavachariar

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1921 Ahmedabad (Acting President for C.R. Das) 1922 Gaya President- C.R. Das 1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi was the president of INC 1925 1st Indian women president of INC- . 1926 Gauhati President- S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1927 Madras President- M.A. Ansari 1928 Calcutta President- Motilal Nehru Resolution for Poorna Swaraj or complete independence, President- Jawaharlal Nehru. The decision to launch a civil disobedience movement to achieve complete 1929 Lahore independence and to observe 26 Jan as Independence Day was taken. · Nehru became the president for the first time. President- Vallabbhai J. Patel Here, resolution on Fundamental rights and the National Economic Program was passed 1931 · The Gandhi Irwin Pact was endorsed by the Congress in this Session · Gandhi was nominated to represent Congress in the Second Round Table Conference. 1932 Delhi President- Ranchod Lal Amrit Lal 1933 Calcutta President- Nellie Sen Gupta 1934 Bombay President- Rajendra Prasad 1936 Lucknow President- Jawaharlal Nehru President- Jawaharlal Nehru 1937 Faizpur First session in a village President- Subhash Chandra Bose 1938 Haripura A National Planning Committed set-up underJ.L.Nehru President- Subhash Chandra Bose 1939 Tripuri S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protest by Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya). Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place. 1940 Ramgarh President- 1946 Meerut Last session before the Independence of India, President- Acharya J B Kripalini 1948 Jaipur 1st session after the Independence of India, President was Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Governor Generals/Viceroys of India and events GOVERNOR OF BENGAL (BEFORE 1773) • Founder of the British Indian Empire, popularly known as “Clive of India”. • He was British administrator and military leader to start with, however his destiny brought him to India and he worked in various capacities for British East India Company. • He was Governor of Bengal before “Regulating Act of 1773” – which actually marks beginning of Birtish rule. Robert Clive • He was involved in Battle of Plassey (1757) and consequent annexation of Bengal. (1754-1767) • Started Dual administration in Bengal (1765-1772), the practice was stopped by Warren Hastings. • Civil Services were organized during Clive’s tenure. • He prohibited employees of the company from undertaking any private or accept any gift. • During First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-69), Robert Clive was recalled during the course of war in 1767. English were defeated by Haider Ali. GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BENGAL (1773-1833) Governor of Bengal was designated as Governor General of Bengal. • He annexed Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1772. • He started modern western administration in India. • He entered into business with Egypt, Tibet and Bhutan. He stopped annual pension to Mughal Emperor and reduced the pension of the Nawab of Bengal. Lord Warren • Overall administration including Civil Services was very corrupt during Hastings’s tenure. Hastings • He initiated the Rohilla War (1774) and annexation of Rohilkhand by Nawab of Awadh, with the help (1773-1785) of British. • During his tenure Act of 1781 came under which the powers of jurisdiction between the Governor- General-in-council and the Supreme Court at Calcutta were clearly divided. • He led First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) followed by Treaty of Salbai as Marathas were defeated. • Pitts India Act of 1784 was enacted.

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• He was involved in Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84), Haider All died and Mysore was defeated. • During his tenure Judicial Murder of Nand Kumar in 1775 took place. Nand Kumar was critic of Warren Hastings, indicted in false case and sentenced to death. • He was the founding father of ‘Indian Civil Services’. (Reforms for purification of Administration). • He was the father of modern police administration in India. • He created the post of DSP. He believed in the separation of powers, therefore he deprived the District Collector of judicial powers and created the new post of District Judge. He also carried out gradation of courts. • He proposed Cornwallis Code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms. He codified the Lord personal laws (IPC and CrPC are codified personal laws) and separation of revenue and civil Cornwallis administration. (1786-1793) • Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) followed by Treaty of Seringapatnam (1792). • Introduction of the Permanent Revenue Settlement that is Zamindari system in Bengal and Bihar (1793). It was the worst measure of Lord Cornwallis. • Europeanization of administrative machinery and introduction of civil services. • He established Permanent revenue settlement with a class of revenue collectors (Zamindars under Zamindari rights). • First civil servant to become Governor-General. He played important role during the introduction of Permanent revenue settlement that is Zamindari system in 1793. • Charter act of 1793 was enacted during his period. • He defeated who later on joined with British during Sir John Wellesley’s tenure. Shore (1793- Lord Arthur Wellesley (1798-1805) 1798) • During his tenure introduction of Subsidiary Alliance in 1798 occured. The rulers of the state of Nizam of Hyderabad, Mysore, Tanjavore, Awadh, , Jaipur and finally also signed Subsidiary Alliance. • During his tenure Fouth Anglo-Mysore war (1799) & Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803-05) occured Lord George • Pursued moderate policy, that is, the policy of non-intervention with princely states. Barlow • Tried to establish peaceful relations with Marathas. (1805-1807) • White Mutiny at Vellore (1806) occured during his tenure. Concluded important Amritsar treaty (1809) with Maharaja Ranjit Singh which decided later course of Anglo-Sikh relations. • Governor General of Bengal at the time of passage of Charter Act of 1813. Francis Rawdon Hastings (1813-1823): (Marques of Hastings) Lord Minto-I • Renounced the policy of non-intervention followed by his predecessor and revived aggressive (1807-1813) imperialistic policy marking the beginning of second phase of British imperialism in India, so as to build large British Asiatic Empire by conquering territories bordeting India. • During his tenure Anglo-Nepal War; Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1819) and Pindari War (1817- 18) occured. • First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826) and signed Treaty of Yaudaboo in 1826 by which British Lord Amherst merchants were allowed to settle on southern coast of Rangoon. (1823-28) • Capture of Barakhphr (1826) occured. GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA (1832-1858) Charter Act of 1833 was enacted. • He was the most liberal British Governor-General of India. • Tenure coincides with socio-religious reform movements of 19th century (Abolition of Sati and other cruel rights (1829) occured during his tenure. • Resolution of 1835 and Educational reforms. Lord William • Suppression of `Thuge’ that is highway robbery in 1830 by Colonel Sleeman. Bentinck • Raja of Mysore was deposed and territories of kingdom were annexed (1831). (1828-1835) • Annexation of Cachar (1834) and Jaintia (1832) and Coorg (1834) on the charges of mal- administration. • Formation of Agra province in 1834. • Provincial courts of appeal and circuits were replaced by commissioners of revenue and circuit. • Treaty of `Perpetual friendship’ with Ranjit Singh took place. Sir Charles Brief tenure marked by the liberation of Indian press of prohibitory restrictions as new press law was Metcalfe passed. (1835-1836) Lord Auckland Disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-1842) occured during his tenure. (1836-1842

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• Successfully completed Afghan war and annexed Sindh province for British in 1843. Lord • Became first Governor General of India to be recalled for defying the orders of the Court of Directors Ellenborough of East India Company. (1842-1844) • War with Gwalior (1843) occured during his tenure. Lord Issued orders for prohibition of female infanticide and suppression of the practice of human sacrifice Hardinge-I among the Goads of Central India. (1844-1848) • Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) occured during his tenure. • Application of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ (one of the principle political reasons for “Revolt of 1857) annexed (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Bhagat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856) under `Doctrine of Lapse’ • The introduction of Railways (first train Bombay to ), Telegraph and Postal systems (first telegraph line – Calcutta – Agra) in India in 1853. • Postal reforms (Post Office Act 1854) initiated during his tenure. • Charter- Act of 1853 passed. • Wood’s Education Dispatch 1854 (Magna Carta of Modern Western Education in India) also passed. Lord • Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) and annexation of lower Burma occured during his tenure. Dalhousie • Widow Remarriage Act (1856) enacted. (1848-1856) • Military headquarter of British India was moved to Shimla, where summer capital of British India was also established. Headquarter of Bengal was moved to Meerut. • Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-56) and annexation of Punjab from Maharaja Dalip Singh (Maharaja Dalip Singh handed over Kohinoor diamond to British). • Establishment of separate Public Works Department in every province. • To bring more land under cultivation so as to earn more revenue, two canals (1854), upper Ganga canal, in western Uttar Pradesh (originating in Haridwar) and Baridoad canal in Punjab were constructed. Similarly, the harbors of Calcutta, Bombay and Karachi were modernized to receive large maritime ships. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA (1858-1947) (Last Governor of East India Company and first viceroy and Governor General of India) Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857 occured during. • Witnessed and suppressed the Revolt of 1857. • ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ started by Lord Dalhousie was finally withdrawn in 1859. Lord Canning • Two arms of British administration originated (Secretary of State of India, Viceroy and Governor (1856-1857 General of India to look after the administration of India) and 1858- • Regressive laws, such as Criminal Procedure Codes (CrPC) and Indian Penal Codes (IPC) were 1862) introduced. • Introduction of new tax such as income tax, on experimental basis in 1859. • `White Mutiny’ by European troops in 1859 occured. • Indian Councils Act of 1861 enacted. • Wahabi movement occured during his tenure and get suppressed. Lord Elgin-I Lord Lawrence (1862-1869) (1862-1863) • Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called Policy of Masterly Inactivity. • Setting up of High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (1865). • Opening of the Rajkot college in Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of Indian princes. Lord Mayo • Establishment of Statistical Survey of India occured. (1869-1872) • Establishment of Department of Agriculture and Commerce. • Introduction of State Railways. Lord North Visit of Prince of Wales in 1875 occured. Brook (1872- • Trial of Gaelcwar of Baroda occured. 1876) • Kuka movement in Punjab occured during his tenure. • Famine of 1876-1878 affecting Madras,. Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of Central India and Punjab occured. Famine commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey (1878) appointed. Lord Lytton • Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the title of ”Kaiser-i-hind” or “Queen Empress of (1876-1880) India”. • The Vernacular Press Act (1878) and the Arms Act (1878) enacted. • The Second Afghan War (1878-1880) took place. • Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882) took place. Lord Rippon • The first Factory Act, 1881, to improve labor conditions enacted. (1880-1884) • Government resolution on Local Self Government (1882) also passed. • Continuation of Financial decentralization.

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• Appointment of education commission under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter (1882). • The IIbert bill controversy (1883-1884) occured. Lord Dufferin • The third Burmese war (1885-86) and establishment of Indian National Congress occured during (1884-1888) his tenure. • Factory act (1891) enacted. Lord • Categorization of civil services as imperial, provincial and subordinate occured. Lansdowne • Indian Council Act (1892) enacted. (1888-1894) • Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the Durand line between India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan). Lord Elgin-II • Two British officials assassinated by Chapekar brothers (1897) during his tenure. (1894-1999) • Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police administration. • Appointment of Universities Commission (1902) and passing of Indian Universities Act (1904) Establishment of department of Commerce and industry. Lord Curzon • Calcutta Corporation Act (1899) enacted. (1899-1905) • Ancient Monument Preservation act (1904) & Partition of Bengal (1905) enacted. • Curzon-Kitchener controversy started. • Partition Bangal (1905) of Bengal occured. • Younghusbands mission to Tibet (1904) started. • Creation of Bengal presidency (like Bombay and Madras) in 1911. Lord Minto-II • Coronation Durbar of King George V held in Delhi 1911. (1905-1910) • Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi 1911. • Establishment of Hindu Mabasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malavaya. • Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916). • Lucknow session of the Congress (1916). • Lucknow pact between Congress and Muslim league (1916) signed. • Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after Gandhiji’s return; Launch of Champaran Satyagraha (1916), Kheda Satyagaha (1918) and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918) occured. Lord • Montague’s August declaration (1917) proposed. Chelmsford • Government of India’s Act (1919) enacted. (1916-1921) • The Rowlatt Act (1919) enacted. • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) took place. • Launch of Non-cooperation and Khilafat movement occured. • Foundation of women’s university at Pune (1916) and appointment of Saddler’s commission (1917) for reforms in educational policy. • Appointment of S.V. Sinha as Governor of Bihar (the first Indian to become a Governor). • Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of non-cooperation movement. • Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921) started. • Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the Rowlatt Act of 1919 occured. Lord Reading • Criminal Law Amendment Act and Abolition of cotton exercise. (1921-1926) • Communal riots in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, Aligarh, Arvi and Calcutta occured. • Kakori train robbery (1925) also happened during his tenure. • Establishment of Swaraj party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922). • Decision to hold simultaneous examination for the ICS both in Delhi and London with effect from 1923. • Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by the Indians occured. • An All Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for suggestions for (future) Constitution of India, the report of “Nehru Report” of the ” Nehru Constitution” proposed. • Appointment of Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission 1927. • Murder of Saunders, the Assistant Superintendent of Police of Lahore; bomb blast in the assembly Lord Irwin hall of Delhi; the Lahore conspiracy case and the death of Jatin Das after prolonged hunger strike (1926-1931) (1921) and bomb accident on train in Delhi (1929). • Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Puna Swami resolution. • Dandi March (March 12,1930) by Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. • Deepavali declaration by Lord Erwin (1929). • Boycott of the first round table conference, Gandhi-Irwin pact (1931) and the suspension of the civil disobedience movement (March 1931). Lord • Second round table conference (1931) and failure .of the conference, presumption of civil Willingdon disobedience. (1931-1936) • Announcement of communal award 1932 under which separate communal electorates were set up.

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• “Fast unto Death” by Gandhi in Yeravada prison, broken after the Pune pact (1932). • Third round table conference (1932) occured. • Launch of individual Civil Disobedience Movement (1933). • The Government of India Act (1935) enacted. • Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha (1936) and Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayprakash Narayan (1934). • Burma-separated from India (1935). • First general elections (1936-37); occured Congress gained majority in 5 provinces and formed coalition in 3 other provinces. • Resignation of the Congress ministries after the outbreak of the World War-II (1939). • Subash Chandra Bose elected President of Congress at the 51st session of the Congress (1938). • Resignation of Bose in 1939 and formation of the Forward Bloc (1939) occured. • Lahore resolution (March 1940) by the Muslim league demand for the separate state for Muslims. Lord • ‘August offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; criticism by the congress and the endorsement by the Muslim Linlithgow league. (1936-1944) • Vincent Churchill was elected Prime Minister of England (1940). • Escape of Subash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organization of the Indian National Army. • Cripps Mission, Cripps Plan to offer dominion status to India and setting up of a constituent assembly and its rejection by the congress. • Passing of the ‘Quit India resolutions’ by the congress (1942); outbreak of ‘August Revolution’; or Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of National leaders. • ‘Divide and Quit’ slogan at Karachi session (1944) of the Muslim League. • C.Rajagoapalachari’s `C.R.Formula’ (1944) was proposed. • Failure of Gandhi-Jinnah pacts (1944) occured. • Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942) took place. • End of World War-II (1945). Lord Wavell • Proposals of the Cabinet Mission (1946) and its acceptance by the Congress. (1944-1947) • Observance of ‘Direct action day”(August 16, 1948) by the Muslim League. • Elections to the constituent assembly, formation of interim government by the congress (September 1946) • Announcement of the end of British rule in India by Clement Atlee (Prime Minister of England) on February 20, 1947 June 3 Plan (June 3, 1947) announced. Lord • Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons. Mountbatten • Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliffe for the partition of Bengal and (1947-1948) Punjab.

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 75 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 CULTURE In News World Capital of Architecture for 2020. • The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has announced that the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro will be the World Capital of Architecture for 2020. • Rio will be the first city to receive the title under a program launched together by UNESCO and the International Union of Architects (UIA) in November last year. The city will host the World Congress of UIA, in July 2020, an event that occurs every three years. • Significance: According to UNESCO, the World Capital of A bodhisattva is a Buddhist deity who has Architecture is intended to become an international forum for attained the highest level of debates about pressing global challenges from the perspectives of enlightenment, but who delays their entry culture, cultural heritage, urban planning and architecture. into Paradise in order to help the Ice Stupa earthbound. • The Indian Department of Post has released a ‘special stamp cover The bodhisattva, known in Sanskrit as on Ice Stupa’. Avalokiteśvara, takes both male and • The special stamps aim to create awareness about depleting female form and is associated with the glaciers and affect the ecology around the Himalayas. qualities of mercy and compassion Sharda Peeth • Pakistan has given its green signal for Sharda Peeth corridor. The Sharda Peeth corridor, when opened, will be the second religious tract after in Pakistan-controlled territory that Ikshavaku dynasty. will connect the two neighbouring nations. • The temple is revered by Kashmiri Pandits among other Hindus • As per Puranic literature, it was founded across the globe. by king Ikshvaku. It is also known as Stucco sculpture Sūryavaṁśa (the Solar dynasty). • Indian archaeologists recently unearthed a rare life-sized stucco • Important Personalities belonging to this sculpture from a Buddhist site at Phanigiri in Suryapet, Telangana. dynasty includes: Lord Rama, Twenty-two • It is the biggest stucco sculpture found so far in India. It represents a Bhodhisattva in Jathaka Chakra. out of twenty-four Jain Tirthankara, and • It was created nearly 1,700 years ago by craftsmen at Phanigiri at according to Buddhist texts, Prince peak of Ikshavaku dynasty. Siddhartha also belonged to this dynasty.

The classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture are

• Bharatanatyam, from Tamil Nadu • Kathak, from Northern and Western India • Kathakali, from Kerala • Kuchipudi, from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana • Odissi, from Odisha • Sattriya, from Assam • Manipuri, from Manipur • Mohiniyattam, from Kerala

Indian States and Their Traditional Folk Dance • Arunachal Pradesh: Mask dance, War dance etc. • Assam: Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai etc. • Andhra Pradesh: Kuchipudi (Classical), Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam,Kummi, Siddhi Madhuri, Chhadi. • Bihar: Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra, etc. • Chhattisgarh: Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari. • Goa: Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, etc. • Gujarat: Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai, etc. • Himachal Pradesh: Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf, Stick dance etc. • Haryana: Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor etc.

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• ·ammu & Kashmir: Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali. • Jharkhand: Chhau, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai. • Karnataka: Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi etc. • Kerala: Kathakali (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc. • Maharashtra: , Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni, Powara, Gouricha etc. • Manipur: Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, etc. • Meghalaya: Laho, Baagla, etc. • Mizoram: Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan etc. • Nagaland: Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim, etc. • Odisha: Odissi (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc. • Punjab: Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman etc. • Rajasthan: Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal,Panihari, Ginad. • Tamil Nadu: Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi • Uttaranchal: Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli • Uttar Pradesh: Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita. • West Bengal: Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan, etc.

Recent Geographical Indicator (GI) Tags State GI tag for Details Gobindobhog variety of rice is a short grain, white, aromatic, sticky rice having a Rice West Bengal sweet buttery flavour Rosogulla Banglar Rasgolla, a term that refers only to the sweet produced in West Bengal Banaganapalle It alone occupies 70% percent of total mango cultivable area of the state and Mangoes was first introduced by the Nawabs of Banaganapalli. Durgi stone carvings are linked to Buddhist art that flourished in Amaravati and Durgi Stone Andhra traces its roots to a village near Macherla where sculptures were carved from Carvings Pradesh soft limestone. The art of making traditional wooden Etikoppaka toys is more than 400 years Etikapakka Toys old and it has been traditionally handed over to them by their ancestors through generations. The famous Chi pi Khwu and Tsakü Khwü shawls of Chakhesang tribe. Nagaland Chakshesang Shawl The Chakhesangs, formerly known as Eastern Angami Pochampalli Ikat is a saree made in Bhoodan Pochampally, Yadadri Pochampaly Ikat Bhuvanagiri district, Telangana State, India. It is form of ancient bell metal craft practiced by Woj community native to Telangana Adilabad Dokra Adilabad district of Telangana. Warangal Dhurries Dhurries is popular traditional thick cotton rug Madhya Kadaknath chicken breed is unique for its black colour due to its black Kadaknath chicken. Pradesh feathers. Nilambur teak known internationally for its superior timber quality and elegant Nilambur teak appearance Wayanad Robusta Kerala both as a pure crop and as mixed crop Coffee The distinct features of the Marayur Jaggery are high sweetness with less Marayur Jaggery saltiness, high content of iron and less sodium. These sturdy leather chappals are hand-crafted and tanned using vegetable dyes and the art of making them is passed down one generation to another. Maharashtra Kolhapuri chappals Belgaum, Dharwad, Bagalkot and Bijapur districts of Karnataka. Also share the GI tag 5 districts of Maharashtra, known as ‘Hapus’ in Maharashtra is considered as Alphonso mango king of mangoes. It is best known for its taste and also for pleasant fragrance and vibrant colour. Kandhamal Haldi has more oleoresin and volatile oil contents compared to Odisha Kandhamal Haldi other turmeric varieties. Sirsi Supari Sirsi Supari is the first product from the Arecanut sector to get a GI tag. Karnataka (Arecanut) Coffee: Coorg Arabica Coffee, Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee, Bababudangiri Arabica Coffee Tamilnadu Erode Turmeric

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Shahi Litchi which famous for its sweet, juicy, unique flavour and aroma is Bihar Shahi Litchi mostly grown in Muzaffarpur and adjoining areas of East Champaran, Vaishali, Samastipur and Begusarai districts of state.

List of 18 Geographical Indications tag from Northeast Region Assam – Muga Silk , Assam (Orthodox) Logo, Assam Karbi Anglong Ginger, Tezpur litchi & Joha Rice. Arunachal Pradesh – Arunachal Orange Nagaland – Naga Mircha (chilly), Naga Red Tomato and Chakhesang Shawl Manipur – Shaphee Lanphee, Wangkhei Phee, and Kachai Lemon Meghalaya – Khasi Mandarin and Memong Narang Mizoram – Mizo Chilli Sikkim – Sikkim Large Cardamom Tripura – Tripura Queen Pineapple.

* Araku Valley Arabica Coffee: It is grown in regions of Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh and Koraput district in Odisha. Got a GI tag Architecture of Early Modern period (1500 CE—1947 CE) Rajput Architecture The Mughal architecture and painting influenced indigenous Rajput styles of art and architecture.[76] Rajput Architecture represents different types of buildings, which may broadly be classed either as secular or religious. The secular buildings are of various scales. These include temples, forts, stepwells, gardens, and palaces. The forts were specially built for defense and military purposes due to the Islamic invasions. Time Architecture Features Period • Built during the course of the 15th century by Rana Kumbha, the walls of the fort of Kumbhalgarh extend over 38 km, claimed to be the second-longest continuous wall Fort 15th after the Great Wall of China of Kumbhalgarh century • It is a World Heritage Site included in Hill Forts of Rajasthan. • There are over 360 temples within the fort, 300 ancient Jain and the rest Hindu. • Victory monument located within Chittorgarh fort in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India. The tower was constructed by the Mewarking, Rana Kumbha. Stambha 1448 • The tower is dedicated to Vishnu • it is technically a Kirttistambha or Kirti Stambha, a "tower of fame" • It is known for its artistic Hindu style elements Ajmer Fort • Constructed of red sandstone and marble • It was constructed by Udai Singh II after shifting his capital to Udaipur due to Muslim City Palace, 1553 invasion. Construction over 400 years Udaipur began • It is a fusion of the Rajasthani and Mughal architectural styles • Planned by Sawai Jai Singh II 1729- City Palace, Jaipur Diwan-i-Am (Sabha Niwas), the Hall of Public Audience • 1732, • The 'Diwan-I-Khas' or the 'Hall of Private Audience' is a marble floored chamber • dedicated to Tirthankara Rishabhanatha. • Dharna Shah, a local Jain businessperson, started construction of the temple. Ranakpur Jain 15th temple • Light colored marble has been used for the construction century • The temple prohibits visits by women having their menstrual periods, on the grounds that this will defile the sacred nature of the temple grounds Lalgarh Palace • The palace was built in the Indo-Saracenic style. 1902- • he complex was designed by the British architect Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob 1926 Maratha Architecture • The architecture of Maratha period was planned with courtyards suited to tropical climates. • The Maratha Architecture is known for its simplicity, visible logic and austere aesthetic, made rich by beautiful detailing, rhythm, and repetition. • The aisles and arcades, punctured by delicate niches, doors, and windows create space in which the articulation of open, semi-open and covered areas is effortless and enchanting. • The materials used during those times for construction were – 1. Thin bricks 2. Lime mortar DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 78 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

3. Lime plaster 4. Wooden columns 5. Stone bases 6. Basalt stone flooring 7. Brick pavements • Maharashtra is famous for its caves and rock-cut architectures. It is said that the varieties found in Maharashtra are wider than the caves and rock-cut architectures found in the rock-cut areas of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, and Greece. • The Buddhist monks first started these caves in the 2nd century BC, in search of serene and peaceful environment for meditation, and they found these caves on the hillsides. Sikh Architecture • Sikh Architecture is a style of architecture that is characterized by values of progressiveness, exquisite intricacy, austere beauty and logical flowing lines. • Due to its progressive style, it is constantly evolving into many newly developing branches with new contemporarystyles. • Although Sikh architecture was initially developed within Sikhism its style has been used in many non- religious buildings due to its beauty. • 300 years ago, Sikh architecture was distinguished for its many curves and straight lines; Shri Keshgarh Sahib and the Sri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) are prime examples. European colonial architecture British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947 The major cities colonized during this period were Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Agra, Bankipore, Karachi, Nagpur, Bhopal and Hyderabad, which saw the rise of Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture. Indo-Saracenic (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, Hindoo style)

• It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal architecture, which the British regarded as the classic Indian style, and, less often, Hindu temple architecture. • The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical, with specific Indian features and decoration added. Saracen was a term used in the Middle Ages in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the Middle East and North Africa. • The first Indo-Saracenic building is said to be the Chepauk Palace, completed in 1768, in present- day Chennai (Madras). • Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-classical architecture. Turkic and Mughal conquest in the , introduced new concepts in the already rich architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels. The Turkic invaders brought in the arcuate style of construction, with its arches and beams, which flourished under Mughal and Taluqdar patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani temple architecture.

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Time Architecture Features Period • The official residence of the Nawab of Arcot from 1768 to 1855 Chepauk Palace • built by the engineer Paul Benfield, who completed it in 1768. It was one of the first 1768 buildings in India to be built in the Indo-Saracenic style • The foundation stone of the supreme court's building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Supreme Court Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India.

Building • Designed in an Indo-British style by the chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar, the first Indian to head the Central Public Works Department. The design prepared by J. W. Brassington, the then consulting architect to the • 1888- Madras High Court government and later under the guidance of the famed architect Henry Irwin, who 92 completed it with the assistance of J. H. Stephens. • a UNESCO World Heritage Site • The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens according to the concept of Chhatrapati Shivaji Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and meant to be a similar revival of Maharaj Terminus Indian Goth (classical era) architecture. 1887 (Victoria Terminus) • The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture • The station is the most photographed building in the country after • It is the official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and the seat of the . • Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IVand his mother Maharani Kempananjammanni Devi, Mysore Palace commissioned the British architect Lord Henry Irwin to build a new palace. • The construction was overseen by B. P. Raghavulu Naidu, an executive engineer in the Mysore Palace division. • blends of the Hindu, Mughal, Rajput, and Gothic styles. • Designed by Herbert Baker. • In continuation with the Viceroy's House, these buildings also used cream and red Dholpur sandstone from Rajasthan, with the red sandstone forming the base. • Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporated North Block of from Mughal and Rajasthani architecture style and motifs in its architecture. These are the Secretariat visible in the use of Jali, perforated screens, to protect from scorching sun and 1910 Building, New Delhi, monsoon rains of India. Another feature of the building is a dome-like structure known as the Chatri, a design unique to India, used in ancient times to give relief to travelers by providing shade from the hot Indian sun. • The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill. In front of the main gates on buildings are the four "dominion columns", given by Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. • seat of the state legislature of Karnataka, It is constructed in a style sometimes described as Mysore Neo-Dravidian, and incorporates elements of Indo- Vidhana Soudha Saracenic and Dravidian styles. 1956 • Kengal Hanumanthaiah is credited with the conception and construction of the Vidhana Soudha • The monument was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder on their visit to India in 1911. • The structure is an arch made of yellow basalt and indissoluble concrete. • The final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914 1911- Gateway of India • One can also find traces of Muslim architectural styles incorporated in the structure of the grandiose edifice. 24 • The Scottish architect George Wittet combined the elements of the Roman triumphal arch and the 16th-century architecture of Gujarat. • The monument's design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles. The arch is of Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style. • five-star luxury saracenic revival architecture hotel, • In 2017, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel has acquired an image trademark, It is the first building in the country to get intellectual property rights protection for its architectural The Taj Mahal Palace design. 1903 Hotel • The hotel's original building was commissioned by Tata • The original Indian architects were Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya and D. N. Mirza, and the project was completed by an English engineer, W. A. Chambers. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 80 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Designed by William Emerson in late 19th century • To perpetuate the memory of Queen Victoria in India Victoria Memorial 1921 Hall (Kolkata) • Drew elements from the indigenous & Indo-Islamic architecture combined with the Gothic revival & Neo-Classical styles • Like the Taj Mahal, the Victoria Memorial is built of white Makrana marble Recently in News • India’s nomination of the architectures of "Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai” has been included in UNESCO's World Heritage list. • This collection of Victorian and Art Deco landmarks is the largest such conglomeration and first of the combination of these two genres of architecture in the world to be included in world heritage list. • The Ensemble consists of 94 buildings primarily of 19th century Victorian Gothic revival and early 20th century Art Deco style of architecture with the Oval Maidan in the centre. • The 19th century Victorian Gothic buildings that lie to the east of the Oval are the mainly the Bombay High Court, The University of Mumbai (Fort Campus) and The City Civil and Sessions Court (Housed in the Old Secretariat Building). This stretch also houses one of the landmarks of Mumbai, the Rajabai Clock Tower. • The 20th century Art Deco buildings flank the western stretch of the Oval and consist mainly of privately-owned residential buildings and the Eros Cinema among others • Some characteristics of Victorian art are: Use of pointed arches, Heavy stone and brick work, Use of polychromes (contrasting colours) and Bold forms like towers, massive hip and gabled roofs. • Art Deco, also called style modern was movement in the decorative arts and architecture. The Art Deco edifices, with their cinemas and • Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Ugadi. residential buildings, blend Indian design with Art Deco imagery, • Karnataka: Yugadi /Ugadi. creating a unique style that has been described as Indo-Deco. • Maharashtra: Gudi Padwa. Hindu New Year • Sindhis: Cheti Chand. • Hindu New Year was welcomed in different parts of the country with • Manipuris: Sajibu Cheiraoba. traditional festivities and celebrations. • Hindus of Bali and Indonesia also • The Chaitra Sukladi, Ugadi, Gudi Padava, Navareh, Navroz and Chetti celebrate their new year on the same day Chand are the same festivals in different names, marking the occasion. as Nyepi

Festivals/Traditions in News Ambubachi Mela • A four-day fair to mark the annual menstruation of the goddess is being held at Kamakhya temple in Guwahati. • Kamakhya, atop Nilachal Hills in Guwahati, is one of 51 shaktipeeths or seat of Shakti followers, each representing a body part of the Sati, Lord ’s companion. • Behdienkhlam, one of the most colourfulfestivals of the State, was recently celebrated in theJaintia Hills, Meghalaya. • Bathukamma is floral festival celebrated by the Hindu women of Telangana. Indian harvest festivals • The Harvest season is on and festivities have gripped the nation from the north to down south. • Makar Sankranti: The festival of Makar Sankranti is being celebrated today when the Sun enters the Makar zodiac and the days begin to lengthen compared to nights. • Pongal: In South India and particularly in Tamil Nadu, it’s the festival of Pongal which is being celebrated over 4 days at harvest time. • Magha Bihu: In Assam and many parts of the North East, the festival of Magha Bihu is celebrated. It sees the first harvest of the season being offered to the gods along with prayers for peace and prosperity. • Uttarayan: Gujarat celebrates it in the form of the convivial kite festival of Uttarayan. • Maghi: In Punjab, Makar Sankranti is celebrated as Maghi. Bathing in a river in the early hours on Maghi is important. • Saaji: In Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, Makara Sankranti is known as Magha Saaji. Saaji is the Pahari word for Sankranti, start of the new month. Hence this day marks the start of the month of Magha. • Kicheri: The festival is known as Kicheri in Uttar Pradesh and involves ritual bathing. • Shakrain is an annual celebration of winter in Bangladesh, observed with the flying of kites. • Maghe Sankranti is a Nepalese festival observed on the first of Magh in the Bikram Samwat Hindu Solar Nepali calendar (about 14 January). Makaravilakku • Makaravilakku is an annual festival held on Makar Sankranti in Kerala, at the shrine of Sabarimala. The festival includes the Thiruvabharanam (sacred ornaments of Ayyappan) procession and a congregation at the hill shrine of Sabarimala.

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Kambala

• The Supreme Court has refused to pass an interimorder to stay Ordinance allowing kambala, thetraditional buffalo slush track race in Karnataka. • Kambala is an annual traditional Buffalo Race held incoastal districts of Karnataka to entertain ruralpeople of the area. • Slushy/marshy paddy field track is used for Kambala. • In the traditional form of Kambala, buffalo racing is non-competitive and thebuffalo pairs run one by one in paddy fields. • There is also ritualistic approach as some agriculturists’ race their buffaloesfor thanks giving to god for protecting their animals from diseases. But inrecent times, Kambala has become an organised rural sport. Jallikattu • Jallikattu is a bull taming or bull vaulting sportplayed in Tamil Nadu on Mattu Pongal day as apart of Pongal celebrations. • Jallikattu has been derived from the words ‘calli’(coins) and ‘kattu’ (tie), which means a bundle ofcoins is tied to the bull’s horns.In the ancient Sangam literature the sport hasbeen called as ‘Yeru thazhuvuthal’ (means to embrace bulls). • In older times Jallikattu was popular amongst warriors during the Tamilclassical period. The bull tamer sought to remove this bundle from theanimal’s head to win gold or silver coins to be called ‘brave’ and ‘valourous’. • All castes participate in the event and majority of jallikattu and bulls used forthe sport belong to the pulikulam breed of cattle. The Losar festival • The Losar festival in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir is celebrated tomark the beginning of New Year in the Himalayan region. WARI WARKARI • Wari meaning “pilgrimage” refers to the annual padayatra to the Vithoba temple in Pandharpur, Solapur district of Maharashtra. It is a 700-year-old tradition. • Vithoba is a form of Krishna, an (incarnation) of Vishnu. Thus, Warkari is a branch of Vaishnavism. • The Warkaris carry the padukas (footprints) of various saints, most notably Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram. • It is mainly geographically related to Maharashtra and Southern Karanataka. Individuals taking the padayatra are called Warkari meaning pilgrim. • The pilgrimage culminates on Ekadashi (the11th day) of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Aashaadha. • The teachers responsible for establishing andsupporting the movement through its history include Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram and Chokhamela. Kumbh Mela • The world’s largest religious and cultural human congregation, ‘Kumbh 2019’ began at Prayagraj (erstwhile Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh on January 15, 2019. • The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. • It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. • Crowds gather at the sacred of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life. • The Mela was included in the list of “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO in 2017. • Kumbh Mela is celebrated four times over a course of 12 years. • The geographical location of Kumbh Mela spans over four locations in India and the Mela site keeps rotating between one of the four pilgrimage places on four sacred rivers as listed below: 1. Haridwar on the Ganges in Uttarakhand. 2. Ujjain on the Shipra in Madhya Pradesh. 3. Nashik on the Godavari in Maharashtra. 4. Prayagraj at the confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati in Uttar Pradesh. • Each site’s celebration is based on a distinct set of astrological positions of the Sun, the Moon, and the Jupiter. The celebrations occur at the exact moment when these positions are fully occupied, as it is considered to be the holiest time in Hinduism. Garia festival • It is an important festival for the Tripuri tribal community of the state. The Garia dance is very popular among the Tripuris and the Reangs. Symbolic of the worship of deities as well as of the socio-economic activities of the households, these dances represent hunting, fishing, food-gathering and various other activities.

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 82 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 GEOGRAPHY Major Indian Towns on Riverbanks Towns Riverbank Towns Riverbank Agra Yamuna Kolkata Hooghly Ahmedabad Sabarmati Kota Chambal Allahabad Confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna Kurnool Tungabhadra Ayodhya Saryu Lucknow Gomti Badrinath Alakananda Ludhiana Sutlej Bareilly Ram Ganga Mathura Yamuna Cuttack Mahanadi Nasik Godavari Delhi Yamuna Panaji Mandavi Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Patna Ganga Ferozpur Sutlej Sambalpur Mahanadi Guwahati Brahmaputra Srinagar Jhelum Haridwar Ganga Srirangapatna Cauvery Hyderabad Musi Surat Tapi Jabalpur Narmada Tiruchirappalli Cauvery Jamshedpur Subarnarekha Ujjain Shipra Jaunpur Gomti Varanasi Ganga Kanpur Ganga Vijayvada Krishna Major Ports in India Name of the Port Coast State Details › Also called Tidal Port Kandla Western Coast Gujarat › It is declared as Trade Free Zone › Largest Port Serving › Natural Harbour and Largest Natural Port In India Mumbai Western Coast Maharashtra › Busiest port in India Navasheva/ Western Coast Maharashtra › Largest Artificial Port in India Jawaharlal Nehru Port › Established on the estuary of the river Juari Marmagoa Western Coast Goa › Handles Iron Ore Exports Manglore Western Coast Karnataka › Handles iron ore exports from Kudermukh mines Cochin/ › Located in the Vebanad lake Western Coast Kerala › Handles exports of spices and salts › Riverine ports on Hugli river Haldia Eastern Coast West Bengal › Also known as Diamond Harbour › Natural Harbor Paradip Eastern Coast Odisha › Handles export of iron and aluminium to south east asian countries › Deepest port of India Andhra Vishakapatnam Eastern Coast › Handles export of iron ore to Japan Pradesh › Facilities of building and repairing of ships are available here Chennai Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu › Artificial and 2nd Busiest port. › First corporatized port of India Ennore Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu This port is now named as Kamarajar Port Limited. › Southern Most major port Tutikorin Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu › Handles petro chemical products and fertilizers and salts is the 13th and youngest major port of India Andaman declared so in 2010. The port is of strategic importance to Port Blair Port Eastern Coast and Nicobar India and is closer to two international shipping lines viz. Saudi island Arabia- and US-Singapore. *all the coastal states have a major port Major Passes of the Himalayas Passes of the Western Himalayas Jammu and Kashmir NAME in Between location Mintaka Pass Kashmir and China Trijunction of India-China and Afghanistan border Parpik Pass Kashmir and China East of Mintaka pass on the Indo-China border DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 83 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Khunjerab Pass Kashmir and China Indo-China border Ladakh region of India with the 5000 m above sea level. Aghil Pass Xinjiang (Sinkiang) Province of north of K2 Peak (the highest peak in India and the second highest China peak in the world) 2832 m Jammu and Srinigar across the Pir-Panjal Range remains snow covered during winter season The road from Jammu to Srinagar transversed until 1956 when Jawahar Tunnel was Banihal Pass constructed under the pass. The road now passes through the tunnel and the Banihal Pass is no longer used for road transport. Another 11 km long tunnel provides railway link between Banihal and Kazigund. It was thrown open to railway transport in July, 2013 altitude of 5360 m Chang-La Ladakh with Tibet This has a temple dedicated to Chang-La Baba after whom the temple has been named The world’s highest motorable road passes through this pass near Leh in the Ladakh range remains closed in winter due to heavy snowfall this pass provides passage between Ladak and Lhasa. A road to India and China (Akasai-Chin Lanak La connect Xinjiang Province with Tibet has been constructed by the area of Jammu and Kashmir) Chinese Provides the shortest and the easiest metal road between Jammu Pir-Panjal pass across the Pir Panjal range and Kashmir Valley. But this route had to be closed down as a result of partition of the subcontinent Indo-China borer across the Qara Tag La located at an elevation of over six thousand metres Range Ladakh region of India and Imis La Tibet in China vital link between the Kashmir remains closed to traffic from November to mid-May due to heavy Valley and Kargil snowfall The road passing through this pass has been designated at Important road link between the National Highway (NH-1D) Srinagar on one side and Border Road Organisation (BRO) is responsible for maintaining the Kargil and Leh on the other road and cleaning it off snow during winter. In spite of all these side efforts, the road through this pass remains closed from December to mid-May Himachal Pradesh Elevation: 4,890 m National highway connecting Mandi in Himachal Pradesh with Leh in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu Bara Lacha La Jammu and Kashmir passes through this pass. Being situated at high and Kashmir altitude, it remains snow covered in winter and is not used as a transport route. elevation of 5270 m above sea level link between Kullu and Spiti Debsa Pass It offers a much easier and shorter alternative route to traditional Pin- districts Parbati Pass route between Kullu and Spiti Elevation: 3979 m Border Road Organisation (BRO) is responsible for constructing and road link between Kullu, Lahul maintaining roads in this area. Rohtang pass is a great tourist and Spiti Valleys attraction and traffic jams are very commonbecause this route is widely used by military, public and private vehicles. Elevation: 6000 m Himachal Pradesh and Tibet Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr) Uttarakhand trijunction of Uttarakhand Lipu Lekh (India), Tibet (China) and Nepal This pass is used by pilgrims to Kailash-Mansarowar. borders elevation of 5610 Uttarakhand with Tibet Situated a little north of the holy place of Badhrinath Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr) Mangsha Uttarakhand with Tibet It is used by pilgrims going to Kailash-Mansarowar Dhura Niti Pass Uttarakhand with Tibet Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr)

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situated in the north of Gangotri Muling La Uttarakhand and Tibet at an elevation of 5669 m in the Great Himalayas Passes of the Eastern Himalayas Sikkim altitude of 4310 m it forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Route an important trade route between India and China Sikkim with Tibet It was closed after the Chinese aggression on India in 1962 but was reopened in 2006 as the governments of the two countries decided to enhance their trade through land routes altitude of 4538 m Sikkim-Bhutan border passes through Chumbi Valley important link between Sikkim and Lhasa Arunachal Pradesh altitude of 4331 m Arunachal Pradesh with Situated at an altitude of 4331 m near the western boundary of Bom Di La Bhutan Arunachal Pradesh in the Greater Himalayas, this pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa Arunachal Pradesh and Dihang Pass elevation of more than 4000 m it provides passage Myanmar. Yonggyap Pass Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet Easy access between Arunachal Pradesh and Mandalay in Myanmar. trijunction of India, China and Dipher Pass It is an important land trade route between India and Myanmar and Myanmar remains open throughout the year. Arunachal Pradesh with Kumjawng Pass Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh with Hpungan Pass Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh with Chankan Pass Myanmar List of Tribal Groups in India- Tribes Regions Abors Arunachal Pradesh Aptanis Arunachal Pradesh Badagas Nilgiri (TN) Baiga Madhya Pradesh Bhils Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, some in Gujarat and Maharashtra Bhot Himachal Pradesh Bhotias Garhwal and Kumaon regions of U. P. Chakma Tripura Chenchus Andhra Pradesh, Orissa Gaddis Himachal Pradesh Garos Meghalaya Gonds Madhya Pradesh. Also in Bihar, Orissa and A.P. Gujjars Himachal Pradesh, J&K Jarawas Andaman & Nicobar inhabiting Little Andamans Khas Jaunsar-Babar area in U.P. Khasis Assam, Meghalaya Kol Madhya Pradesh Kotas Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu) Kuki Manipur Lepchas Sikkim Lushais Mizoram Murias Bastar (Madhya Pradesh) Mikirs Assam Mundas Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal Nagas (Angami, Sema, Ao, Tangkul, Lahora) Nagaland, some in Assam and NEFA region. Oarons (also called Kurukh) Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. Onges Andaman and Nicobar islands Santals Birbhum region in Bengal, Hazaribagh, Purnea in Bihar, Orissa DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 85 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Sentinelese Sentinel Island, Andaman and Nicobar Shompens Andaman and Nicobar Todas Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu) Uralis Kerala Warlis Maharashtra Important Straits of the World A Strait is defined as a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. It may also be described as a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Here is the list of the famous straits in the world. • Strait of Dover: It separates England and France • Cook Strait: It separates northern and southern New Zealand • Sauda Strait: It separates java and Sumatra island of Indonesia • Palk strait: It separates India from Sri Lanka • Strait of Gibraltar: It separates Europe from Africa • Strait of Bonifacio: It separates Sardinia island in Italy with Corsica island in France • Strait of Messina: It separates Italy and Sicily • Malacca Strait: It separates Malaysia and Indonesia • Davis Strait: It separates Greenland and Canada • Bass Strait: It separates Australia and Tasmania • Bering Strait: It separates Russia and America • Strait of Hormuz: It separates Oman and Iran • Taurus Strait: It separates Papua Guiana and Australia • Yucatan Strait: It separates Mexico and • Formosa Strait: It separates China and Taiwan List of the Grassland of the World and their Location: Grassland Regions Dawns Australia Pampas South America (Argentina & Uruguay) Prairies North America Savannah Africa and Australia Selvas South America Steppes Europe and Northern Asia Taiga Europe and Asia Velds South Africa Lianos Venezuela (South America) Pustaz Canterbury New Zealand Grasslands are called different names in different parts of the world: - 'steppes' in Asia; 'prairies' in North America; 'pampas', 'llanos' and 'cerrados' in South America; 'savannas' and 'velds' in Africa; and 'rangelands' in Australia. Classification by Cropping Season: Cropping Seasons Sown Harvest Crops Kharif June October Rice, Cotton, Jute, Maize, Groundnut, Tobacco, Jowar, Bajra ect.. Zaid March June Watermelon, Cucumber, leafy and other vegitables. Some pulses like Moong, Urad etc are also grown. Rabi Oct-Nov March-April Wheat, Barley, Gram, Linseed, Mustard, Masoor, Peas and Potatoes

Classification by uses: Cash Crops: - Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, and Oilseeds Plantation Crops: - Tea, Coffee, Coconut and, Rubber Horticulture Crops: - Fruits and Vegetables.

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Rivers, Their Tributaries, Major Projects on them Contrib ution River Source Tributaries Projects of Water • Left bank tributaries Gangotri glacier – Ramganga, The Tehri Dam is the Highest dam on near Gomukh, Gandak, Kosi, the Bhagirathi River one of the Ganga Uttrakhand in the Gharghara, Gomati. 25% two headstreams of the Ganga Kumaon • Right bank tributaries Himalaya. – Son, Yamuna and Tons West to East left bank tributaries of Ganga Ramganga > Gomati > Ghagra > Gandhak (enters india in champaran dist. Of Bihar)> Kosi > Mahananda Ramganga and Gomati are completely in India The Rana Pratap Sagar dam is a dam located 52 km downstream of on 1. Chambal 2. Sindh across the Chambal River near Rawatbhata in Yamuna 3. Betwa 4. Ken 5. Chittorgarh district in Rajasthan. Tons 6. Hindon Ken-Betwa inter-linking of rivers (ILR) project aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken River to the Betwa Yamuna right Bank tributary from West to East Chambal > Sind > Betwa > Ken 1. Indravati 2. Manjira Trimbak plateau, Pranahita Chevella lift irrigation scheme: inter 3. Bindusara 4. Godavari Nasik, river basin transfer link by feeding Godavari 6.4% Sarbari 5. Penganga Maharashtra river water to basin. 6.Pranahita Koyna Hydroelectric Project on 1. Tungabhadra 2. Srisailam Project: Krishna river on the border Mahabaleswar in 3. districts between Andhra Pradesh and Krishna 3.4% Maharashtra Malaprabha 4. Bhima Telangana districts, It is the second largest 5. Vedavati 6. Koyna working hydroelectric power project in India. Nagarjuna Sagar 1. Kabini 2. Tala Cauvery, Cauvery Hemavathi 3. Simsha Shivasamudram waterfalls Western Ghat 4. Arkavati 5. Bhavani Multai in Betul Tapi Ukai district, MP Sardar Sarovar Dam: largest dam of Narmada 1. Amaravati 2. Amarkantak Valley Project Narmada Bhukhi 3. Tawa 4. 2.9% Plateau, MP Omkareshwar on Narmada River Banger Indira Sagar Dam, Narmada River Kailash Range, Nathpa Jhakri on Sutlej river (Himachal Tibet near 1. Sutlej 2. Dras 3. Pradesh) Indus Mansarovar Lake. Zanskar 4. Shyok 5. Bhakra Nangal Dam (Gobind Sagar) across Flows only in leh Gilgit 6. Suru Sutlej River district in India Jhelum Verinag Uri, Kishanganga • Right bank tributaries Chemayung-Dung – Subansiri, Kameng, glacier near Manas. Brahmaputra 40% Mansarovar in • Left bank tributaries Tibet. – Buri Dihang, Kameng. Damodar 1. Barakar 2. Konar Chamera Dam is on river Ravi Rohtang Pass, 1. Budhil 2. Nai or Ravi Ranjit Sagar Dam on river Ravi kulu hills Dhona 3. Seul 4. Ujh Ujh and Sewa Beas Rohtang Pass Pong Dam

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Rakas Lake, Near Sutluj Govind Sagar/ Bhakra Nangal Dam Mansarovar Dandakaranya, 1. Seonath 2. Hasdeo Mahanadi Raipur, 3. Jonk 4. Mand 5. Ib Hirakud 3.5% Chattishgarh 6. Ong 7. Tel 1. Banas 2. Kali Sindh Chambal 3. Shipra 4. Parbati 5. Mej formed by the Sharavati river. originates and flows Sharavathi Dam, officially known as the Sharavati entirely within the Linganamakki Reservoir, is built across state of Karnataka Sharavathi river Bara Lacha Pass Chandra and Largest tributary of Salal I & II Chenab river BHaga merge to indus Dul Hasti Rattle, Miyar, Pakal Dul form chenab Idukki Periyar river Mullaperiyar Dam Rank in terms of Drainage basin 1. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna – Ganga 2. West Flowing Rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni 3. Indus 4. Godavari 5. Krishna 6. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna – Brahmaputra 7. Mahanadi East Flowing Rivers West Flowing Rivers

Have large catchment areas and form deltas not Form estuaries and not deltas estuary

Flows towards Bay of Bengal Flows towards Arabian Sea

77 per cent of the drainage area of the country is flows 23 per cent of the drainage area of the country is flows towards the Bay of Bengal towards the Arabian sea

The Indus, the Narmada, the Tapi, the Sabarmati, The Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the the Mahi, the Ghagghar, theLuni, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Cauvery, Saravati, the Pumba, the Periyar, the Bharatpuja and the large the Penneru, the Penneiyar, the Vaigai, and number of swift flowing western coast rivers descending from the Subarnarekha. the Sahyadris.

Indus River system Rivers North to South Indus > Jhelum > Chenab> Ravi > Beas > Sutluj Waterfalls Sahastradhara Falls Located near Dehradun, Formed by liquidification of limestone rocks Located at shillong (Meghalaya), since it looks like the face of elephant, it was named as Elephanta Falls elephanta water fall by the britishers Chuliya Falls Kota on River Chambal Located at jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) on river Narmada An example of nick point & represents rejuvanation Located at the confluence of the Damodar & Bhairavi (locally called Bhera) rivers – Ramgarh Rajrappa Falls (Jharkhand) On river Suvarnrekha at Ranchi (Jharkhand) Hundru Falls Represents nick point & rejuvanation Joranda Falls At Shimlipal National Park of Mayurbhanj district of Orissa On river Machkund, nearby Koraput district (Orissa) Duduma Falls Also known as Matsya Tirth Located in Amarkantak district of MP Kapildhara Falls Lies at a distance of 6 km from the Narmada Kund

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Cascade gets its name from the famous sage Kapil, who had written ‘Sankhya Philosophy’ an advance treatise on mathematics in the Kapil ashram Yenna fall in Maharashtra Dudhsagar fall On Mondovi river in Goa fall A horseshoe shaped waterfall, located at Belgaum district of Karnataka on river Gokak Mekedaatu fall At river Kaveri in Bangaluru (Karnataka) At river Sharavati at Maharashtra Jog fall (Gersoppa) On Karnataka border (Highest in India) Shivasamundram fall On river Kaveri at Bangalore Hogenakal fall On river kaveri at Taminlanu Pykara fall On river Pykara on Nilgiri hills at Ooty Vattaparai fall At Palani national park on river Pazhayar in Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) Soochipara fall A 3 tiered waterfall in Wayanand district of Kerala Meenmutty fall Meenmutty literally means “where fishes are blocked” in Malyala, Located in Kerala Vazhachal fall Located on Chalakkudy river in Kerala Types of Clouds The diagram below shows where different types of clouds are located in the sky.

• The highest clouds in the atmosphere are cirrocumulus, cirrus, and cirrostratus. Cumulonimbus clouds can also grow to be very high.

Mid-level clouds include altocumulus and altostratus. MAPING The Prime Meridian The IERS Reference Meridian (IRM), also called the International Reference Meridian, is the prime meridian (0° ) maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).

It is also the reference meridian of the Global Positioning System (GPS)

Starting at the and heading south to the South Pole, the IERS Reference Meridian passes through 8 countries: The UK, France and Spain in Europe and Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Tongo and Ghana in Africa. The only landmass crossed by the Meridian in the is Antarctica.

Also passes through English Channel, (Gulf of ), Atlantic Ocean

*Standard Meridian of India which is 82°30′ East longitude passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 89 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 Tropic of Capricorn Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the following countries and territories: Namibia, Botswana South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil. Also passes through Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Coral Sea, Pacific Ocean Tropic of Cancer Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the following countries and territories: Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt (Lake Nasser), Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Mexico, Bahamas, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria. Also passes through Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Taiwan Strait, Philippine Sea, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean. *Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 (Eight) States in India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Equator The Equator passes through the land of 11 countries. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the Equator passes through: São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, , Kenya, Somalia, Indonesia, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil Atlantic Ocean, Lake Victoria, Indian Ocean, Karimata Strait, Makassar Strait, Gulf of Tomini, Molucca Sea, , Pacific Ocean *Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea lies on the Equator. However, its island of Annobón is 155 km (96 mi) south of the Equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north. Human Geography Statistics about the Population scenario of India • India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population. According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects, the population stood at 1,33 Billion. • The Indian population reached the billion mark in 1998. • India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2024, surpassing the population of China. • It is expected to become the first political entity in history to be home to more than 1.5 billion people by 2030, and its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050. Suggests that India has • Its population growth rate is 1.13%, ranking 112th in the world in 2017. entered the next stage of • The southern states, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra and demographic transition with Punjab now have fertility rates well below the replacement rate, i.e. 2.1. population growth set to • TFR is now below replacement level fertility in 13 out of the 22 major states slow markedly in the next • India's working-age population will grow by roughly 9.7mn per year during 2021-31 and 4.2mn per year in 2031-41. two decades along with a • The proportion of elementary school-going children, i.e. 5-14 age group, significant increase in the will witness significant declines. share of working age population (the so-called • The share of India’s young, i.e. 0-19 years, population has already started to decline “demographic dividend” and is projected to drop from as high as 41 per cent in 2011 to 25 per cent by 2041 phase). • The share of elderly, 60 years and above, population will continue to rise steadily, nearly doubling from 8.6 per cent in 2011 to 16 per cent by 2041.

According to census 2011 population Stats, the following table shows the top 5 and bottom 5 states and UT

Top 5 bottom 5 UP (Highest) >Maharashtra >Bihar >W. Sikkim (Least) MP >TN >Rajasthan Puducherry >Chandigarh >Andaman and Nicobar >Dadra and Nagar >Daman Population UT and Diu >Lakshadweep Himachal (Highest)>Bihar >Assam Mizoram (Least) Odisha >UP >Jharkhand

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Andaman and Nicobar (Highest)> Dadra and Nagar > Puducherry > Daman and Diu > UT Lakshadweep > Chandigarh > Delhi Mizoram (Highest)>TN >Kerala Himachal (Least) Maharashtra >Gujarat Chandigarh >Lakshadweep > Daman and Diu > Puducherry > Dadra UT and Nagar > Andaman and Nicobar Bihar (Highest)>W. Bengal >Kerala >UP Arunachal (Least) Haryana >Punjab Chandigarh > Puducherry > Daman and Diu > UT Lakshadweep> Dadra and Nagar > Andaman and Nicobar Rajasthan (Highest)>MP >MH >UP >GJ Goa (Least) Karnataka Delhi > Dadra and Nagar > Puducherry > Chandigarh UT > Daman and Diu > Lakshadweep Kerala (Highest)>TN >Andhra >Manipur States Haryana (Least) Meghalaya >Telangana Ratio Puducherry (Highest)> Lakshadweep > Andaman and Nicobar > Delhi > Chandigarh > UT Dadra and Nagar > Daman and Diu

UNESCO list of countries by literacy rate (2015) Adult literacy rate Youth literacy rate ages 15–24

India 72.1% 86.1 World average 86.3% 91.2%

According to census 2011, the following table shows the top 10 and bottom 10 states and UT in Literacy Rate Top 10 Last 10 Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy State/ Union State/ Union S.N. Rate in % Rate in % Rate in % S.N. Rate in % Rate in Rate in % Territory Territory (Person) (Male) (Female) (Person) % (Male) (Female) 1 Kerala 94 96.1 92.1 26 Assam 72.2 77.8 66.3 2 Lakshadweep 91.8 95.6 87.9 27 Chhattisgarh 70.3 80.3 60.2 3 Mizoram 91.3 93.3 89.3 28 Madhya pradesh 69.3 78.7 59.2 4 Goa 88.7 92.6 84.7 29 Uttar pradesh 67.7 77.3 57.2 Jammu & 5 Tripura 87.2 91.5 82.7 30 67.2 76.8 56.4 Kashmir 6 Daman & Diu 87.1 91.5 79.5 31 Andhra pradesh 67 74.9 59.1 Andaman &

7 Nicobar 86.6 90.3 82.4 32 Jharkhand 66.4 76.8 55.4 Island 8 NCT of Delhi 86.2 90.9 80.8 33 Rajasthan 66.1 79.2 52.1 Arunachal 9 Chandigarh 86 90 81.2 34 65.4 72.6 57.7 Pradesh 10 Puducherry 85.8 91.3 80.7 35 Bihar 61.8 71.2 51.5

Physiography Corals Condition for growth of Corals • Need submarine shallow platform (50-meter-deep)– to receive sun light • Temperature- 25-27 degree • Warm, tropical and low latitude waters • Salinity – 33 ppt • Not at mouth of river, No turbulent water • Need circulating nutrient rich water

Distribution of coral Reefs in India • South East Coast of India: Palk Bay Coral reefs on the Tamil Nadu coast are located in Palk Bay near Rameswaram and in the Gulf of Mannar. Palk Bay is separated from the gulf of Manner by Mandapam peninsula and Rameswaram island. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 91 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• The Gulf of Mannar: Here reefs are developed around a chain of 21 islands that lie along the 140 km stretch between Tuticorin and Rameswaram • Andaman and Nicobar Group of Islands: They are the emerged part of a mountain chain and lie on a ridge which extends southward from the Irrawaddy delta area of Burma, continuing the trend of the Arakan Yoma range. • The Gulf of Kutch: It is one of the indentations found on the northern side of the Saurashtra Peninsula. The coral formations of the Gulf of Kutch represent one of the extreme northern limits of corals in the Indian ocean. • West Coast of India: The west coast of India between Bombay and Goa is reported to have submerged banks with isolated coral formations. Coral patches have been recorded in the intertidal regions of Ratnagiri, Malvan and Redi, south of Bombay and at the Gaveshani Bank, 100 Km west of Mangalore. • The Lakshadweep Islands: The U.T of Lakshadweep along with the Maldives and the Chagos Archipelagoes form an interrupted chain of coral atolls and reefs on a contiguous submarine bank covering over 2000 km. This ridge is supposed to be a continuation of the Arravali mountains, and the islands are believed to be remnants of the submerged mountain cliffs.

THE WORLD’S 5 LARGEST CORAL REEFS 1. Great Barrier Reef • Length: 1,553 miles (2,500 km) • Location: The Coral Sea near Australia • The Great Barrier Reef is part of a protected national park in Australia large enough to be seen from space. 2. Red Sea Coral Reef • Length: 1,180 miles (1,900 km) • Location: The Red Sea near Israel, Egypt, and • The corals in the Red Sea, especially in the northern part in the Gulf of Eilat, or Aqaba, are under study because they so far have been able to withstand high temperatures. 3. New Caledonia Barrier Reef • Length: 932 miles (1,500 km) • Location: The Pacific Ocean near New Caledonia • The diversity and beauty of the New Caledonia Barrier Reef put it on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. It’s even more diverse in species count (it harbors some threatened species) than the Great Barrier Reef. 4. The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef • Length: 585 miles (943 km) • Location: The Atlantic Ocean near Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras • The largest reef in the , the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef is also called the Great Mayan Reef and is a UNESCO site containing the Belize Barrier Reef. It contains 500 species of fish, including whale sharks, and 350 species of mollusk. 5. Florida Reef • Length: 360 miles (km) • Location: The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico near Florida • The United States’ only coral reef, the Florida reef is worth $8.5 billion to the state’s economy and is disintegrating faster than scientists had estimated due to ocean acidification. It extends into the Gulf of Mexico, outside the boundaries of its home in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Vegetation and Forests Region of Vegetation (According to the Forests Trees /flora Climate regions) Himalayan foothills / evergreen and semi sal, silk cotton, giant bamboos Shivalik’s evergreen forests Natural monsoon western Himalayas Dwarf hill bamboo and brich forests with mixed evergreen and semi - (high altitude region) alpine pastures, rhododendron evergreen forests coniferous forests of pine fir,yew and junipers with coniferous forests of undergrowth of scrubby rhododendrous and dwarf high humidity Eastern Himalayas pine bamboo, lichens, Moses, orchids and other epiphytes high rainfall dominant Tropical moist 1.East and north deciduous to tropical North & east: Sal region higher Peninsular India dry decidious and Southern Pleatue : Teak rainfall scrub vegetation 2. Rajasthan and DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 92 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

(variation in rainfall West Ghats : Evergreen Vegetation Rajasthan & aravallis its Dry and humidity) Aravalli hills: Trees are scarttered and throny scrub area species predominate(more open savannah habit) Indian desert Dry & Hot Thorny trees with reduced leaves, cacti (Rajasthan) climate Tropical Rain forests Tropical evergreen mosses, ferns, epiphytes, orchids, lianas and vines, High Rainfall Region forests herbs, shrubs, ebony trees, variety of tropical orchids Andaman and Nico Giant Dipterocarpus, terminalia and lagerstroemia, Tropical rainforests High Rainfall bar Islands Mangroves ( Coastal area) Low tidal zone: Sonneratia and avicennia Above this zone (level 1): Rhizophora, bruguiria and Mangrove swamps delta region of ganga excaecaria - cereops forest; Above this level(Level 2): of Sundarbans and Brahmaputra Phenoix with excaecaria; Highest portion ( Level 3) : Heriteria forest with thick undergrowth of Phoneix and neepa plams

Forest Climate / Forests Trees /flora Animal / founa Rainfall types Temperature ebony, aini, Mahogany, Rosewood, Rubber, tea, coffee, white cedar, Heavy Warm and wet Tropical evergreen hollock, kail, cinchona, Elephants, Monkey, Rainfall throughout the forests (trees, shrubs Tropical greenheart, cabinet Lemur, deer, one (>200c year, and creeps are in evergreen woods and dyewoods, horned rhinoceros, m) & temperature: layers) (there is no forests palm trees, lianas or bats, sloth, scorpions Short >22degree definite time for trees to rattan, epiphytic and and snails Dry Celsius shed their leaves) parasitic plants, where season trees grow a fern, orchids and lalang Average Teak, Bamboos, sal, temperature shisham, acacia, some which includes Monsoon forests (trees varieties of eucalyptus, all seasons Rainfall Tropical shed their leaves for sandalwood, Khair, [summer (March lion, Tiger, Pig, Deer between Deciduou about six months to kusum, , mulberry, to mid June), and elephant 70cm- s forests eight weeks in dry bamboo thickets and Rainy(Mid June 200cm summer) species; agriculture to September) , production: Sugarcane, winter(October to paddy, Tea and coffee February)] Rainfall Dry wetter margin: Moist Teak, sal, Peepal, Neem, Lion, Tiger, Pig, Deer, Extremely humid between deciduous deciduous; Drier tendu, palas, amaltas, Elephant, Lizards, climate 70cm- forests margin: Thron forests bel, khair, axlewood snakes and tortoises 100cm Acacias, palms, Thorn Rats, Mice, Rabbits, euphorbias, cacti, babool, Rainfall( forests Rainfall and Dry Thorny leaves and Fox, wolf, Tiger, Lion, ber, wild date palm, khair, <50cm and Climate scrubs in arid areas Wild ass, horses and neem, khejri, palas, rainfall) scrubs camels. tussocky grass Kashmir stag, Montane (1000-2000m): wet spotted deer, whild Evergreen broad leaf forests temperate type of sheep, jack rabbit, trees(oaks & chestnuts), [tribes : elevation forests;;(1500-3000m): tibetian antelope, pine, deodar, silver fir, Gujjars, increases the Temperate forests;; yak, snow leopard, 150cm- spruce and cedar, silver Bhakarwa climate becomes (>3600m):temperate squirrels, Shaggy 300cm fir, junipers, pines, ls,bhotiya cooler forests and grasslands;; horn wild ibex, bear birches,chinar, walnuts, s & higher altitude ; Mosses and rare red panda, blue pine, Gaddis] and lichens sheep and goats with thick hair

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Humid In dense mangrove Royal bengal tiger, Mangrove (Temperature forests the roots of the sundari trees, palm, Turtles, crocodiles, forests Averege : 22 plants are submerged coconut, keora, agar gharials and snakes degree Celsius) in water.

Climatic regions of the world Climate / Forests Trees /flora Animal / fauna Rainfall Habitation Temperature Savanna Climate: Hot rainy Tall grass acacias, baobabs, zebra, antelope, Annual Nomadic or Sudan season and cool and short bottle trees, millets giraffe, deer, gazelle, precipitati Tribes: climate and dry season trees (trees banana elephant, okapi, lion, on varies Masai; Temperature: 70 are groundnuts Tiger, Leopard, from 32 - Settled F to 90F deciduous) vegetables; grass: hyaena, panther, 45 inches cultivators: mallee, mulga, jaguar, jackal, lynx, the Hausa spinifex puma, crocodiles, alligators, monitors, giant lizards, rhinoceros, hippopotamus The hot High temperature cactis, Date palms, cactis, snakes, lizards >10inches Nomadic desert (During summer) grass, hunters and and mid and the bushes, food latitude temperature may long rooted gathers: The desert increase upto wirey Bushmen, 170F during grasses, Bindibu; winter the long rooted Nomadic temperature will shrubs herdsmen: be coldest Bedouin, Tuaregs, gobi mangols; carvan traders; settled cultivators; mining settlers warm Mediterranean Mediterrane oak , cork oak, during temperate climate: dry, an eucalyptus, offshore: western warm summer evergreen redwood or giant No rainfall margin with offshore forests, sequoia, pines, trades; Evergreen firs, cedars and during Concentration of coniferous cypresses, olives, onshore: rainfall in winter trees, oranges, lemons, Heavy with on - Shore; Mediterrane orchids, limes, rainfall Bright, Sunny an bushes citrons and weather with hot and shrubs, grapefruit, dry summers and Grass chestynet, walnut, wet, mild winters; hazelnut, almonds, prominence of peaches, apricots, local winds pears, plums, around cherries , figs, Mediterranean wheat, sea grapes(wine production) Temperat continental Temperate Wheat and maize; Grazing animals, wild Average nomadic e climate: Extremes grasslands lucerne or alfalfa horses, swift footed rainfall and semi Continent of temperature ( grass bison, untamed ranges nomadic al Very warm in buffaloes, sheep, goat peoples like

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(steppe) summers, and from 10 to kirghiz, Climate winters are very 30 inches kazakhs, cold;;Southern kalmuk, Hemisphere : Tartars; Red there is mild indians of variation in north temperature america are mostly hunters Warm Warm moist Evergreen Grass, ferns, cattle and sheep Ranges temperatu summer and cool broad- kianas, Bomboos, from 25 to re eastern dry winter; leaved Palms, timber, 60 inches; margin The mean forests Aand eucalyptus, parana Summer: (China temperature deciduous pine, quebracho, South-east type) varies between trees yerba mate, monsoon; Temperat 40 F to 78 F chestnuts, Winter : ure ironwood, North - blackwoods, oak, west camphor, rice, tea, monsoon mulberries, maize, cotton, Sugarcane cool Annual Deciduous oak, elm, ash, sheep in low land temperate temperature is forest birch, beech, regions: western between 40F to poplar, hornbeam, 20-40 margin 60F;; cool willows, alder, inches; in (British summers and aspen, chestnut, high land type) mild winters sycamore, maple, regions: it climate lime, eucalypts, varies timber, wheat, from 40 potato Inches to 105 inches cool Long duration coniferous pine(eg: white 15 to 25 temperate cold winter and forests pine, red oine, inches; in continent cool brief scots pine, jack winter al summer pine, lodgepole months (Siberian) pine);; Fir ( eg: precipitati climate Douglas fir and on is in balsam fir) ;; the form Spruce, Larch of snow The cool Cool dry winters cool fir, spruce, larch, North temperate and warm wet temperate oak, beech, maple, american eastern summers forest; birch, ferns, region : margin Asiatic potatoes, oats, 54inches (Laurentia region: barley, soya beans, of annual n) coniferous groundnuts, precepitati forest seasame, rape on;; Asiatic seeds, tung oil, region : 25 mulberry inches The artic long and severe Tundra mosses, lichens, wolves, foxes, musk- During or polar winters and vegetation sedges, ox, artic hare, winter in climate summers are cool lemmings, seals, polar form of (Tundra and brief. bear snow. not vegetation more than ) 12 inches

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Layers of Earth's Atmosphere

Troposphere • It is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. • The height of this layer is about 18 km on the equator and 8 km on the poles. • The thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equator because heat us transported to great heights by strong convectional currents. • Troposphere contains dust particles and water vapour. • This is the most important layer of the atmosphere because all kinds of weather changes take place only in this layer. • The air never remains static in this layer. Therefore this layer is called ‘changing sphere’ or troposphere. • The environmental temperature decreases with increasing height of the atmosphere. It decreases at the rate of 1 degree Celsius for every 165 m of height. This is called Normal Lapse Rate. • The zone separating troposphere from the stratosphere is known as tropopause. • The air temperature at the tropopause is about – 80 degree Celsius over the equator and about – 45 degree Celsius over the poles. The temperature here is nearly constant, and hence, it is called tropopause. Stratosphere • Just above the troposphere it extends up to a height of 50 km. • The temperature remains almost the same in the lower part of this layer up to the height of 20 km. After this, the temperature increases slowly with the increase in the height. The temperature increases due to the presence of ozone gas in the upper part of this layer. • Weather related incidents do not take place in this layer. The air blows horizontally here. Therefore, this layer is considered ideal for flying of aircraft. • Ozone is abundant here and it heats the atmosphere while also absorbing harmful radiation from the sun. • The air here is very dry, and it is about a thousand times thinner here than it is at sea level. Because of that, this is where jet aircraft and weather balloons fly • The upper limit of the stratosphere is known as stratopause. • The relative thickness of the ozone layer is measured in Dobson Units. • It is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 km above the earth’s surface. • It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere. • It is the region of the stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiations. Mesosphere • It is the third layer spreading over the stratosphere which extends up to a height of 80 km. • In this layer, the temperature starts decreasing with increasing altitude and at the top of the mesosphere, called the mesopause, is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere, with temperatures averaging about minus 130 degrees F (minus 90 C). • Meteors or falling stars occur in this layer. • The upper limit of the mesosphere is known as mesopause. Thermosphere • This layer is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause. • It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is known as the ionosphere. • Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected to the earth by this layer and due to this, radio broadcasting has become possible. • The temperature here starts increasing with heights. Exosphere • The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere. • The air is extremely rarefied, and the temperature gradually increases through the layer. • Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here. • Temperature gradually increases through the layer. (As it is exposed to direct sunlight) • This layer coincides with space. List of major Local Winds • Abroholos: squall frequent wind that occurs from May through August between Cabo de Sao Tome and Cabo Frio on the coast of Brazil • Amihan : northeasterly wind across the Philippines • Bayamo : violent wind on Cuba’s southern coast • Bora : northeasterly from eastern Europe to northeastern Italy • Chinook : warm dry westerly off the Rocky Mountains DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 96 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Elephanta : strong southerly or southeasterly wind on the of India • Fremantle Doctor : afternoon sea breeze from the Indian Ocean which cools Perth, during summer • Gregale : northeasterly from Greece • Föhn : warm dry southerly off the northern side of the Alps and the North Italy, the name gave rise to the fén- fēng or ‘burning wind’ of Taiwan • Habagat : southwesterly wind across the Philippines • Harmattan : dry northerly wind across central Africa • Karaburan : “black storm”, a Spring and Summer Katabatic wind of central Asia • Khamsin : southeasterly from north Africa to the eastern Mediterranean • Loo : hot and dry wind which blows over plains of India and pakistan. • Mistral : cold northerly from central France and the Alps to Mediterranean • Monsoon : mainly south-westerly winds combined with heavy rain in various areas close to the equator • North wind : northern cold winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec • Nor’easter : strong storm with winds from the northeast in the eastern United States, especially New England • Nor’wester : wind that brings rain to the West Coast, and warm dry winds to the East Coast of New Zealand’s South Island, caused by the moist prevailing winds being uplifted over the Southern Alps, often accompanied by a distinctive arched cloud pattern • Sirocco : southerly from north Africa to southern Europe

Ocean Currents *North Equatorial current, South Equatorial Current, Equatorial counter Current flows through all the oceans, But the direction of the flow of Equatorial counter Current is opposite to the equatorial currents i.e. from west to east. * Antarctic Circumpolar Current or West Wind Drift flows from west to east around the Antarctica and is circumpolar due to the lack of any landmass connecting with the Antarctica and thus keeps warm ocean waters away from the Antarctica. Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Gulf Kuroshio North Stream, North (Japanese Alaskan Norwegian Somali Northern Hot Pacific Antilles, Atlantic coast) current current current Hemi- current Florida Current current sphere Current Oyashio California Canary Greenlandian Labrador Cold current current current current current East Brazil Aghulas Leeuwin Hot Australian Southern current current current current Hemi- Peru West sphere Falkland Benguela Mozambique Cold (Humboldt) Australian current current current current current

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Cyclones Tropical Cyclone Temperate Cyclone Dynamic Origin – Coriolis Force, Movement of air Origin Thermal Origin masses. Confined to 350 – 650 N and S of equator. More Confined to 100 – 300 N and S of Latitude pronounced in due equator. to greater temperature contrast. The very cyclone formation is due to Frontal system Absent frontogenesis. [Occluded Front] Mainly along the cold front They form only on seas with temperature more than 26-270 C. They Can form both on land as well as seas Formation dissipate on reaching the land. Forms in mid and high Latitudes beyond the Not formed at equator as the Coriolis tropics force is Zero Irregular. But few in summers and more in Season Seasonal: Late summers (Aug – Oct) winters. Limited to small area, Smaller than They cover a larger area. Temperate cyclone Size Typical size: 100 – 500 kms in Typical size: 300 – 2000 kms in diameter. Varies diameter. from region to region. Varies with the strength of the cyclone. Heavy but does not last beyond a few In a temperate cyclone, rainfall is slow and Rainfall hours. If the cyclone stays at a place, continues for many days, sometimes even weeks. the rainfall may continue for many days. Much greater (100 – 250 kmph) (200 – Comparatively low. Typical range: 30 – 150 1200 kmph in upper troposphere) kmph. Wind Velocity and destruction Greater destruction due to winds, storm Less destruction due to winds but more surges and torrential rains. destruction due to flooding. Complete circles and the pressure Isobars are usually ‘V’ shaped and the pressure Isobars gradient is steep gradient is low. Lifetime Doesn’t last for more than a week Last for 2-3 weeks. • East – West. Turn North at 200 latitude and west at 300 latitude. • Moves away from equator. The movement of Cyclones in Arabian West – East (Westerlies – Jet Streams). Move Path Sea and Bay of Bengal is a little • different. away from equator. Here, these storms are superimposed upon the monsoon circulation of the summer months, and they move in northerly direction along with the monsoon currents. Temperature The temperature at the center is almost All the sectors of the cyclone have different distribution equally distributed. temperatures The center of a tropical cyclone is known In a temperate cyclone, there is not a single place Calm region as the eye. The wind is calm at the where winds and rains are inactive. center with no rainfall. The tropical cyclone derives its energy from the latent heat of condensation, The energy of a temperate cyclone depends on Driving force and the difference in densities of the air the densities of air masses. masses does not contribute to the energy of the cyclone. The tropical cyclones exhibit fewer The temperate cyclones show a variety of cloud Clouds varieties of clouds – cumulonimbus, development at various elevations. nimbostratus, etc.. The tropical cyclones are not associated The temperate cyclones are associated with Surface anti- with surface anticyclones and they have anticyclones which precede and succeed a cyclones a greater destructive capacity. cyclone. These cyclones are not very destructive. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 98 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Influence on Both coasts effected. But east coast is Bring rains to North – West India. The associated India the hot spot. instability is called ‘Western Disturbances’.

In News 40. Cyclone Vayu classified as severe cyclonic storm had developed into a cyclone storm from deep depression in Arabian Sea near Aminidivi island in Lakshadweep. 41. in South East Bay of Bengal was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the Indian state of Odisha since Phailin in 2013. Cyclone in recent years: • In 2017 Cyclone Ockhi hit parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. • , Cyclones Sagar (in Somalia), (striked Oman), (affected the Arabian Peninsula) and Cyclone Titli (made landfall near Palasa, Andhra Pradesh) were part of 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. • Cyclone Pabuk originated over the Gulf of , in 2019 42. The bomb cyclone swept has through the US Great Plains resulting in blizzard conditions, hurricane-like winds, snow and heavy rain and subsequent flooding. • Bomb Cyclone or bombogenesis refer to a rapidly intensifying area of low-pressure winter storm when there is a pressure drop by at least 24 millibars in 24 hours. 43. Tropical Cyclone Idai has caused huge deaths and economic losses in Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Distribution of Volcanism Pacific Ring of Fire Mid Oceanic Ridge • Ocean-Ocean convergence • Ocean-Ocean convergence • Ocean-Continent convergence • Basaltic – peaceful eruption Mediterranean volcanism Hot Spot Volcanoes • Breaking up of Mediterranean plates into multiple blocks • Magma From deep interior -Basaltic • Andesitic eruption • Fixed place - Plate movement – Island arc in Direction • Frequent interaction of plate • Mt. Etna, Mt. Vesuvius • Hawaii, Reunion, Kurile, Aleutian

Comparison Between Basaltic eruption and Andesitic eruption

From News • Mount Sinabung volcano erupted in Sumatra Island of western Indonesia. • Indonesia is home to over 130 active volcanoes due to its position on ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’. • Volcano of Indonesia Mount Agung erupted again. • Mount Agung is an active volcano in Bali of Indonesia. Mount Agung stratovolcano is the highest point on Bali; • Mount Bromo is an active volcano and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia. • Mount Merapi is an active volcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia.

Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption • Occur at mid-oceanic ridge and hot spot volcanism • Volcanic arcs, volcanic mountains • Basalt highly fluid – mobile • Andesite – less fluid – less mobile • Spread across easily • Solidifies at short distance- intense pressure develop • Quite eruption inside –explosive

List of lava plateaus (Volcanic Landform formed due to Basaltic eruption) of the world • Columbia-snake plateau, USA • Ozark plateau, USA • Parana-Patagonia, S. America Types of Volcanic cones dome • Adamawa plateau, Africa Shield/ Cinder Composite Less fluid / highly • Bie plateau, Africa Highly fluid Fluid + viscous viscous • Katanga Plateau, Africa Multiple and violent Silent flow Violent eruption • , India eruption • Arabian plateau Gentle slope Steep slope Highest volcanoes • Balkan plateau, Europe Small volcanoes Small volcanoes Large volcanoes • Siberian plateau, Russia DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 99 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Yunan Plateau, China • Shan plateau, Myanmar • Kimberly plateau, Australia The Geological Survey of India (GSI) in its report revealed that about 35 % of India’s total Graphite reserves is found in Arunachal Pradesh. This is the highest found in country. NORTH EAST INDIA In News • was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, singer, poet and film-maker from Assam, widely known as Sudhakantha. Who was recently awarded Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2019, posthumous) • India’s first Orchidarium was opened for tourists at Upper Shillong in Meghalaya. It was made functional by Institute of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development (IBSD) • Sikkim has won the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Future Policy Gold Award for its achievement in becoming the world's first totally organic agriculture state. • The longest road bridge of India, Dhola-Sadiya Bridge is built over the river Lohit, which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra. It links Dhola and Sadiya both are in Tinsukia district of Assam is named after Bhupen Hazarika • Ambubachi Mela is an annual hindu mela held at Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati. It is the celebration of annual menstrual course of goddess Kamakhya. There is no idol of the presiding deity in the mela. • 125th Constitutional Amendment Bill: to increase the financial and executive powers of the 10 Autonomous Councils in the Sixth Schedule areas of the northeastern region. Which will impact one crore tribal people in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram • A statue of Tripura’s last ruler, Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya was unveiled at the Agartala airport. • Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya (reigned 1923-47) is considered as the father of modern architecture in Tripura, as the entire planning of present-day Tripura was initiated during his rule including planning of the capital city of Tripura, Agartala. • Bogibeel Bridge: This 4.9 km-long bridge is the nation’s only fully welded bridge, connects the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River in Assam’s Dibrugarh district with Silapathar in Dhemaji district, bordering Arunachal Pradesh. it is Asia’s second-longest railroad bridge. • Manipur To Get India’s First Sports University to promote sports education in the areas of sports sciences, sports technology, sports management and sports coaching. • The Sualkuchi village, about 40km from Guwahati, is recognized world over for its indigenous silk weaves (eri, muga and paat) produced on traditional hand looms. • Meghalaya has launched Mission Lakadong to produce 50,000 metric tonnes of the famous Lakadong turmeric per annum in the next five years. • Tunnel Project: It aims to provide all weather connectivity to in Arunachal Pradesh — an area claimed entirely by China — and other forward areas. • Sikkim will be the first state to roll out Universal Basic Income (UBI) by 2022 and has started the process to introduce the unconditional direct cash transfer scheme. • In 2018, Sikkim was declared as the “Organic State of India” • The Northeast Frontier Railway Construction Organization has constructed India’s tallest pier as part of the project to build a railway bridge at Noney in Manipur. constructed across the valley of river Ijai near Noney, with the height of the final pier being 141 metres. • Dhubri- Phulbari Bridge: India’s longest river bridge will be built across the Brahmaputra, connecting Dhubri in Assam to Phulbari in Meghalaya • The country’s longest river bridge, as of now is between Dhola and Sadiya in Assam • The Platinum Jubilee of the Battle of Kangla Tongbi War was commemorated on 07 Apr 2019 by Army Ordnance at Kangla Tongbi War Memorial near Imphal honouring the valiant brave hearts of Ordnance Personnel of 221 Advance Ordnance Depot who made their supreme sacrifice in the line of duty during the battle of World War- II on the night of 6/ 7 April 1944. • It is considered one of the fiercest battles of World War II. It was fought by Ordnance personnel of 221 Advance Ordnance Depot (AOD) on the night of 6/7 April 1944 against Japanese forces. Japanese forces had planned a three-pronged offensive to capture Imphal and the surrounding areas. • Recently government released 'Digital North East: Vision 2022', which aims to leverage digital technologies to transform lives of people of the northeastern states and enhance the ease of living.

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Capital, Language and Art forms

Historic Official Traditional Performi High State Capital Statehood Traditional Crafts Name Languages ng Arts Court 1987 Wancho dances, Cane and bamboo, cotton Guwahat North- (earlier Idu Mishmi dance, and wool weaving, wood Arunach i High East UT Digaru Mishmi Buiya carving, blacksmithy (hand al English Court Frontier constitut dance, Khampti tools, weapons, ornaments, Pradesh (Itanagar Agency ed in dance, Ponung dishes, sacred bells and Bench) 1971) dance, Sadinuktso smoking pipes) Assamese, Cane and bamboo, bell

Sattriya, metal and brass, silk, toy Shillong Bengali (in Pragjyotis Bagurumba, Bihu and mask Guwahat (till the Barak Assam h, 1947 dance, Bhaona making, pottery and terraco i High 1969), Valley), Kamarupa Visual Arts: tta, jewellery, musical Court Dispur Bodo Hastividyarnava instruments making, boat (Bodoland making, paints ) 1971 Manipuri dance (Ras (earlier Lila), Kartal Manipur Kangleipa UT Cholom, Manjira Cotton textile, bamboo craft Manipur Imphal Meiteilon High k constitut Cholom, Khubak s (hats, baskets), pottery Court ed in Eshei, Pung 1956) Cholom, Lai-Haraoba Making hand tools and weapons, musical Khasi Nongkrem, instruments hills, Khasi, Shad suk, Meghala Meghala (drums), cane and bamboo Jaintia Shillong 1971 Garo, Behdienkhlam, ya High ya work, weaving traditional hills and English Wangala, Court attires, jewellery making Garo hills Lahoo dance (gold, coral, glass), wall engravings, wood carving Cheraw, Khuallam, 1987 Chheih- Guwahat Mizoram (earlier Traditional hand tools, Lam, Chai, Rallu- i High (Molasse Lushai UT Mizo, weapons and textile Aizawl Lam, Solakia, Court (Ai s Basin hills constitut English work, bamboo and cane ha Sarlamkai, zawl of India) ed in ndicrafts Par-lam, Bench) 1971) Sakei Lu Lam Cane and bamboo crafts, Zeliang dance, war traditional hand tools, Guwahat dance, Nruirolians (c weapons and textile i High Nagalan Naga hills Kohima 1963 English ock dance) (For work, wood carving, pottery, Court (K d more see Music of ornaments for traditional ohima Nagaland) attire, musical instruments Bench) (drum and trumpet) Chu Faat dance, Lu Khangthamo, Gha To Kito, Rechungma, M Handmade paper, carpet Sikkim Nepali, Sikkim Sukhim Gangtok 1975 aruni, Tamang Selo, making, woolen High English Singhi Chaam, Yak textile, wood carving Court Chaam, Khukuri dan ce, Rumtek Chaam (mask dance)[ 1971 Goria dance, Cane and bamboo, weaving (earlier Jhum dance, and Bengali, Tripura UT Lebang dance, handloom, sitalpati (mat Tripura Tipperah Agartala Kokborok, High constitut Mamita dance, making), wood carving, English Court ed in Mosak sulmani string and wind musical 1956) dance, instruments DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 101 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Hojagiri dance, Bizhu dance, Wangala, Hai-hak dance, Sangrai dance, Owa dance Thangka (showcasing Buddhist teachings on cotton canvas using vegetable dyes)

• Capitals from West to east [Observe in the Map] Agartala > Dispur > Shillong > Aizawl > Itanagar > Imphal and Kohima • Capitals from North to South [Observe in the Map] Itanagar > Dispur > Kohima > Shillong > Imphal > Agartala > Mizoram Geography • The Northeast region can be physiographical categorised into the Eastern Himalaya, the Patkai and the Brahmaputra and the Barak valley plains. • (at the confluence of Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese, and Indian biogeographical realms) has a predominantly humid sub-tropical climate with hot, humid summers, severe monsoons, and mild winters. • Along with the west coast of India, this region has some of the Indian subcontinent's last remaining rainforests, which support diverse flora and fauna and several crop species. • Reserves of petroleum and natural gas in the region are estimated to constitute a fifth of India's total potential. • Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.

Mountains and hills by state Peak State Range/Region Kangchenjunga (shared with Nepal) Sikkim Eastern Himalaya Kangto (shared with Tibet) Arunachal Pradesh Eastern Himalaya Mount Saramati (Shared with Myanmar) Nagaland Naga Hills Mount Iso (also known as Tenipu) Manipur Senapati District Phawngpui (Blue Mountain) Mizoram Saiha District Shillong Peak Meghalaya Khasi Hills Unnamed peak near Laike Assam Dima Hasao District Betalongchhip Tripura Jampui Hills

• Hills from North to South (in states of Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram) [Observe in the Map] Patkai Bum > Naga Hills > Barail Range > Laimatol Range (Contains Loktak Lake) > Manipur Hills > Purbanchal > Mizo Hills • Hills from North to South (in states of Arunachal) [Observe in the Map] Mishmi > Abhor > Miri > Dafla > Mikir > Rengma • Barak river: It goes through Silchar, and acts as a border between Assam/Manipur and Mizoram /Manipur • Kapali river: Separates Mikir, Rengma and Baraiel range from Meghalayan Plateau • Name of Brahmaputra in various regions • China: Tsangpo • Arunachal Pradesh: Enters as Dibang • Assam: Continues as Brahmaputra • Bangladesh: continues as Jamuna • Northeast India has a subtropical climate that is influenced by its relief and influences from the southwest and northeast monsoons • The Himalayas to the north, the Meghalaya plateau to the south and the hills of Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur to the east influences the climate • The southwest monsoon is responsible for bringing 90% of the annual rainfall to the region • The North Eastern Region of India is a mega-earthquake prone zone caused by active fault planes beneath formed by the convergence of three tectonic plates viz. India Plate, Eurasian Plate and Burma Plate. • The region has been identified by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as a center of rice germplasm. • Out of the nine important vegetation types of India, six are found in the North Eastern Region • Most of the North Eastern states have more than 60% of their area under forest cover, a minimum suggested coverage for the hill states in the country in order to protect from erosion. • Northeast India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot. This hotspot is the second largest in the world, next only to the Mediterranean Basin, with an area 2,206,000 square kilometres (852,000 sq mi) among the 25 identified • Northeast India is also the home of many Living root bridges. In Meghalaya, these can be found in the southern Khasi and Jaintia Hills DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 102 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

National park Location State Vegetation Arunachal Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf Namdapha National Park Pradesh forests, montane forests Largest protected area in Eastern Himalaya Manas National Park Barpeta district Assam Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Rare and endangered wildlife like the Indian Rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog are present UNESCO World Heritage Site Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests, Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands comprising alluvial inundated grasslands, Golaghat and Nagao Kaziranga National Park Assam alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist ndistricts mixed deciduous forests, and tropical semi- evergreen forests AND is crisscrossed by four major rivers. Highest known tiger density in the world, Indian rhinoceros, UNESCO World Heritage Site Khangchendzonga National Sub-tropical to Alpine, Krummholz (stunted North Sikkim district Sikkim Park forest) UNESCO Mixed World Heritage Site and highest altitude wildlife protected area in India Home to many endangered animal species like the Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Dog. Upper Siang, West Arunachal Mouling National Park Siang and East Tropical to Temperate forests Pradesh Siangdistricts Dibru-Saikhowa National Dibrugarh and Tinsu Assam Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests| Park kiadistricts South Garo Hills Balphakram National Park Meghalaya Sub-tropical evergreen deciduous forests district Intangki National Park Peren district Nagaland Temperate evergreen forests Nameri National Park Sonitpur district Assam Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests Murlen National Park Champhai district Mizoram Montane sub-tropical semi-evergreen forest Darrang and Sonitpur Eastern seasonal swamp forests, Eastern Orang National Park on the north bank of Assam Himalayan moist mixed deciduous forests, the Brahmaputra eastern wet alluvial grasslands River Phawngpui National Park Lawngtlai district Mizoram Temperate forests West Garo Hills Nokrek National Park Meghalaya Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests district Sirohi National Park Ukhrul district Manipur Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rainforest Keibul Lamjao National Park Bishnupur district Manipur Phumdi (floating marshes) World's only floating National park Tropical semi-evergreen and moist deciduous Bison (Rajbari) National Park South Tripura district Tripura forests Clouded Leopard National Sepahijala district Tripura Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Park

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 103 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 SCIENCE In NEWS 1. Redefining of World’s standard definition of kilogram, Ampere, Kelvin, and Mole by General Conference on Weights & Measures (CGPM) Kilogram • Previous definition: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. • 2019 definition: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant Ampere • Previous definition: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newton per metre of length. • 2019 definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e (electrons charge) Kelvin • Previous definition: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. • 2019 definition: The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k Mole • Previous definition: The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. • 2019 definition: The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076×1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA Second • 2019 definition: The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency (caesium-133 atom) 2. 5G • The Steering Committee, headed by AJ Paulraj, for identifying the 5G deployment roadmap for India recently submitted report titled 'Making India 5G Ready'. • 5G is a wireless communication technology using radio waves or radio frequency (RF) energy to transmit and receive data. With • Technical specification for 5G – ➢ high data rates: While 4G tops out at a theoretical 100 megabits per second (Mbps), 5G tops out at 10 gigabits per ➢ second (Gbps). ➢ massive connectivity of 1 million connections per square kilometer (4G- 100 thousand conncetions/km2). ➢ ultra-low latency of 1 millisecond (4G has a latency of 10 ms). ➢ high reliability (99.999% for mission critical ‘ultra-reliable’ communications), and ➢ Mobility at high speeds (up to 500 km/h i.e. high-speed trains). ➢ 30 Ghz of available spectrum in comparison to 3Ghz of 4G. • has become the world's first country to launch 5th-Generation (5G) networks. • Shanghai Becomes World's First City With 5G Network Coverage. 3. The United Nations General Assembly has proclaimed 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements to celebrate its 150 years. 4. Artificial Intelligence • Recently NITI Aayog released a ‘national strategy for artificial intelligence’, to suggest ways to promote adoption of machine learning in key areas of the economy. • It refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. o It enables computer system to carry out task on their own that otherwise requires human intelligence. 5. Recently PARAM Shivay, the first supercomputer designed & built under the National Supercomputing Mission by C- DAC (Center for Development of Advanced Computing) at IIT-BHU was launched. • American “Summit” is the world's most powerful supercomputer, based on the LINPACK benchmarks. 6. Spiking Neural Network Architecture Machine • World’s largest brain like supercomputer called Spiking Neural\ Network Architecture (SpiNNaker) was turned on for the first time. It mimics the working of human brain with the help of about thousand interconnected circuit boards. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 104 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

7. Shakti Microprocessor • It’s India’s first microprocessor developed by IIT Madras. • Shakti is an open-source initiative by the Reconfigurable Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) laboratory at IIT Madras with funding by Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. 8. Food fortification is the deliberate addition of one or more micronutrients to food so as to correct or prevent a deficiency (Hidden Hunger: Deficiency of Micronutrients). Food fortification is a “complementary strategy” and not a replacement of a balanced & diversified diet to address malnutrition. 9. Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI), under Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and RAASI Solar Power Pvt Ltd have signed a Memorandum of Agreement for transfer of technology for India’s first Lithium Ion (Li-ion) Battery project. 10. World’s first-ever thermal battery plant was inaugurated in Andhra Pradesh. • Conventional battery technology is based on the system of charging/discharging cycles that are driven by electricity while thermal batteries, uses thermal energy to operate, i.e., the energy created by temperature differences. 11. Delhi is set to be India’s first city to launch hydrogen enriched CNG (HCNG) buses in 2019. HCNG is a vehicle fuel which is a blend of compressed natural gas and hydrogen, typically 8-50% hydrogen by volume. 12. Germany has rolled out world’s first hydrogen fuel cell powered trains called Coradia iLint. It is a fuel cell that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity with water and steam as the only biproducts. 13. Russia has created world’s first floating nuclear plant (FNPP) named as Academik Lomonosov. 14. Indian- Australian mathematician Akshay Venkatesh was awarded Fields Medal, also known as the Nobel prize for math. 15. NOBLE PRIZES 2018 • PHYSIOLOGY/MEDICINE: jointly awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of ‘immune checkpoint therapy,’ a cancer treatment. • PHYSICS: was awarded for inventions in the field of laser physics with one half to Arthur Ashkin for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems, the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses. Donna Strickland is third women to win Physics Nobel. • CHEMISTRY: was divided, one half awarded to Frances H. Arnold for the directed evolution of enzymes, the other half jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter for the Phage Display of peptides and antibodies. Ms. Arnold, only the fifth woman to win a chemistry Nobel.

Biology Virus, Bacteria and Fungi Virus • Virus is a Microscopic particle which infect the body by creating replicas of their own in the cell of Organism. They are non-cellular Organisms. They doesn’t belongs to the five kingdom classification. They Cause Infection in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. Bacteria • Bacteria, first life form of the earth, is a single celled Organism belongs to Monera Kingdom. They don’t have Nucleus. They are very tiny and present in communities and reproduce themselves through Binary Fission. Bacteria plays important role in Nutrient Cycle. Fungi • Fungi is made up of many Fungus particles belongs to Kingdom Classification. Fungi is a Eukaryotic Organism. They get their food by eating organic substances. Yeast, mushrooms, moulds these all belongs to Kingdom Fungi. Fungi is used to produce – Antibiotics, Wine, Beer, Bread, Biological Pesticides etc. Virus, Fungi and Bacteria all are the part of Biological Process but they cause some Deadly and Incurable Diseases. Various Diseases their symptoms, vaccination and causing agents are listed below- Diseases Caused by Viruses

Disease Virus name Spread by Symptoms Vaccination By mosquito bite – Aedes Yellow skin and eyes, Yellow fever Flavivirus aegypti. Vomiting, Nausea, Bleeding YF -Vax By Animal or Insect bite. fatigue Human Immuno- Fatigue, Fever, Loss of No Effective HIV AIDS Sexual contact deficiency virus appetite, Sores Vaccine yet Nipah virus Exposure to Bat, Pig and Nipah Virus Fever, Headache, Drowsiness No Vaccine yet infection Infected person Diarrhoea, eye redness, red Ebola Ebola Virus By infected animal bite VSV-EBOV spot on skin, Sore throat DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 105 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Communication with infected place and person Killed Virus Zika Virus Fever, Sweating, Eye redness, Vaccine Zika Aedes Mosquito (Flaviviridae) Skin rash (developed by India) By Mosquito Bite Japanese Japanese Pigs and Wild Bird areas is High fever, Sudden headache Jenvac Vaccine Encephalitis Encephalitis Virus prone to Disease Contagious viral infection Difficulty in breathing, Fever due to poor sanitation Inactivated Polio Polio Poliovirus Shrinking muscles, Pain in Pregnant women more Vaccine (IPV) joints and muscles susceptible to virus

Nipah Virus Infection

• Recently, the presence of Nipah virus was confirmed in Kerala. • Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. • The natural host of the virus are fruit bats of the Pteropodidae Family, Pteropus genus. • NiV was first identified during an outbreak of disease that took place in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia in 1998. On this occasion, pigs were the intermediate hosts. Key facts • Nipah virus is an RNA virus that is part of the Paramyxovidae family that was first identified as a zoonotic pathogen after an outbreak involving severe respiratory illness in pigs and encephalitic disease in humans in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998 and 1999. • Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. • Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (bats, pigs), and can also be transmitted directly from human-to-human. • Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus. • Nipah virus is on the WHO list of Blueprint priority diseases Transmission • NiV is a zoonotic virus (a virus transmitted to humans from animals). Transmission is thought to have occurred via respiratory droplets, contact with throat or nasal secretions from the pigs, or contact with the tissue of a sick animal • In the Bangladesh and India outbreaks, consumption of fruits or fruit products (e.g. raw date palm juice) contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats was the most likely source of infection. Diagnosis • NiV infection can be diagnosed together with clinical history during the acute and convalescent phase of the disease. Main tests including real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from bodily fluids as well as antibody detection via ELISA. Different tests include: 1. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 2. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay 3. Virus isolation by cell culture. Treatment • There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for NiV infection although this is a priority disease on the WHO R&D Blueprint. Intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. • Natural host: fruit bats • Fruit bats of the family Pteropodidae – particularly species belonging to the Pteropus genus – are the natural hosts for Nipah virus. There is no apparent disease in fruit bats. Nipah virus in domestic animals • Nipah outbreaks in pigs and other domestic animals (horses, goats, sheep, cats and dogs) were first reported during the initial Malaysian outbreak in 1999. • Nipah virus is highly contagious in pigs. Pigs are infectious during the incubation period, which lasts from 4 to 14 days.

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Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Disease Caused by Spread by Symptoms Vaccination/Cure name Weight loss, Shortness of Medication Mycobacterium In contact with Tuberculosis breath, Cough with blood, Bacillius Calmette-Guerin Tuberculosis infected person Affects lungs (BCG) vaccine Streptococcus In contact with the Pneumoniae Cough, Breathing problem Pneumococcal conjugate Pneumonia person having cough & Haemophilus Fever, Dehydration vaccine(PCV 13) or sneezes influenzae Contaminated water Dehydration Cholera Vibrio Cholerae Poor sanitation Diarrhoea WC – rBS and BivWC Unhygenic area Vomiting Contaminated food Weight loss, Abdominal pain, Vaccination Typhoid Salmonella Typhi and water Diarrhoea, Fever, Malaise Antibiotics Communication with Blisters, Rashes Mycobacterium Mycobacterium indicus Leprosy infected person Ulcers, Nerve injury, Weight laprae pranii Airborne droplets loss

Fungi usually attack on the skin of Human beings. The rashes on skin if not cure or taken care of may take place the Fungal Infection. A proper hygiene is solution to stay away from Fungal Infections. They not only cause Infections in Human beings but Plants and Animals are also susceptible to it.

Apart from all these Government of India took steps to fight epidemics of the deadly Diseases Caused by Virus, Fungi & Bacteria. Various initiatives has been started and set deadlines to eradicate few Diseases from India.

Initiatives • Dastak campaign – Japaneses Encephalitis • – Vaccination Program for Major 13 Diseases Deadlines • Tuberculosis – 2025 • Leprosy – 2018 • Measles and Rubella- 2020 Microorganisms are tiny Organisms that cannot be seen by Human Eye and can only be seen under a Microscope. They are grouped into various types like Bacteria, Fungi and Virus. They multiply rapidly and adapt quickly to their surrounding environments and many are aggressive. Some of them can Survive in extremely hot and cold Temperatures. All in all,we have to accept the fact that Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi are not going anywhere, so it is our job to figure out how to Protect ourselves and function daily with these Microorganisms. Deficiency diseases and Sources of Nutrients

Nutrient Constituent Deficiency Diseases Sources Retinol, Retinoic Carrots, Papaya, Milk, Cheese, Fish Liver Oil, Vitamin A Acid, Beta Night-blindness Green Vegetables etc. Carotene Brewer’s Yeast, Whole Grain, Oatmeal, Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beriberi Legumes, Peanuts, Dried Soybean, Sunflower Seeds etc. Beef Liver, Lamb, Milk, Mushroom, Spinach, Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis Almonds etc. Niacin or Nicotinic Tuna, Chicken, Turkey, Mushrooms , Bacon, Vitamin B3 Pellagra Acid Broccoli, Veal etc. Chicken Liver, Sunflower Seeds, Salmon, Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Acne, Paresthesia Avocados, Corn, Broccoli, Mushroom etc. Pyridoxine, Dandruff-like eruptions, Pink eye, Fish, Beef Liver, Potatoes & other starchy Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal, Epilepsy vegetables, Fruit (other than citrus) etc. Pyridoxamine Growth & Neurological Disorders in Raw Egg Yolk, Liver, Peanuts, Yeast, Whole- Vitamin B7 Biotin Infants wheat Bread, Cheddar Cheese, Pork etc.

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Dark Leafy Greens like Spinach, Asparagus, Vitamin B9 Folic Acid Macrocytic Anaemia, Birth Defects Broccoli, Citrus Fruits, Beans, Peas, Lentils, Avocados etc. Macrocytic Anaemia, Memory Loss, Various Vitamin B12 Pernicious Anaemia, Mania, Seafood, Beef, Chicken, Eggs etc. Cobalamins Psychosis, Paralysis Amla, Guava, Chillis, Kiwi, Broccoli, Orange, Vitamin C L-Ascorbic Acid Scurvy Papaya, Lemon, etc. Calciferol (D2) & Sunlight, Mushrooms, Alfalfa, Fish Liver Oils, Vitamin D Rickets, Osteomalacia Cholecalciferol (D3) Cooked Egg Yolk, etc. Red Blood Cell Destruction, Ataxia, Tochopherols & Wheat Germ Oil, Canola Oil, Sunflower Oil, Vitamin E Retinopathy, Peripheral Tocotrienols Almond Oil, Hazelnuts, Peanuts etc. Neuropathy, Reproductive Failure Omega 3 (Alpha Essential Linolenic Acid) and Several bodily processes afflicted, Fish Oils, Flaxseed Oil, Hemp Oil, Olive Oil, Fatty Acids Omega 6 (Linolenic Skin Ailments Pumpkin Seeds, Leafy Vegetables etc. Acid) Phylloquinone (K1), Lack of Clotting of Blood, Lack of Vitamin K Green Leafy Vegetables etc. Menaquinone (K2) Tissue Renewal Red Meat, Seafood, Egg Yolk, Bananas, Iron Anaemia, Arrhythmia Apple, Green Vegetables, Broccoli, Beans, Pumpkin Seeds etc. High Blood Pressure, Arrhythmia, Muscle Weakness, Myalgia, Muscle Meat, Milk, Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains Potassium Cramps, Constipation, Respiratory etc. Depression, Paralysis Osteoporosis, Hypocalcemia, Milk and Milk Products, Eggs, Wheatgrass Calcium Ostopenia etc. Deterioration of Metabolism & Nuts and Seeds, Green Vegetables, Dark Magnesium Cellular Functioning, Heart Attacks, Chocolate, Whole Grains etc. Insulin Resistance Cognitive Impairment, Headaches, Sodium Nausea, Seizure, Coma, Electrolytic Salt, Fish, Meat, Vegetables etc. Imbalance Chlorine Salt, Milk, Meats, Vegetables etc. Phosphorous Meat, Fish, Poultry, Eggs, Milk, Bananas etc. Goitre, Cretinism, Deterioration of Iodised Salt, Sea Food, Green Vegetables, Iodine Metabolism & Cellular Functioning, Raw Milk, Eggs etc. Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Pulses & Legumes, Protein Kwashiorkor Milk & Milk Products etc. Protein- Grains, Pulses & Legumes, Meat, Milk & Marasmus Energy Milk Products, Eggs, Seafood etc.

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NAME RELEASED BY PURPOSE INDIA’s POSITION India saw an “overall International US Commission on International threats to religious freedom around deterioration of Religious Freedom Religious Freedom the world religious freedom 2019 conditions in 2018”. It accounts for 14 out of 17 SDGs (sustainable development goals) that cover aspects such as India is ranked 95th SDG Gender Index Equal Measures 2030, poverty, health, education, literacy, among 129 countries political representation and equality at the workplace. Index of Economic US based Think Tank, The Measures the degree of economic 129th out of 186 Freedom 2019 Heritage Foundation. freedom in the countries India’s growth forecast Asian Development Asian Development Bank Growth in developing Asia is cut to 7.2% for Outlook 2019. 2019-20 INSEAD business school in Global Talent annual benchmarking report that partnership with Tata Competitive Index measures the ability of countries to Ranked 80 Communications and Adecco (GTCI) for 2019 compete for talent. Group. Internet Security Security solutions 3rd most vulnerable Checks Vulnerability to cyber threats Threat Report provider Symantec country lowered India's growth Provides a comprehensive analysis of Asian Development forecast for 2019-20 Asian Development Bank (ADB) macroeconomic issues in developing Outlook 2019 to 7.2 per cent from Asia 7.6 per cent 141/163 and Fifth in Global Peace Index Institute for Economics and measures the relative position of the South Asian 2019 Peace (IEP) nations' and regions' peacefulness region. World Press Index measures the level of media Reporters Without Borders 140 Freedom Index 2019 freedom in 180 countries Aims to provide humanitarian World Migration International Organisation for assistance to migrants in need,

Report Migration (IOM) including refugees and internally displaced people. Report describes changes occurring Global Risks Report in the global risks landscape from World Economic Forum (WEF). 2019 year to year and identifies global catastrophic risks. India will continue to World Economic United Nations Department of remain the world's Situation and Economic and Social Affairs fastest-growing large Prospect 2019 (UN/DESA), economy in 2019 as well as in 2020. It analyses and measures how well positioned 100 countries will shape Global and benefit from changing nature of manufacturing index World Economic Forum (WEF) production through adoption of 30th position emerging technology as part of Fourth Industrial Revolution in production.

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India is placed at rank U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Index evaluates the IP infrastructure 36th this year. In International IP Index Global Innovation Policy Center in each economy based on 45 unique 2018, India was 2019 indicators, which are critical to the (GIPC). ranked 44 out of 50 growth of effective IP systems. countries Projected growth rate South Asia Economic Projection and analysis of Growth World Bank of 7.3% for India in Focus report potential IN south Asian Countries 2018 measure the extent to which the commissioned by Facebook and Inclusive Internet Internet is not only accessible and India has been ranked conducted by The Economist Index affordable, but also relevant to all, 47th Intelligence Unit

Partnership with the United Nations World Intellectual Commonwealth It showcases what they have to offer Property Organisation (WIPO) 10th out of 53 Innovation Index and share with other members. and its annual Global Innovation Index (GII). Of the 10 cities with to measure the presence of fine highest pollution, particulate matter known as World Air Quality seven are in India, IQAir AirVisual and Greenpeace Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5, which Report 2018 while one is in China has been recorded in real-time in 2018. and two are in Pakistan. global trends as well as progress made and gaps in achieving the Global Chemicals UN Environment Assembly global goal to minimize the adverse Outlook impacts from chemicals and waste by 2020. The Survey compares more than 400 Worldwide Cost of Worldwide Cost of Living Survey individual prices across 160 products Living Survey 2019. 2019. and services in cities around the

world. Sustainable Development ranks the countries of the world on India figures at 140th World Happiness Solutions Network for the the basis of questions primarily from place, seven spots Report- 2019. United Nations by the UN the Gallup World Poll. down from last year General Assembly. growth at 7.4% in Portrays the world economy in the 2018 World Economic International Monetary Fund’s near and medium context, with India is now the Outlook (WEO) (IMF) projections for up to four years into world’s sixth largest the future. economy Index ranks countries on how well they are able to balance energy Energy Transition World Economic Forum’s (WEF) security and access with 76th among 114 Index (ETI) 2019 environmental sustainability and affordability Startupblink Report Global startup ecosystem map Measures startup ecosystem 2019 17th out of 125 Startupblink strength and activity.

Global Economics examines global economic India’s growth rate to World Bank Prospect (GEP) developments and prospects 7.3% in 2018 Digitally illiteracy The State of the Theme of this edition of report was major cause to World’s Children UNICEF Children in a digital world. women’s & girls Report marginalisation. Organisation for Economic Co- Determines government’s trust levels Government at a operation and Development’s by whether or not people consider India ranked 3rd Glance 2017 report (OECD) their government stable and reliable.

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2017 Sustainable Sustainable Development Assesses the performance of Development Goal Solutions Network (SDSN) and countries towards achieving the 116 out of 157 (SDG) Index Bertelsmann Stiftung. ambitious SDGs -World’s largest milk Provides market projections for major producer by 2026 Agricultural Outlook OECD-FAO agricultural commodities, biofuels - Biggest increase in 2017-2026 and fish. wheat production globally. United Nations Department of World Economic Economic and Social Affairs India’s growth Prospects for global macroeconomic Situation and (UN-DESA), the United Nations accelerating to 7.2% development Prospects Report Conference on Trade and in 2018-19 Development (UNCTAD) United Nations Sustainable World Happiness Development Solutions Network Measure of happiness 133rd among 156 Report 2018 (UN-SDSN) Provides rigorous benchmark of Commissioned by Facebook in 62nd in Availability, national-level Internet inclusion Inclusive Internet 2017 and is conducted by The 39th in Affordability, across four categories: Availability, Index (III) 2018 Economist Intelligence Unit and 37th in Relevance Affordability, Relevance and (EIU) and 23rd in Readiness Readiness. Intellectual Property analyses IP climate in 50 world 43rd out of 45 US Chamber of Commerce (IP) Index economies countries Explores trends that affect high net 6th in list of wealthiest World Wealth Report Capgemini worth individuals (HNWIs) in 71 countries countries, CPI ranks countries on a scale of zero Corruption (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean) Perception Index NGO Transparency International 78 among 180 based on their perceived levels of (CPI) 2018 corruption in the public sector.

INTERNATIONAL GROUPINGS AND ORGANISATIONS

Important Groupings India’s Name of the group Members Objectives Year HQ Position 8 members: China, Kazakhstan, Main activities: cooperation on security, military Shanghai Kyrgyzstan, activities, and cultural economic and cooperation Beijing, Full Cooperation 2001 Russia, Member countries are rich in energy resources China Member Organisation (SCO) Tajikistan, (both fossil fuels and uranium) Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan The 19th SCO summit held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The 18th Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit concluded with the adoption of the Qingdao declaration. It was India and Pakistan’s first summit as full members of SCO grouping. It is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical coverage and population The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three evils of terrorism, separatism and extremism. The Head of RATS is elected to a three-year term. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS. Sary-Arka-Antiterror 2019: first joint military exercise of Shanghai Cooperation Organization was announced at the during the 34th meeting of the RATS council held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Solidarity 2019-2021: First joint border operation Bangladesh, South Asia Sub It aims to promote regional prosperity by Bhutan, India, Manila, regional Economic improving cross among member countries and Maldives, 2001 Philippi Cooperation strengthening regional economic cooperation. Myanmar, Nepal, nes (SASEC) It is a project-based partnership Srilanka DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 111 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

It is an initiative of Asian Development Bank (ADB) ADB is the secretariat and lead financier of the SASEC program. Governments of India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka had established SACEP in 1982 in Sri Lanka. Its purpose was to promote and support protection, management and enhancement of environment in the South Asian region. The SACEP jointly with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) had developed Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan to facilitate international co-operation and mutual assistance in preparing and responding to major oil pollution incident in seas around SACEP’s maritime states of Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Recently in NEWS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India and South Asian Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP) for cooperation on response to Oil and Chemical Pollution in South Asian Seas Region. SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Program (SRCIP): SRCIP is a strategic initiative that aims to achieve regional integration among the members of the SASEC group by improving road connectivity within the North Bengal Region in India. Under this Recent Cabinet approval for upgradation and widening of 65 kms of Imphal-Moreh Section of NH-39 in Manipur. The project is being developed with Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) loan assistance under the South Asian Sub- Regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Road Connectivity Investment Program. It aims at upgradation of road infrastructure in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and India (BBIN) in order to improve the regional connectivity. India has 43 members The Australia Group is an informal forum of become (China, Pakistan, The Australia countries that seeks to ensure that exports do 43rd Iran, 1985 Group not contribute to the development of chemical or member are not its biological weapons. of this members.) group With its admission into Australia Group, India is now part of three of the four key export control groups in world dealing with non-proliferation. This includes Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India had joined Wassenaar Arrangement, which is also an informal grouping of 42 countries, exercising control over the export of dual-use goods and technologies in December 2017 and the Australia Group, But not a part of NSG (China has repeatedly blocking India’s entry in NSG. Significantly, China is not member of Wassenaar Arrangement, MTCR and Australia Group.) 1987 It is an informal and voluntary partnership by The Missile between 35 countries which urge each other (India is the Technology Control 35 nation to restrict their missile export and technologies 35th G7 Regime (MTCR) capable of carrying a 500-kilogram payload a member) count minimum of 300 kilometres ries MTCR membership would improve India’s stature among world nations, especially because India is a non-signatory of both NPT and CTBT that are necessary for membership Wassenaar Arrangement was established to contribute to regional and international security (India is The Wassenaar 42 member and stability. 1996 42nd Arrangement states It aims to promote transparency and greater member) responsibility in transfer of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. A multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and not a Nuclear Suppliers 48 members re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to 1974 member Group (NSG) nuclear weapon development and by improving yet safeguards and protection on existing materials.

International Groups INDIA’S NAME PARTICIPANTS OBJECTIVES YEAR HQ POSITIO N Asia-Pacific Economic 21 Pacific Rim Promote free trade throughout the Asia- observer 1989 Singapore Cooperation Countries Pacific region member (APEC)

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APEC Chile 2019 is the year-long hosting of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings in Santiago, Chile. Latest Summit: Da Nang, Vietnam, Nov 2017. Theme was “Creating New Dynamism, Fostering a Shared Future” Indonesia, Malaysia, Accelerating economic growth social Philippines, progress, and sociocultural evolution Association of Has FTA Singapore, Thailand, among its members,Protection of regional Jakarta, South East Asian 1967 with Brunei, Cambodia, stability Indonesia Nations (ASEAN) ASEAN Laos, Myanmar Providing a mechanism for member (Burma), Vietnam countries to resolve differences peacefully The 4th India-ASEAN Expo and Summit held in February 2019 by FICCI 12th ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) and 5th ADMM-Plus was held on October 19 and 20, 2018 Singapore. ADMM and ADMM-Plus serves as key Ministerial-level platforms in regional security architecture for promoting strategic dialogue and practical cooperation between ASEAN and its partners. Latest Summit: Manila (Philippines), April 2017. Theme “Partnering for change, engaging the world” ASIA-Europe 51 countries + Seeks to strengthen the relationship Is a Meeting Summit European Union (EU) between the two regions in a spirit of 1996 Bangkok Member (ASEM) and the ASEAN mutual respect and equal partnership The 12th Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Summit was held in Brussels, Belgium. The theme of summit was ‘Global Partners for Global Challenges’. The third ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) Conference on ‘Global Ageing and Human Rights of Older Persons’ was held in Seoul, capital of South Korea. The eleventh edition of the Asia-Europe Meeting Summit (ASEM11) or ASEM2016 had issued Ulaanbaatar Declaration. The declaration has reaffirmed ASEM’s commitment for greater partnership through informal political dialogue and initiatives in economic and socio-cultural fields. Bangladesh-China- An initiative conceptualised for significant sub-regional India-Myanmar gains through sub regional Economic organisation (BCIM) cooperation within the BCIM. Works to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and Organisation of Jeddah, harmony not a Islamic 57 member states 1969 Saudi OIC has permanent delegations to the UN member Cooperation (OIC) Arabia and the European Union (EU) Its official languages are Arabic, English and French. The 14th summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) held in Mecca, Saudi Arabia was hosted by Saudi King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud. India attended 46th Session of the OIC’s Council of Foreign Ministers held in Abu Dhabi Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) held extraordinary summit in Istanbul, Turkey to discuss recent Israeli violence against Palestinian protesters in Gaza Strip. Recently held summit in Turkey, it has declared “East Jerusalem” as the capital of Palestine, rejecting the US stance as “dangerous”. Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi- Bangladesh, India, Technological and economic cooperation Dhaka, Sectoral Technical Myanmar, Sri Lanka, among south 1997 Banglades and Economic Thailand, Bhutan, Asian and south east Asian countries h Cooperation Nepal along the coast of the Bay of Bengal (BIMSTEC) leaders from BIMSTEC countries and foreign envoys were invited for the oath-taking ceremony was held at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi 2019 The first field training military exercise MILEX-18 of BIMSTEC countries was held in Pune Recently, the 4th summit of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) was held in Nepal after a gap of four years. The 3rd BIMSTEC Summit took place in Nay Pyi Taw in 2014. It encourages commercial, political and Brazil, Russia, India, cultural cooperation between the BRICS BRICS China and South nations 2011 Africa New Development Bank is an outcome of this platform 10th BRICS Summit took place at Johannesburg in South Africa. The Theme of the summit was ‘BRICS in Africa: Collaboration for Inclusive Growth and Shared Prosperity in the 4th Industrial Revolution.’ Johannesburg Declaration: It recommends the establishment of BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR).

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BRICS plus format initiated at Xiamen Summit in 2017 by inviting a few countries from different regions was emulated in Johannesburg Summit also. The third edition of BRICS Film Festival was held in Durban, South Africa, along with the International Durban Film Festival (DIFF). The last day of festival was celebrated as India Country Day Ninth Summit was held in Xiamen, China in 2017. Theme was "BRICS: Stronger Partnership for a Brighter Future" India has pressed the BRICS nations to set up an independent credit rating agency of the five-member group. faMostly territories of the former British Empire It aims to promote democracy, human Commonwealth of rights, world peace Active 53 members 1949 London Nations Commonwealth countries in theory do not Member consider each other ‘foreign’, and hence send ‘High Commissioners’ and not ‘Ambassadors’ Maldives has applied to re-join the Commonwealth. Which withdrew 2 years ago It operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states. Established in 1949 by the London Declaration. It proclaims that the Commonwealth nations are “free and equal.” The insignia of this Commonwealth Association is Queen Elizabeth II who is considered the Supreme of the Commonwealth nations. The member states of the commonwealth are not legally liable or bound to each other. They are rather united by language, history, culture, likeness of the democracy, human rights and the rule of law. 10 ASEAN nations + It is an ASEAN led initiative China, Japan and EAS meetings are held after annual ASEAN South Korea (ASEAN East Asia Summit leaders’ meetings 2005 Member + 3) + Australia, New Latest Summit: Pasay (Philippines), Nov Zealand, India, 2017 Russia, USA The 6th East Asia Summit-Economic Ministers’ Meeting (EAS-EMM) and 15th India-ASEAN Economic Ministers’ Meeting (AEM) was held in Singapore. Singapore is currently holding the Chair of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is an economic union of states located in Northern Eurasia. Armenia, Belarus, Eurasian Economic The EEU introduces the free movement of Not a Kazakhstan, 2015 Moscow Union (EEU) goods, capital, services and people and member Kyrgyzstan, Russia provides for common transport, agriculture and energy policies India, Brazil, G4 All members support each other Council 2004 Germany and Japan These countries have voiced concern over lack of substantive progress in long-pending United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform. Canada, France, The European Union is also represented Germany, Italy, within the G7 Not a G7 Japan, the United These countries are the seven major 1997 Member Kingdom, and the advanced economies as reported by the United States. International Monetary Fund. Latest Summit: The 43rd edition of G7 summit held at Taorminain Sicily, Italy. May 2017 It is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies. To focus on economic issues and other India is a G20 EU + 19 Countries) 1999 important development challenges. member It represents 85% of global GDP, 80% of international trade, 65% of world’s population. The 2019 G20 Osaka summit was the fourteenth meeting of the G20, a forum of 19 countries and the EU that together represent most of the world economy. It was held on 28–29 June 2019 at the International Exhibition Center in Osaka. It was the first G20 summit to be hosted by Japan. India will host G20 Summit In 2022, when it celebrates its 75th year of Independence. Announced in G20 13th meet of international grouping in Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina. (It was the first G20 summit to be hosted in South America.) India presented a nine-point agenda to the G20 countries calling for strong and active cooperation among them to comprehensively deal with fugitive economic offenders. Last Summit: In 2017, held in Hamburg, Germany

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Its members include Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Turkey, South Africa, UK, US and EU. Three constitutional monarchies (Kuwait, It is a political and economic alliance Qatar and Bahrain), which promotes economic, security, Riyadh, Gulf Cooperation two absolute cultural and social cooperation between Not a 1981 Saudi Council (GCC) monarchies (Oman the six states and holds a summit every Member Arabia and Saudi Arabia) year to discuss cooperation and regional and one federal affairs. monarchy (UAE) The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia have formed new economic and partnership group named Joint Cooperation Committee, separate from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The 39th session of the GCC summit was held recently in Riyadh. At the end of the summit, the council issued the ‘Riyadh Declaration’, which included 72 items covering matters related to the Gulf countries, the region and the world. The 40th session of the GCC summit will be held in the UAE Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) became first countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to introduce Value Added Tax (VAT) for the first time to increase their revenue away from oil reserves. South-South cooperation Brasil All Developing Democracies ia India-Brazil-South India, Brazil, South, The forum provides the three countries Decla

Africa (IBSA) Africa (IBSA) with a platform to engage in discussions ration for cooperation in the field of agriculture, (200 trade, culture, and defence among others. 3) Recently, at a Ministerial meeting of IBSA in Pretoria, South Africa, Foreign Ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) adopted a declaration to contribute to greater understanding of development and South-South Cooperation (SSC). IBSA Declaration on South-South Cooperation. This document calls for contribution of each of the member of IBSA forum to contribute to greater understanding of development cooperation as a common endeavour of the global South. India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) have signed the IBSA Trust Fund Agreement that seeks to fight poverty in developing countries. It was signed at the 8th IBSA trilateral Ministerial Commission Meeting in Durban, South Africa. The India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is India-Africa Forum the official platform for the African Indian 2008 relations. Summits: 2008 (New Delhi); 2011 (Addis Adaba); 2015 (New Delhi) = “Delhi Declaration” Objectives of IORA Promote sustainable growth and balanced development. Focus on those areas of economic Coastal states cooperation which provide maximum Indian Ocean Rim bordering the Indian Ebene, opportunities for development, shared 1995 Member Association Ocean Mauritius interest and mutual benefits. 21 member states Promote liberalisation, remove impediments and lower barriers towards freer and enhanced flow of goods, services, investment, and technology. Bangladesh was elected as Vice Chairman of Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) for the period of 2019-21 and eventually as IORA Chairman for 2021-23 at 18th IORA Council of Ministers’ Meeting held in Durban, South Africa. The Current Chair is South Africa and Vice Chair is UAE. Delhi Declaration on Renewable Energy in Indian Ocean Region. It was adopted at 2nd IORA Renewable Energy Ministerial Meeting held at 2nd Global Re-Invest India-ISA Partnership Renewable Energy Investor’s Meet & Expo in . The 2017 Indian-Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Summit (March 5-7, 2017) was the first IORA Summit. Held in Jakarta, Indonesia. Theme was "Strengthening Maritime Cooperation for a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous Indian Ocean" Maldives, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Myanmar are not members. It is an intergovernmental counter Riyadh, Islamic Military Total members are Not a terrorism alliance 2015 Saudi Alliance 41 Member It is an alliance of Muslim countries which Arabia They emphasised four areas of India, Thailand, cooperation: tourism, culture, education, Mekong-Ganga Myanmar, and transportation. 2000 Member Cooperation Cambodia, Laos 8th Mekong Ganga Cooperation and, Vietnam Ministerial Meeting held in Manila Organization of the 13 members Gabon has re-joined OPEC in July 2016 1960 Not a Vienna Petroleum Algeria, Angola, Indonesia left OPEC in November 2016 in Member

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Exporting Ecuador, Gabon, It operates on the principle of unanimity, Bagd Countries Iran, and one member, one vote ad Iraq, Kuwait, OPEC sets production targets for its Libya, Nigeria, member nations and generally, when Qatar, Saudi Arabia OPEC production targets are reduced, oil (the de facto leader), prices increase. United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Qatar has announced its withdrawal from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) from January 2019 and focus more on the production of natural gas. It makes Qatar first Gulf country to leave OPEC bloc of oil-producing countries led by Saudi Arabia. Asian Premium is extra charge being collected by OPEC countries from Asian countries when selling oil in comparison to western countries. Organisation for Aims to stimulate economic progress and Economic Co- not a 35 Members world trade, Its members are committed to 1961 Paris operation and member Democracy and Market Economy Development Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD has officially decided to participate in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) after gap of nine years. PISA is assessment test for 15-year-olds, organised every three years by Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD), Paris, France. Raise the collective voice of the Muslim world. It consists of 57 Collectively work to safeguard and protect Organisation of Jeddah, India is a member states the interests of the Muslim world in the Islamic 1969 Saudi blocked including Iran and spirit of promoting international peace and Cooperation (OIC) Arabia country Pakistan. harmony. OIC has permanent delegations to United Nations and the European Union. 10 ASEAN nations: Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Proposed free trade agreement between Indonesia, Laos, countries of ASEAN (10 countries) and 6 Malaysia, other countries with which ASEAN has Regional Philippines, existing FTAs (including India). Comprehensive Singapore, Thailand, RCEP is viewed as an alternative to the 2012 Economic Vietnam Trans-Pacific Partnership trade Partnership (RCEP) 6 Other Nations: agreement, which Australia, China, includes the United States but excludes India, Japan, South China Korea and New Zealand The 6th Interregional Ministerial Meeting of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) was held in Singapore. 8 Members: Myanmar and China are not its members South Asian Afghanistan (Joined Nepal is the current chair of SAARC Association for in 2007) Nine observer states: Australia, China, Kathmand Regional Bhutan, Bangladesh, European Union, Japan, Iran, Mauritius, 1985 u Cooperation India, Pakistan, Myanmar, South Korea, and United States. (SAARC) Nepal SAFTA : South Asia Free Trade Agreement Sri Lanka, Maldives was launched in 2006 SAARC Development Fund (SDF) Partnership Conclave 2018 was held in New Delhi. SDF was established by heads of all eight SAARC member states during 16th SAARC summit at Thimphu, Bhutan in 2010. The first South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Agri Cooperative Business Forum was held in Kathmandu co-organized by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations and Asian Farmers’ Association with the support from International Fund for Agricultural Development. The 14th South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation in Law (SAARCLAW) Conference was held in Colombo, capital city of Sri Lanka along with 11th SAARC Chief Justices Conference. promote economic growth; India is Transpacific 12 Pacific Rim support the creation and retention of jobs; not a 2016 Partnership (TPP) countries enhance innovation, productivity and part of competitiveness; this

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USA has withdrawn raise living standards; from TPP in Jan reduce poverty in our countries; 2017 promote transparency, good governance, enhanced labor and environmental protections Transatlantic It is a proposed trade agreement between Trade and the European Union and the USA USA and EU Investment Aims to promote trade and multilateral Partnership (TTIP) economic growth MEMBERS OF THE Following Organisation South Asia Growth BIMSTEC SAARC SASEC SCO Quadrilateral 1 INDIA INDIA INDIA INDIA INDIA 2 Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh China 3 Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan Kazakhstan 4 Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Kirgizstan 5 Srilanka Srilanka Srilanka Russia 6 Thailand Maldives Maldives Tajikistan 7 Myanmar Afghanistan Myanmar Uzbekistan 8 Pakistan Pakistan

International Finance Institutes NAME Purpose Headquarter Established on 19 December 1966 with a aim of Economic social development in asia Mandaluyong, The Asian Development Bank Moto: Fighting poverty in Asia and the Pacific Philippines JAPAN has the highest Voting power followed by USA, CHINA and INDIA Asian Development Bank (ADB) released its long-term corporate strategy i.e. Strategy 2030. It’s a broad vision and strategic response to the evolving needs of Asia and the Pacific. According to Asian Development Bank (ADB), India will continue to be fastest growing major economy, ahead of China, with growth rate of 7.3% in 2018-19 and 7.6% in 2019-20. The growth projections were supplement to ADB’s Asian Development Outlook (ADO). It is outcome of 6th BRICS Summit being held in Fortaleza, Brazil. The New Development Bank Shanghai, Contribute to development plans established nationally (Established by the BRICS) China through projects that are socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. Indian Government has signed second Loan Agreement with New Development Bank (NDB) for financing of Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project for the Desert Areas.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment To support the building of infrastructure in the Asia-Pacific Beijing, China Bank region Recently, third annual meeting of AIIB was held in Mumbai where Asian Infrastructure Forum was launched for creating connections & business development opportunities for participants drawn from project sponsors, financiers, governments, etc. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has approved investment of $200 million in India’s National Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) to give greater impetus to mega infrastructure projects. Regional development: fight poverty and improve living Abidjan, Cote The African Development Bank conditions d’Ivoire India hosted the Annual Meetings of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group in Gandhinagar in May 2017 Washington, International Bank for Reconstruction Offers loans to middle-income developing countries, Poverty D.C., United and Development (IBRD) reduction States Washington, The International Development Offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest D.C., United Association developing countries. Poverty reduction States DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 117 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high Washington, International Monetary Fund employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce D.C. poverty around the world India-born economist Gita Gopinath was appointed Chief Economist of International Monetary Fund (IMF). International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and World Trade Organization have collectively launched report “Reinvigorating Trade and Inclusive Growth”. In this report all three international organisations have sought liberalisation of global service sector, asserting that barriers to these services trade currently is roughly as high as those to trade in goods about a half century ago. BIS is an international financial organisation owned by 60- Basel, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) member central banks, representing countries from around Switzerland the world including INDIA It is a multilateral development bank set up in 1991 after the fall of the Berlin Wall to promote private and entrepreneurial European Bank for Reconstruction and initiative in emerging Europe. London Development (EBRD). India recently became the 69th shareholder of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

International Organisations United Nations Organisation “UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination • The United Nations is an international organization founded in Compact”: It is an agreement between the 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to UN chief, 36 organizational entities, the maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly International Criminal Police Organisation relations among nations and promoting social progress, better (INTERPOL) and the World Customs living standards and human rights. Organisation, to better serve the needs of • second multipurpose international organization after League of Member States when it comes to tackling Nations international terrorism. • The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City • The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. • The UN has six principal organs: 1. the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); 2. the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); 3. the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development); 4. the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); 5. the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and 6. The UN Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994) • Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi. • The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish • UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World International Court of Justice (ICJ) in an Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and advisory opinion has said that Britain has UNICEF. to handover Chagos Archipelago to • The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office complete the process of decolonization of held by Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres since Mauritius. 2017 • The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 UN-General Assembly

• It is the main deliberative organ and composed of all member states, each of which has one vote. • General Assembly appoints Secretary General of UN based on the recommendations given by Security Council. • General Assembly elects Non-Permanent members in Security Council and elects Members for Social and Economic Council. • Along with Security Council, General Assembly elects Judges to International Court of Justice. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 118 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Decision on important questions such as those on peace and security, UN budget, admission, suspension and expulsion of members to various organs of UN requires special majority. • Make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council. • UN budget – United Nation is funded by its member states through compulsory and voluntary contributions. • The size of each state‘s compulsory contribution depends mainly on its economic strength, though its state of development and debt situation are also taken into account. • Member countries can make voluntary contribution to UNESCO, WHO, UN Programmes and Funds such as Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the UN Children‘s Fund (UNICEF). Recent developments • Venezuela and Libya have been suspended from voting in the UN General Assembly for the third time in 3 years because of millions of dollars in unpaid dues to the world body. • Venezuela is mired in an economic and political crisis and Libya has two rival governments, each backed by an array of militias. United Nation Security Council (UNSC)

• The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of International peace and security. • The council has 15 members: 5 Permanent – US, UK, Russia, France and China and 10 members elected by the General Assembly for 2-year terms. • Present ten non-permanent members (with end of term date) are Bolivia (2018) Côte d‘Ivoire (2019), Equatorial Guinea (2019), Ethiopia (2018), Kazakhstan (2018), Kuwait (2019), Netherlands (2018), Peru (2019), Poland (2019), and Sweden (2018). • While other organs of the UN can only make ―recommendations‖ to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions on member states. • All the members have one vote and permanent members have veto power. • Decisions on procedural matters should have vote of at least 9 of the 15 members and decision on substantive matters require nine votes and the absence of negative vote by any of the 5 permanent members. • The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month. • G4 Nations – 4 countries bids for permanent seats in UNSC. They are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. • Uniting for Consensus (Coffee Club) – These are group of countries who are opposing the expansion of permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council under the leadership of Italy. • Other Members in Coffee Club - Spain, Malta, San Marino, Pakistan , South Korea, Canada , Mexico, Argentina, Colombia and Turkey. • Despite drastic changes in geopolitics and international relations the Council has not been reformed yet. Proposed Reforms in UNSC 1. The demands for reform of the UNSC is based on five key issues: 2. Categories of membership (permanent, non-permanent). 3. The question of the veto held by the five permanent members. 4. Regional representation. 5. The size of an enlarged Council and its working methods. 6. The relationship between Security Council and General Assembly. • Notably, any reform of the Security Council would require the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states. • Importantly, the agreement of all the permanent members of the UNSC enjoying the veto right is also required. UNHRC • The United States has withdrawn from the UNHRC • It is a specialized agency of United Nations to protect and promote human rights across the world set up in 2006. • The Council consists of 47 members, elected yearly by the General Assembly through direct and secret ballot for three-year terms. • Recently India was elected with highest number of votes by General Assembly to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). • Members are selected via the basis of equitable geographic rotation using the United Nations regional grouping system. • Members are barred from occupying a seat for more than two consecutive three-year terms.

World Trade Organization (WTO) • WTO is the only intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 119 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• The WTO officially commenced under the Marrakesh Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). • The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process, • These agreements are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. • The WTO has 164 members and 22 observer governments, with Afghanistan the latest to join. • WTO members do not have to be fully independent states; they need only be a customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations eg: Hong Kong. • The WTO is attempting to complete negotiations on the Doha Development Round, which was launched in 2001 with an explicit focus on developing countries. • Due to various obstacles it impossible to launch new WTO negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round. • The highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years. • Five principles which WTO follows are non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments, transparency, safety values. • The operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves case-specific panels appointed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the Appellate Body, The Director-General and the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, and advisory experts. • The 11th biennial ministerial conference was recently held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations India’s No Agency Headquarters Purpose Year Position A source of knowledge and information, and Food and helps developing countries and countries in a member 1 Agriculture Rome, Italy transition modernize and improve agriculture, 1945 of FAO Organization forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all 160th session of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Council, currently underway in Rome, approved India’s proposal to observe an International Year of Millets in 2023. Sikkim was awarded UN Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) Future Policy Gold Award (Gold Prize) for its achievement in becoming the world’s first totally organic agriculture state. It seeks to promote peaceful use of nuclear International energy, and to prohibit its use for any military Is a 2 Atomic Energy Vienna, Austria purpose, including manufacturing of nuclear 1957 member Agency weapons. It reports to the UNGA and the UNSC (although it is an independent body) India has decided to place four more reactors under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. At 62nd General Conference of IAEA held in Vienna, Austria. The four reactors include two Russian-designed Pressurised Light Water Reactors and two Pressurised Heavy Reactors being built with Indian technology. With this, total of 26 Indian nuclear facilities will be now under IAEA safeguards. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has opened world’s first low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Bank in Oskemen in Kazakhstan. It will be the first of its kind LEU bank not to be under control of any individual country. It codifies the principles and techniques of India I a International Civil Montreal, international air navigation and fosters the member in 3 Aviation 1947 Quebec, Canada planning and development of international air PART II to Organization (ICAO) transport to ensure safe and orderly growth Category International Fund India is a Its goal is to empower poor rural men and for Agricultural founder 4 Rome, Italy women in developing countries to achieve 1977 Development member of higher incomes and improved food security. (IFDA) IFAD India is a International It deals with labour issues, particularly Geneva, Switzerl founder 1946 5 Labour international labour standards, social and member of (1919) Organization (ILO) protection, and work opportunities for all ILO Global Wage Report 2018-19 published by International Labour Organization (ILO), women are paid most unequally in India, compared to men, when it comes to hourly wages for labour. International Labour Organization’s (ILO’s) World Employment and Social Outlook Report has that projected increase in surface temperature due to global warming will lead to around 2,59,000 job losses in India by 2030, especially in carbon- and resource-intensive industries.

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India has deposited the instruments of ratification of the two fundamental ILO Conventions with the International Labour Office (ILO). The two key conventions are related to the elimination of child labour- the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182). India was one of the The IMO's primary purpose is to develop and earliest maintain a comprehensive regulatory members of International London, United framework for shipping and its remit today the IMO and 6 Maritime 1948 Kingdom includes safety, environmental concerns, legal had joined it Organization (IMO) matters, technical co-operation, maritime as a security and the efficiency of shipping. member- state in 1959. India was re-elected to Council of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). To foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, Is one of the Washington, promote high employment and sustainable IMF's International 1945 7 D.C., United economic growth, and reduce poverty around original Monetary Fund (1944) States the world. members? Voting power in the IMF is based on a quota system. International Geneva, Switzerl ITU is responsible for allocating global radio 1947 8 Telecommunication and spectrum and satellite orbits. (1865) Union India has been elected as a Member of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Council for another 4-year term (2019-2022). The ITU consists of three sectors: Radiocommunication (ITU-R) — ensures optimal, fair and rational use of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T) — formulates recommendations for standardizing telecommunication operations worldwide. Telecommunication Development (ITU-D) — assists countries in developing and maintaining internal communication operations. There are 193 Member States of the ITU, including all UN member states except the Republic of Palau, plus the Vatican City. Membership of ITU is open to only UN members To contribute to peace and security by promoting international United Nations India was collaboration through educational, scientific, Educational, re-elected and cultural reforms in order to increase 9 Scientific and Paris, France as member 1946 universal respect for justice, the rule of law, Cultural of executive and human rights along with fundamental Organization board freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. Bangladeshi disabilities’ advocate Vashkar Bhattacharjee and Chinese private sector ICT enterprise, Tencent (China) were awarded UNESCO/Emir Jaber al Ahmad al Jaber al Sabah Prize for Digital Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities. The restoration of an aristocratic house project from partial ruin state in Ladakh undertaken by LAMO (Ladakh Arts and Media Organisation) Center has won 2018 UNESCO Asia-Pacific award for Cultural Heritage conservation IOWave18: Indian ocean-wide tsunami mock exercise was organized by Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in Himalayan state of Sikkim was included in UNESCO designated World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), making it 11th Biosphere Reserve from India to achieve this recognition. UNESCO will set up ‘Design University for Gaming’ in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Promotion and acceleration of industrial United Nations development in developing countries and In India Industrial 10 Vienna, Austria countries with economies in transition and the since: 1967 Development promotion of international industrial 1966 Organization cooperation. India was Responsible for promotion of responsible, elected to World Tourism 11 Madrid, Spain sustainable and universally accessible the 1974 Organization tourism. Executive Council of

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UNWTO in 2009 Universal Postal Bern, Switzerlan Coordinates postal policies among member Is a 1947 12 Union d nations member (1874) The World Bank is an international financial India institution that provides loans to developing highest Washington, countries for capital programs. recipient of 1945 13 World Bank Group D.C., United It comprises of two institutions: remittances (1944) States International Bank for Reconstruction and : World Development (IBRD) Bank International Development Association (IDA). It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and World Food promoting food security. In India 14 Rome, Italy 1963 Programme It works to help people who cannot produce or since: 1963 obtain enough food for themselves and their families. India is a It is concerned with international public health World Health Geneva, Switzerl founder 15 It acts as coordinating authority on 1948 Organization and member of international public health WHO India is party to World Intellectual Aims to encourage creative activity, to Geneva, Switzerl several 16 Property promote the protection of intellectual property 1974 and treaties Organization throughout the world administere d by WIPO. According to World Intellectual Property Indicators 2018 report released by United Nation’s World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), number of patents granted by India shot up by 50% in 2017. WMO is the specialised agency of the UN for World India is a Geneva, Switzerl meteorology (weather and climate), 1950 17 Meteorological member of and operational hydrology and related geophysical (1873) Organization WMO sciences International It aims to provide humanitarian assistance to Geneva, Switzerl India is a 18 Organisation for migrants in need, including refugees and 1951. and member Migration (IOM) internally displaced people.

Other International Organisation Name HQ Purpose INDIA’s Position YEAR Undertake joint efforts required to reduce the Natioanl cost of finance and the cost of technology; ISA was jointly Institute of Mobilize more than US $1000 billion of launched by International Solar Solar Energy investments needed by 2030 for massive India and Dec-17 Alliance (ISA) (NISE), deployment of solar energy; Pave way for France in Gurugram, future technologies adapted to needs of solar November Harayana rich 121 countries lying fully or partially 2015 between Tropic of Cancer and Capricon. The Union Cabinet has approved signing of Host country (Headquarters) Agreement between India and International Solar Alliance (ISA). ISA presently has 4 ongoing programmes 1. Scaling Solar Mini Grids 2. Affordable Finance at Scale 3. Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use 4. Scaling Solar Rooftop catering to the needs of solar energy in specific areas It is hosted by It is a high-level group of the world’s major one of the and emerging funders of global environmental India is a Belmont Forum Belmont forum 2009 change research and international science member members on councils rotational basis It is recognized as international institution for World Economic public-private cooperation. Geneva. 1971 Forum It is committed to improve state of world by engaging business, political, academic, and

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other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas. CEPI is a public-private alliance to finance and coordinate the development of new vaccines Coalition for Epidemic to prevent and contain infectious disease Preparedness India epidemics. Innovations (CEPI) Department of Biotechnology is one of the funding agency Commission for the It is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. ratified by 35 Conservation of Tasmania, Preserve marine life and environmental states 1982 Antarctic Marine Living Australia. integrity in and near Antarctica (including India) Resources (CCAMLR) It is established to settle disputes related to Court of Arbitration for Lausanne sport through arbitration. 1984 Sport (CAS) (Switzerland). CAS has banned Indian wrestler Narsingh Yadav for four years in doping case The laboratory helps scientists and engineers probing fundamental structure of Universe North West European using the most sophisticated scientific India has suburbs of Organisation for instruments and advanced computing become an Geneva on 1954 Nuclear Research systems associate France-Swiss (CERN) CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider member. Border. (LHC) which is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator. Economic and political union of 28 countries. 1958 It operates Treaty Of European Union (EU) Brussels an internal (or single) market which allows Rome free movement of goods, capital, services and

people between member states The EEA area in which the Agreement on the EEA includes EU provides for the free movement of persons, European Economic countries and goods, services and capital within the 1994 Area (EEA) also Iceland, European Single Market, including the Liechtenstein freedom to choose residence in any country and Norway. within this area. It is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Regional forum Indian Ocean Naval Region (IOR) by providing an open and of Indian Ocean 2008 Symposium (IONS) inclusive forum for discussion of regionally littoral states relevant maritime issues. launched by India ICAN is a global civil society coalition of 468 International partner organizations from 101 countries Campaign to Abolish Geneva, working to promote adherence to and full 2007 Nuclear Weapons Switzerland. implementation of Treaty on Prohibition of (ICAN) Nuclear Weapons. ICAN received 2017 Noble Prize It will work to support local member countries South Asia Regional of South Asia viz. India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Opened by Training and Technical New Delhi Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka to build human IMF in Assistance Centre and institutional capacity and implement 2017 (SARTTAC) policies for growth and poverty reduction

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 123 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 DEFENCE In News • Border Security Force (BSF) has launched a massive exercise, code named as Sudarshan, to fortify Anti-Infiltration Grid along Pakistan border in Punjab and Jammu. • Strum Ataka: India has signed a deal with Russia for acquiring Strum Ataka anti-tank missile for its fleet of Mi-35 attack choppers of (IAF). • Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) programme: a robust and integrated system that is capable of addressing the gaps in the present system of border security by seamlessly integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment. • BOLD-QIT (Border electronically dominated quick response team interception technique) Surveillance along Dhubri district in Assam on the India Bangladesh border. BOLD-QIT Surveillance is part of the Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS). • Mi-35s are set to be replaced with Apache gunships being acquired from United States (US) • The AH-64E Apache Guardian helicopter is flown by the US Army and is one of the leading multi-role attack helicopters globally. It is even dubbed as the “flying tank”. • 20 years of : Operation Vijay, the name of Indian operation to clear Kargil sector. During Kargil war, IAF had conducted as a part of Operation Vijay of the . • Operation Bandar: IAF’s code name for Balakot Airstrike, The IAF pilots carried out pre-dawn attacks by dropping five Spice 2000 bombs • SPICE 2000 guided bombs: Indian Air Force (IAF) signed a deal with Israel’s Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, an Israeli defence firm to procure a batch. • Operation Sankalp: launched ‘Operation Sankalp’ in Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to reassure safe passage of Indian flagged vessels transiting through area. • Defence Space Research Agency (DSRO): Recently Cabinet Committee on Scram-jet system v/s Ram jet Security (CCS) cleared setting up and has been entrusted with task of system creating space warfare weapon systems and technologies. In scram-jet technology, fuel • Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV): Defence Research combustion takes place in a and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted maiden test of an chamber in missile at supersonic speeds while in a ram jet system, indigenously developed Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle the system collects air it needs (HSTDV) which is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft. It is from atmosphere during flight at designed to cruise at Mach 6 speed with scramjet engine. It can be used for subsonic speeds and propellants launching satellites at low cost and can also be available for long-range burn in combustion chamber. cruise of future. • The Indian Navy recently deployed its P8I surveillance planes for carrying out anti-piracy patrol sorties from Salalah (in Oman) to patrol the Gulf of and other piracy prone areas. • The “Kharga ”, a major training exercise conducted by the Indian Army in Punjab • The Director Generals of Assam Rifles and signed a ‘Affiliation Charter’ between 3rd (Naga Hills) of Assam Rifles and Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Ship ‘’ • Indian Navy successfully conducted test firing of Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (MRSAM) on the Western Seaboard. These Surface to Air Missiles are for now fitted onboard Kolkata Class (comprised of INS Kolkata, INS Kochi and INS Chennai). Medium Range Surface to Air Missile which i.e. it is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets at range of more than 50 km. • The Indian Coast Guard ship (ICGS) Vigraha was decommissioned at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. • India for the first time will host the ‘Army scouts master’s competition’. The Army Scouts Masters Competition is a part of International Army Games steered by Russia. This is the 5th edition of International Army games. • The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO, an agency under Ministry of Defence) conducted successful flight test of ‘ABHYAS’, a High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) • The ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM)-Plus Maritime Security Field Training Exercise (MS FTX) in the South China Sea concluded on 13 May 2019 at RSS Singapura ( also known as Changi Naval Base) in Singapore. • The Indian Navy launched fourth Stealth Scorpene-Class submarine ‘INS Vela’ under Project 75.

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• INS Kalvari, the first submarine in Scorpene class, has already been commissioned, while others are at adavance level of trial and test. The third in Scorpene series INS Karanj was launched in January 2019. The fifth Scorpene- class submarine INS Vagir and sixth Scorpene-class submarine INS Vagsheer. • The Indian Navy has launched its third guided missile , INS Imphal as part of its Project 15B. • INS Vishakhapatnam was the first Project 15B, second ship, INS Mormugao • Sea Vigil was a first of its kind multi-agency drill, covering the entire 7,516 km-long Indian coastline and exclusive economic zone and involving 13 coastal states and Union Territories. • Indian Army built the longest suspension bridge over in Leh in just 40 days and the bridge is named as Maitri Bridge. • DRDO-developed A-SAT system successfully destroyed a live satellite in the Low Earth Orbit under project named as Mission Shakti, India is only the fourth country after the U.S., Russia and China to have the A-SAT technology. • Indigenous Howitzer guns were inducted to the Indian Army. The induction of Dhanush Howitzer • AK-47 rifles manufacturing unit at Amethi of Uttar Pradesh a joint venture between India and Russia. • Sela Tunnel Project in Arunachal Pradesh across Sela Pass. on the border between the Tawang and West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The pass connects Tawang for rest of India. Border Roads Organisation (BRO). • The disaster relief exercise ‘Exercise Rahat’ demonstrated in Jaipur, Kota and Alwar in Rajasthan. This The joint exercise will see participation from Armed Forces, National Disaster Management Response Mechanism (NDMRM), State Disaster Management Authority of Rajasthan and District LMAs. • Naval Air Station (NAS) has been commissioned as INS Kohassa. It will be India’s fourth air base and the third naval air facility in the Andaman and Nicobar region. The other two Naval Air Bases in the Andaman and Nicobar region are INS Utkrosh at Port Blair and INS Baaz at Campbell Bay. Security Forces 1. Indian Armed Force 2. Central Armed Police Force Security Forces Dealing with External Threats

• The defence forces (Indian Armed Force) are the primary force responsible for the security of the country, and they come under the authority of Ministry of Defense. • Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) aid in combating external threats (they mainly manage internal security issues) but are managed by Ministry of Home Affairs. Indian Armed Force The defence forces are divided into four sub-heads. 1. Indian Army Personnel. 2. Indian Air Force Personnel. 3. Indian Navy Personnel. 4. Indian Coast Guard Personnel.

Security Forces Dealing with Internal Threats

• There are many divisions of Central Armed Police Force, which deal with internal threats. • Paramilitary Forces of India: The term "paramilitary forces" in India has not been defined in any acts or by authorities officially however they are conventionally used to refer to two forces i.e. Assam Rifles and Special Frontier Force. • Indo-Myanmar border is being guarded by Assam Rifles. • Special Frontier Force main goal originally was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in the event of another Sino-Indian War. • Central Armed Police Forces were formerly referred as Paramilitary Forces however from March 2011, Ministry of Home Affairs adopted a uniform nomenclature of Central Armed Police Forces for five forces namely: CRPF, BSF, ITBP, CISF, and SSB. Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) • The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) refers to uniform nomenclature of five security forces in India under the authority of Ministry of Home Affairs. They are the Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). • Each of the five CAPFs (the BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF and SSB) has its own cadre of officers, but they are headed by officers of the Indian Police Service. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)

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• The Central Reserve Police Force is the largest of the Central Armed Police Forces units with 313,678 personnel in 239 . The Central Reserve Police includes: • The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and counter insurgency. It came into existence as the Crown Representative's Police on 27 July 1939 • The Rapid Action Force (RAF), a 10 battalion anti-riot force trained to respond to sectarian violence. • The Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA), a 10 battalion strong anti-Naxalite/COIN force. • Parliament Duty Group is an elite CRPF unit tasked to provide armed protection to Parliament House. PDG members are trained in combating nuclear and bio-chemical attacks, rescue operations and behavioural management. Border Security Force (BSF)

• It was raised in the wake of the 1965 War on 1 December 1965 • The primary role of the Border Security Force is to guard the border of the India with Pakistan and Bangladesh, it is deployed both on the IB and the LOC. The BSF also has active roles during times of war. It has 257,363 personnel in 186 battalions, it has 89,432 personnel in 56 fighting, 2 DM and 4 specialized battalions. • It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force. BSF has been termed as the First Line of Defence of Indian Territories • Every evening, at the Wagah border, which is the international border of India and Pakistan, the BSF together with the neighbouring country's border guarding, the Pakistan Rangers conduct a military drill while lowering the respective national flags. • Creek Crocodile Commando are the elite commando force of BSF.

Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)

• One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the Central Industrial Security Force provides security to various Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations, major airports across the country and provides security during elections and other internal security duties and VVIP protection. It has a total strength of about 144,418 personnel in 132 battalions. Including 9 reserve battalions. • The CISF is in charge of airport security at all commercial airports in India. • Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) • Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), on the basis of recommendations of the Intelligence Bureau, raised a special unit called Special Security Group (SSG) to provide security cover to persons nominated by the Home Ministry

Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) The objective off the Sashastra Seema Bal is to guard the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan Borders. It has 76,337 personnel and 67 battalions, as well as some reserved battalions. Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)

• The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) was raised on 24 October 1962, under the CRPF Act, in the wake of the Sino- Indian War of 1962. The ITBP was intended for deployment along India's border with China's . • The ITBP is trained in Civil Medical Camp, disaster management, and nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. ITBP personnel have been deployed abroad in UN peacekeeping missions • Two battalions of ITBP are deputed to National Disaster Response Force.

Special Forces The Special Forces of India refer to those units which are under the direct command of the Indian military and specifically organised, trained, and are equipped to conduct and support special operations. National Security Guard (NSG) • The National Security Guard (NSG) is an Indian Special Forces unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). • The National Security Guard (NSG) was set up in 1984, following and the assassination of Indira Gandhi as a Federal Contingency Deployment Force for combating terrorist activities with a view to protect states against internal disturbances, it is intended for use "only in exceptional situations" and not meant to take over the "functions of the State Police Forces or other Para Military Forces". Yet, over the years its role has vastly expanded to provide personal security to influential politicians quite independent of the real threat that they face. • The NSG is trained to conduct counter terrorist task to including counter hijacking tasks on land, sea, and air; Bomb disposal (search, detection and neutralization of IEDs); PBI (Post Blast Investigation) and Hostage Rescue missions. • NSG is under the authority of Ministry of Home Affairs. However, it is not categorised under the uniform nomenclature of Central Armed Police Forces.

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• It has a Special Forces mandate, and its core operational capability is provided by the Special Action Group (SAG) which is drawn from the Indian Army. The Special Rangers Group (SRG), the police component of NSG, which also handles VIP security, is composed of personnel on deputation from other Central Armed Police Forces and State Police Forces. • The NSG personnel are often referred to in the media as Black Cats because of the black outfit and black cat insignia worn on their uniform. Para (Special Forces) • Commonly known as Para SF, is the special force unit of the Indian Army. It is attached to the Parachute . • The unit was created in 1966 by the Indian Army. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, a small ad hoc force comprising volunteers from most infantry units from North India • The unit is tasked with missions such as special operations, direct action, hostage rescue, counter-terrorism, unconventional warfare, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defence, counter-proliferation, counter- insurgency, seek and destroy and personnel recovery. MARCOS • This unit was created in 1987 by the Indian Navy. • They saw action during Operation Pawan in 1988. They were a part of Operation Cactus in 1988. • They have also been deployed in Wular Lake which was a major infiltration point for terrorists. • MARCOS, previously named as Marine Commando Force (MCF), is the special forces unit of the Indian Navy created for conducting special operations such as amphibious warfare, close quarter combat, counter-terrorism, direct action, special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, hostage rescue, personnel recovery, combat search and rescue, asymmetric warfare, foreign internal defence, counter proliferation, amphibious reconnaissance including hydrographic reconnaissance. • The MCF is specially organised, trained and equipped for the conduct of special operations in a maritime environment. • The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain, but are specialised in maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the Jhelum River and Wular Lake, a 65 square kilometre freshwater lake. • Some MARCOS personnel are also attached with the Army Special Forces units conducting counter-terrorism operations in the area. • MARCOS are widely feared among the terrorists, who call them "Dadiwala fauj", meaning the "Bearded army" because of their bearded disguise in civil areas.

Garud Commando Force • The Garud Commando Force is the Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force. It was formed in September 2004 • Garud is tasked with the protection of critical Air Force bases and installations; search and rescue during peace and hostilities and disaster relief during calamities. • Garuds have diverse responsibilities. Besides base protection force to protect airfields and key assets in hostile environments, some advanced Garud units are trained like Army Para Commandos and the Naval MARCOS to undertake missions deep behind enemy lines. Note, that the security of IAF installations like radars, airfields and other establishments in border areas is generally performed by the Air Force Police and the Defence Security Corps (DSC) Ghatak Force • Ghatak Platoon, or Ghatak Commandos, is a special operations capable infantry platoon. There is one platoon in every infantry battalion in the Indian Army Central Police Organisation 1. Intelligence Bureau 2. Central Bureau of Investigation 3. Bureau of Police Research & Development. (BPRD) 4. National Crime Records Bureau 5. National Investigation Agency 6. Sardar National Police Academy, Hyderabad. 7. North Eastern Police Academy, Shillong. 8. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science. (NICFS) India’s Intelligence and Investigation Agencies 1. Intelligence Bureau (IB) – Internal Intelligence. 2. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) – External Intelligence – Similar to CIA of US. 3. National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO). 4. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). 5. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT). 6. National Technical Research Organisation. 7. Defense Intelligence Agency. 8. Joint Cipher Bureau.

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9. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence. 10. All India Radio Monitoring Service. 11. Signals Intelligence Directorate. 12. Aviation Research Centre. 13. Directorate of Air Intelligence. 14. Directorate of Navy Intelligence. 15. Directorate of Income Tax (Intelligence and Criminal Investigation). 16. Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation. 17. National Investigation Agency – Central agency to combat terrorism. 18. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) – Similar to FBI of US. Other law enforcement agencies: • Directorate of Enforcement (DE). • Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI). • Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB). • Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU).

Central Armed Police Forces under Administrative Control of Ministry of Home Affairs Border Guarding Forces Non-Border Guarding Central Industrial Security Force (CISF): Provides security Assam Rifles: Guards the Indo-Myanmar border. for critical infrastructures. Border Security Force (BSF): Guards the Indo- Pakistan Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF): Deployed for and Indo- Bangladesh borders. maintaining internal security. Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): Guards the Indo- National Security Guard (NSG): Deployed for antiterrorist China border. activities. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): Guards the Indo-Bhutan and Indo-Nepal borders.

Defence Exercises Naval Exercises Countries Exercise Name Purpose Place of Conduct Involved Involved address issues of terrorism, Indo-Myanmar human trafficking, poaching, Coordinated patrol coordinated illegal fishing, drug trafficking and (CORPAT) patrol (IMCOR) other illegal activities harmful to interest of both nations. enhance interoperability, Singapore India strengthen mutual trust, and build Maritime INS Kolkata and INS SIMBEX-2019 greater synergy to address Bilateral Shakti common maritime concerns Exercise among both navies. Facilitate operational-level Varuna-19 French Navy and Indo-French interactions between their armed off the Goa coast 17th edition INDIAN navy forces India and bilateral naval cooperation in the coast of AUSINDEX 2019 Australia strategic Indian Ocean region. Vishakhapatnam India-Indonesia Port Blair, (IND-INDO CORPAT) coordinated peaceful Indian Ocean for benefit Andaman & 33rd edition patrol of the international community. Nicobar Islands.

Bay of Bengal off Indian Coast Guard India and South joint anti-piracy, search and Sahyog-Hyeoblyeog the Chennai coast (ICG) and Korean Korea rescue in Tamil Nadu. Coast Guard (KCG) Tri-service To build interoperability between Western coast in Paschim Lehar maritime Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Arabian Sea. exercise Air Force and Coast Guard. Indian Coast Guard, Humanitarian Assistance and State administration, Chakravat INDIA Kochi Coast Disaster Relief (HADR) State Disaster Management DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 128 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Authority, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Under aegis of MILAN Andaman and Sharing of views and ideas on Port Blair in (MILAN is 16 countries Nicobar Command maritime good-order and Andaman and congregation of participating with theme enhancing regional cooperation Nicobar (A&N) littoral navies) of ‘Friendship Across the Seas’. Augment operational level National Maritime interaction and capacity building Chennai, Tamil Indian Coast Guard Search and Rescue INDIA- JAPAN in areas of search and rescue, Nadu in Bay of (ICG) and Japan Workshop and pollution response and maritime Bengal. Coast Guard (JCG) Exercise law enforcement Said Bin Sultan Two naval ships – Naseem-Al-Bahr India and Strengthening of bilateral ties Naval Base, INS Trikand and INS (SEA BREEZE) Oman between both countries. Wudam in Oman. Teg ICG Pollution Control Clean Sea- Evaluate preparedness for India- Indian Port Blair, Vessel and Regional Level Response Operations for any such Coast Guard Andaman & integration of ICG Marine Oil Pollution oil pollution incident in highly (ICG) Nicobar Islands. Dornier/Chetak Response Exercise sensitive area of A&B islands. aircraft. International Consolidate bilateral naval Multilateral Maritime under the aegis of India and relations between India and Search and Rescue Bangladesh Indian Ocean Naval Bangladesh Bangladesh and to explore new Exercise Symposium (IONS) avenues for naval cooperation. (IMMSAREX) Two aircraft carriers India, Japan MALABAR Chennai in Bay of from India and US and United Submarine-hunting Bengal and a Japanese States (US) helicopter destroyer. Increase inter-operability amongst Bay of Bengal. Indian Navy and INDRA NAVY INDIA- RUSSIA the two navies Visakhapatnam Russian Navy Provide a unique training India is being Participation of RIMPAC (Rim of the opportunity to participants in represented by navies from 26 Honolulu, Hawaii. Pacific) order foster cooperative Indian Naval ship countries. relationships (INS) Satpura ADMM-Plus (ASEAN multinational Maritime Security and Counter Indian warship INS Defence Ministers’ Brunei naval exercise Terrorism (Ex MS & CT) Airavat Meeting Plus) Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), air Brazil, India defence, flying operations, INS Mumbai–INS IBSAMAR and South Goa surface firing, search and rescue Shalki–INS Africa and tactical procedures. Anti-piracy procedures, search Coast of Chennai, and rescue operations and Both countries Coast Sahayog-Kaijin INDIA- JAPAN Tamil Nadu in the interoperability between the two guards Bay of Bengal. forces

Military Exercise Exercise Name Countries Involved Purpose Place of Conduct Involved Targeted at militant groups India and Operation Sunrise 2 operating in Manipur, Nagaland On border Myanmar and Assam. aimed at developing military Joint Military technology, enhance the Bold Kurukshetra– Babina Cantonment of Exercise of India maritime security and bolster 2019 Jhansi and Singapore the nations’ fight against terrorism.

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Represented by Counter Terrorist Operations Mitra Shakti 2019 India-Sri Lanka Srilanka the Bihar (CTO) Regiment Theatre Level Readiness and inter-service A & N islands Operational Exercise military exercise (TROPEX) 19. To train the participating Africa-India Joint contingents in Humanitarian

Field Training Mine Assistance (HMA) and Pune Indian Army and Exercise (AFINDEX- Peace Keeping Operations 16 African nations 19) (PKO) under the United Nations Charter To strengthen and broaden the 9th Battalion SAMPRITI 2019 aspects of interoperability and Indo-Bangladesh Bangladesh at Tangail the Rajputana 8th edition cooperation between the Indian Rifles. and Bangladesh Armies. Border Security Mainamati Maitree Force (BSF) and confidence-building measures Comilla Township in

Exercise 2019 Border Guards between the two border guards. Bangladesh, Bangladesh (BGB) showcased its artillery firepower by using ultra light Howitzers and indigenous Swathi weapon- Exercise Topchi locating radar

Asia-Pacific region’s largest northern Thai province multinational military exercises of Phitsanulok on United States and that is held in Thailand every Cobra Gold Exercise banks of the Nan river. Thailand year. It is one of the oldest Aim to improve coordination cities of Thailand. between the armed forces. I: 4 GRENADIERS Aims at bolstering cooperation M: 1 Royal India and Sengai Perdik, Hulu HARIMAU SHAKTI and coordination between Ranjer Malaysia Langat, Malaysia armed forces of both nations. Regiment and Royal Malay Regiment United Arab raising level of performance and Desert Tiger 5 Emirates (UAE) Dubai, UAE combat efficiency and Malaysia It is a major exercise carried out by Indian Army in the deserts of Hamesha Vijayee INDIA Rajasthan to evaluate the Deserts of Rajasthan Indian Army capability of the armed forces to strike deep into enemy territory. 23 countries Gulf Shield – 1 to raise military readiness of including Gulf Eastern Region of (multilateral participating countries, Cooperation Saudi Arabia. exercise) modernise joint mechanisms Council (GCC) Fighting Enhancing military cooperation Mahe Island in Lamitye Indian and insurgency, and interoperability between the Seychelles (8th edition) Seychelles terrorism and two countries. archipelago. piracy threats. Table Top Exercise to carry out India-Vietnam training for Peace Keeping Jabalpur in Madhya first military Bilateral Army India-Vietnam Operations under United Pradesh. exercise Exercise (VINBAX- Nations (UN) mandate. To promote military relations Pune- between two countries by Joint Base Lewis- headquartered Prahar Indo-US enhancing interoperability and McChord (JBLM) in Southern mutual exchange of tactics Seattle Command between Special Forces. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 130 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

To conduct military training Indian Army and India, Maldives between armies of both Maldives EKUVERIN bilateral military countries with emphasis on Belagavi, Karnataka. National exercise counter insurgency, counter Defence Force terrorism operations (CICT Ops). Drill designed to enhance their readiness and operational South Korea and Vigilant Ace capability and to ensure peace United States and security on Korean peninsula. 20 Rajputana To increase mutual cooperation Mahajan Field Firing Rifles And Royal Ajeya Warrior- India and the UK and coordination between two Range near of Anglian countries. Rajasthan. Regiment of UK Army To practice and validate Defence of Andaman & procedures and drills of all Andaman and Andaman and Nicobar Nicobar Command forces aimed at Nicobar Islands Islands Command defending strategic Andaman & Exercise Nicobar Islands. Centre at Army’s RED Building and promoting closer the Umroi Joint HORNS IMBAX India-Myanmar relations with armies of the Training Node in DIVISION and neighbouring countries. Meghalaya. GAJRAJ CORPS.

To build and promote bilateral 11th Gorkha India and Bakloh, Himachal PRABAL DOSTYK – army-to-army relations and Rifles of Indian Kazakhstan Pradesh. exchange skills and experiences Army. Preparation and Conduct of Operations by Joint Force for INDRA- Suppression of International Indian and Indo-Russia Vladivostok, Russia Tri-Services Exercise Terror Activity at the request of Russian forces a host country under UN mandate

For translating political goodwill between both countries into a special forces of Pakistan and Minralney Vody, DRUZBA substantial partnership Pakistan and Russia Russia especially in the field of Russia defence. Infantry Tactical skills in counter- Regiment of US Joint Base Lewis India and United insurgency and counter-terrorist Army & Yudh Abhyas McChord, Washington, States operations (CICT ops) under UN Gorkha Rifles US. charter from the Surya Command Focused on skills required Kumaon Scouts counter-terrorism and counter- Nepal Army Battle of India and Surya Kiran XII India-Nepal terror, forest fighting and School (NABS) in Narayan Dal natural disaster management Saljhandi, Nepal. Battalion of operations. Nepal to acquaint with each other`s Royal Thailand Indian Army and operating procedures in the Bakloh in Chamba Army & Maitree Royal Thailand backdrop of counter-insurgency district in Himachal Northern Army and counter-terrorism Pradesh Command of IA environment. Sagarmatha focus on disaster management Nepal and China Friendship- & combating terror Promote military associations Nomadic Elephant Indo-Mongolian Vairengte in Mizoram. between India and Mongolia. Focus on skills required for Pithoragarh area of Ekta Shakti Surya Kiran XI India-Nepal natural disaster management, Uttarakhand. Battalion of DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 131 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

counter-insurgency and jungle the Punjab warfare. Regiment. & Durga Baksh Battalion of NEPAL Dhauladhar Ranges in Strengthen the military ties Infantry Al-Nagah-II India and Oman Bakloh belt of between the two countries. battalions Himachal Pradesh BIHAR Regiment Emphasis on amphibious & Kadhdhoo, Laamu & Maldivian EKUVERIN Exercise India & Maldives counter insurgency, counter Atoll, Maldives. National terrorism operations. Defence Force. Share the expertise in drills and Hand in Hand- India-China practices while tackling Pune, Maharashtra insurgency and terrorism

Air Exercise Place of Exercise Name Countries Involved Purpose Involved Conduct aimed at enhancing Indian Air Force interoperability level of French Mont de IAF contingent: 4 Sukhoi 30 (IAF) and Armée de Garuda VI 2019 and Indian crews in air Marsan in MKI along with an IL-78 flight l’Air (French Air defence and ground attack France. refuelling aircraft. Force) missions. firepower demonstration Exercise Vayu Shakti demonstrtaes the IAF’s ability to strike targets on EXERCISE VAYU the ground such as enemy convoys and tanks, radar stations, railway yards and military SHAKTI-2019 headquarters. EXERCISE Gagan air-to-air combat is out into display at another exercise of IAF called Gagan Shakti. Shakti Conducted by Southern Air Indian Air Force first multilateral Humanitarian Command (SAC) and (IAF) in association coast of Samvedna Assistance and Disaster Relief involved representatives with South Asian Kerala (HADR) from air forces of Sri Lanka, Region nations Bangladesh, Nepal and UAE.

Equivalent Ranks of the Indian Armed Forces – Army, Air Force and Navy Army Air Force Navy *Field Marshal *Marshal of the Air Force * of the fleet General Air Chief Marshal Admiral Lt. General Air Marshal Major General Air Vice Marshal Brigadier Air Commodore Colonel Group Captain Captain Lt. Colonel Wing Commander Commander Major Leader Lt. Commander Captain Flight Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer Sub Lieutenant

Gallantry awards Types of Gallantry awards Second Category of First Category of Gallantry Gallantry Awards are classified into two Gallantry Awards Awards Comprises of the Categories Comprises of the following following Awards 1. Gallantry in the Face of Enemy Awards 2. Gallantry Other than in the Face of Enemy • Param (PVC) • Ashok Chakra • Mahavir Chakra (MVC) • Kirti Chakra • Vir Chakra • Shaurya Chakra

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• Post-independence, first three gallantry awards namely the Param Vir Chakra, the Maha Vir Chakra and the Vir Chakra were instituted by the Government of India on 26th January, 1950 which were deemed to have effect from the 15th August, 1947. • Thereafter, other three gallantry awards i.e. the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II and the Ashoka Chakra Class-III were instituted by the Government of India on 4th January, 1952, which were deemed to have effect from the 15th August, 1947. These awards were renamed as the Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra respectively in January, 1967. • Order of precedence of these awards is the Param Vir Chakra, the Ashoka Chakra, the Mahavir Chakra, the Kirti Chakra, the Vir Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra. Eligibility The Param Vir Chakra, The Maha Vir Chakra & The Vir Chakra The following categories of persons shall be eligible for the Param Vir Chakra, the Maha Vir Chakra and the Vir Chakra: • Officers and men and women of all ranks of the Naval, Military and Air Forces, of any of the Reserve Forces, of the , and of any other lawfully constituted Armed Forces. • Matrons, Sisters, Nurses and the Staff of the Nursing Services and other Services pertaining to Hospitals and Nursing, and Civilians of either sex serving regularly or temporarily under the orders, directions or supervision of any of the above-mentioned Forces. Conditions of Eligibility: • The Param Vir Chakra is awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air. • The Maha Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy whether on land, at sea or in the air. • The Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land or at sea or in the air. The Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra & Shaurya Chakra The following categories of persons shall be eligible for the Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra: • Officers and men and women of all ranks of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, of any of the Reserve Forces, of the Territorial Army, Militia and of any other lawfully constituted forces. • Members of the Nursing Services of the Armed Forces. • Civilian citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military Forces and Railway Protection Force. Conditions of Eligibility: • The Ashoka Chakra is awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some act of daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice otherwise than in the face of the enemy. • The Kirti Chakra is awarded for conspicuous gallantry otherwise than in the face of the enemy. • The Shaurya Chakra is awarded for gallantry otherwise than in the face of the enemy. All the gallantry awards may be awarded posthumously. • Persons recommended for the award shall not be involved in any adverse report or should not have been conveyed any displeasure or censure or given any punishment in a court martial proceeding or through administrative action. Missile Technology INDIAN MISSILE TECHNOLOGY Integrated Guided Missile Development Program The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was launched in 1983 to develop five missile systems in the country viz. Trishul, , , and -I (intermediate-range surface-to-surface missile). In 1990s, the program was expanded to develop the long range Agni Missile, (), Surya (medium-range version of the Agni ballistic missile) and Dhanush (naval version of the Prithvi). In 2008, the DRDO announced the successful completion of the program Missile Stage TYPE Range Developed by Trishul Surface-to-air short-range: 9KM DRDO Akash Surface-to-air medium-range: 30KM DRDO Surface to Air Missile (SAM) AKASH was successfully tested with indigenous radio frequency seeker against target UAV Banshee. ❖ Nag Surface-to-air and Land version: 500m to 4km (Air- DRDO Air to Surface launched: 7-10km) DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 133 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

‘fire and forget’ Anti-tank NAG Variants: NAMICA (NAG missile carrier), HELINA (HELIcopterNAg) Prithvi-I (Army surface-to-surface short range: 150km range DRDO Version) ballistic missile Prithvi-II (Air Force single-stage surface-to-surface short range: 250-350 km DRDO Version) liquid-fuelled ballistic missile Prithvi-III (Naval two-stage: 1st surface-to-surface short range: 350 km- 600Km DRDO Version) Solid and 2nd ballistic missile Liquid Prithvi-III Variant: Dhanush Missile (surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship) used by INDIAN NAVY Prithvi Advanced Air Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile was successfully test-fired from a test range in Odisha. Agni-I two-stage: 1st surface to surface medium range (700 km to 1,200 DRDO (Operational) Solid and 2nd ballistic missile km) Liquid Agni-II two-stage: Both surface to surface intermediate range (2,000 km to DRDO (Operational) Solid Fuelled ballistic missile 2,500 km) Agni-III two-stage: Both surface to surface intermediate range (3,000 km to DRDO (Operational) Solid Fuelled ballistic missile 5,000 km) Agni-IV two-stage: Both surface to surface intermediate range (2,500 km to DRDO (Testing) Solid Fuelled ballistic missile 3,700 km) Earlier known as Agni II prime. Agni-V Three stage solid surface to surface intercontinental (5,000 km to DRDO (Testing) fuel ballistic missile 8,000 km) Agni-VI Three stage solid surface to surface intercontinental (10,000 km to DRDO (Under fuel ballistic missile 12,000 km) development) Agni missiles are long range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missile. The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and tested in 1989. After its success, Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance. It was designated as a special program in India's defence budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development. K-15 (Sagarika) Version of the submarine-launched 750 km-1,500 km DRDO land ballistic missile (SLBM) based Shaurya missile K-4 submarine-launched 3,500 km DRDO ballistic missile (SLBM) K-5 submarine-launched 5,000 km DRDO ballistic missile (SLBM) K-6 Three-stage solid submarine-launched 6,000 km DRDO fuel ballistic missile (SLBM) The K family of missiles named after Indian scientist and former Indian President, Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam is a series of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by India to boost its second strike capabilities and thus augment its nuclear deterrence. "K" missiles are faster, lighter and stealthier than their Agni missile counterparts. Shaurya missile: It is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed for Indian Army. Its range is 700km and is capable of carrying a payload of one ton conventional or nuclear warhead. BrahMos 1st stage: solid Launched from medium-range ramjet supersonic INDIA- (World’s fastest fuel submarine, ships, RUSSIA anti-ship cruise rocket booster aircraft, or land. Surface/Sea: 450Km missile in 2nd stage: liquid- Air: 400 operation.) fuelled ramjet BrahMos-II scramjet air Launched from Hypersonic cruise missile (Under breathing jet submarine, ships, 450 km development) engine aircraft, or land. Top speed will be double that of the current BrahMos-I BrahMos-A launched from a Su- range of 400 km 30MKI

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(A modified air- successfully test fired: launched variant of Nov 2017 the missile BrahMos-NG (Next Launched from 290 km range Generation) submarine, ships, aircraft, or land. • The BrahMos is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia and India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. • It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise missile • The name BrahMos is formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia. • In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 600 km-plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos was successfully flight-tested for first time with indigenously developed seeker at Pokhran test range, Rajasthan. Capable of Launched from multiple long range, all- DRDO (under carrying platforms weather, subsonic cruise missile development ) conventional 1000km-1500km and nuclear warheads. DRDO successfully conducted flight test from test range at Chandipur, Odisha. single stage air to air beyond visual 80–110 km DRDO (one of the smallest solid fuelled range Indian Air Force (IAF) successfully weapon systems conducted developmental trials developed by DRDO) Quick reaction surface-to-air short-range missile (QR-SAM): an all-weather weapon system capable of tracking and firing. Strike range of 25 to 30 km Will complement the existing Akash short range SAM (surface-to-air missile) Barak 8 Long-Range Surface-to- Medium-Range Surface-to-- Air Missile (LRSAM): Missile (MRSAM): land-based ISREAL Extended range variant configuration of the missile • Barak 8 is an Indian Israeli surface-to-air missile (SAM), designed to defend against any type of airborne threat including aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs as well as ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and combat jets. Both maritime and land-based versions of the system exist. • Barak 8 was jointly developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), India's Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), Israel's Administration for the Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure, Elta Systems, Rafael and other companies. (BDL) produce the missiles. Pinaka Rocket Rate of Fire: 12 Maximum range of 40 km for DRDO Rockets in 44 sec Mark-I and 75 km for Mark-II, Pinaka II, also called Guided Pinaka, is being developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune; Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad; and Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad. The Mark II version is equipped with a navigation, guidance, control kit and has considerably enhanced the range and accuracy of the missile.

Other Missile’s in NEWS 1. Babur-3 • Pakistan Made Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. • SLCM Babur-3 is a sea-based variant of Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) Babur-2. 2. Ababeel surface-to-surface medium range ballistic missile. • Pakistan’s missile arsenal. • It has a maximum range of 2,200 kilometres. • Ababeel missile is capable of delivering multiple warheads, using Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology • Pakistan became seventh country to join the elite club of nuclear countries that have MIRV capabilities. 3. DF-5C missile • China has successfully tested a new version of a DF-5C missile that can carry up to 10 nuclear warheads • The flight test of the missile was carried using 10 multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles, (MIRVs), from the Taiyuan Space Launch Centre in Shanxi province • The Dongfeng 5 (DF-5) is a three stage Chinese intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 135 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

4. Hwasong-14 • First intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) of North Korea 5. Kinzhal hypersonic missile • Russia successfully launched high-precision aeroballistic Kinzhal hypersonic missile from a MiG-31 supersonic interceptor jet. • Kinzhal, the name means double-edged Russian dagger.

Defence systems 1. Russia's S-400 • The S-400 is one of the most modern air defence systems in the world, and comes at a lower price than its US competitor, the Patriot. • it has a range of 400 kilometres (250 miles) and can be deployed within just five minutes. • It consists of several vehicles: a command centre, various mobile radar stations and up to 12 launch vehicles that each carry four missiles. • India bought five S-400 systems for $5.2 billion. Their delivery is due to begin at the end of next year. 2. Phalcon Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) • India and Israel are also in an advanced stage of negotiations for the purchase of two more long-range Phalcon AWACS. • The CCS already has approved the deal for additional AWACS in 2016. • India currently operates three Phalcon AWACS Israeli radars mounted on Russian IL-76 transport aircraft. 3. Smart Anti Airfield Weapon (SAAW) • The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully tested indigenously developed light weight glide bomb Smart Anti Airfield Weapon (SAAW). • SAAW is a long-range lightweight high precision-guided anti-airfield weapon. • It is 120 kg smart weapon capable of engaging ground targets with high precision up to a range of 100 km. • It can be used to destroy bunkers, runways, aircraft hangers and other reinforced structures. • SAAW’s deep penetration capabilities and high explosive warhead carrying capacity will allow Indian Air Force (IAF) to easily hit targets across border without putting pilot and aircraft at risk. • It can be integrated into the varied types of fighter jets with the IAF. It will be inducted soon into the Armed Forces

What is Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)? • An ICBM is a missile launched by a land-based system that is intended to carry nuclear payloads. To qualify as an ICBM, a missile must have a minimum range of 5,500km. The most significant difference between an ICBM and other ballistic missiles is its greater range and speed. It enables countries to strike exceptionally distant targets with minimum warning. What are the differences between a ballistic missile and a cruise missile?

• Cruise missiles that can be launched from various platforms whether from Land, Sea (Submarine, Ship) or Air and they are characterized by having different forms of guidance whether inertial or beyond visual range satellite gps guidance. They are known specifically for low-level flight which is staying relatively close to the surface of the earth to avoid detection from anti-missile systems and are designed to carry large payloads with high precision. The key being that the missile is guided entirely to the target under its own power. • Ballistic Missiles - Travel under their power, but at some point fall under the influence of gravity for their terimal stage - a ballistic path, hence the name.

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Who Controls INDIA’s Nuclear Arsenal? • The (SFC) sometimes called Strategic Nuclear Command, forms part of India's Nuclear Command Authority (NCA). • It is responsible for the management and administration of the country's tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile. • It was created on January 4, 2003 by the Vajpayee Government. • Air Marshal Teja Mohan Asthana became its first commander-in-chief. • It is the responsibility of the Strategic Forces Command to operationalize the directives of the NCA under the leadership of a Commander-in-Chief who is a three-star rank officer. • It will have the sole responsibility of initiating the process of delivering nuclear weapons and warheads, after acquiring explicit approval from the NCA. • The exact selection of the target area shall be decided by the SFC through a calibrated, cumulative process involving various levels of decision-making, and with formal approval by the NC

The Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) of India is the authority responsible for command, control and operational decisions regarding India's nuclear weapons programme.

Political Council and the Executive Council of the NCA: The Executive Council gives its opinion to the Political Council, which authorises a nuclear attack when deemed necessary. While the Executive Council is chaired by the National Security Advisor (NSA), the Political Council is chaired by the Prime Minister.

Sports Cups and Trophies Sport Tournaments Cricket Ashes Cup, Asia Cup, C.K. Naidu Trophy, Deodhar Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Gavaskar Border Trophy, G.D. Birla Trophy, Gillette Cup, ICC World Cup, Irani Trophy, Jawaharlal Nehru Cup, Rani Jhansi Trophy, Ranji Trophy, Rohinton, Barcia Trophy, Rothmans Cup, Sahara Cup, Sharjah Cup, Singer Cup, Titan Cup, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Vijay Merchant Trophy, Wisden Trophy and Wills Trophy. Football Rovers Cup, Bandodkar Trophy, Merdeka Cup, Confederation cup, DCM Trophy, , Rovers Cup, B.C. Raj Trophy (National Championship), FIFA World Cup, Jules Rimet Trophy, Kalinga Cup, , IFA Shield, Scissor Cup, Subroto Cup, Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Trophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, Vittal Trophy, and UEFA Champions League. Hockey Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, Aga Khan Cup, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Dhyanchand Trophy, Nehru Trophy, Sindhia Gold cup, Murugappa Gold Cup, Wellington Cup, and Stanley Cup. Table Tennis Travancore Cup (women), Swathling Cup (men), Bama Belleck Cup. Lawn Tennis Davis Cup, Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, US Open, Heineken Cup Badminton Amrit Diwan Cup, Asia Cup, Chaddha Cup, European Cup, Harilela Cup, Ibrahim Rahimatillah Challenger Cup, Konica Cup, Sophia Cup, Kitiakara Cup, Malaysian Open, Thomas Cup (men), Uber Cup (women). Golf Canada Cup, Rydet Cup, Walker Cup, and Eisenhower Cup

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SPACE ISRO • Geosynchronous satellites have the advantage of remaining permanently in the GSLV-Mk III - M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission same area of the sky, as viewed from a • Chandrayaan-2 will be launched from Satish Dhawan Space location on Earth. Center at Sriharikota on-board GSLV Mk-III on 15th July 2019. • Geostationary satellites have the special • Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission that will boldly go where property of remaining permanently fixed in the no country has ever gone before — the Moons south polar region. same position in the sky, meaning that ground-based antennas do not need to track • The lunar South Pole is especially interesting because a larger them but can remain fixed in one direction. section of its surface stays in the shadow than the North Pole. Such satellites are often used for • There is a possibility of the presence of water in permanently communication purposes. This orbit is shadowed areas around it. present at an altitude of approx. 35,786 km • In addition, the south polar region has craters that are cold traps, in the equatorial plane. containing a fossilised record of the early Solar System. • Sun Synchronous Orbits (or Low Earth Orbit): These orbits allow a satellite to pass • Chandrayaan 2 will use the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover to over a section of the Earth at the same time attempt a soft landing in a high plain between two craters — of day. These satellites orbit at an altitude Manzinus C and Simpelius N — at a latitude of about 70° south. between 700 to 800 km. Speciality of this mission • Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) is an • India’s 1st space mission headed by Women: Ritu Kharidhal elliptical orbit, with an apogee (high point) of the mission Director and M. Vanitha the Project Director 35,784 kilometers and an inclination roughly equal to the latitude of the launch site, into • 1st space mission to conduct a soft landing on the Moon's which a spacecraft is initially placed before south polar region being transferred to a geosynchronous or • 1st Indian expedition to attempt a soft landing on the lunar geostationary orbit. surface with home-grown technology Ku vs Ka Band • 1st Indian mission to explore the lunar terrain with home- • Ku band ranges between 12-18 GHz while Ka grown technology Band ranges from 26.5-40 GHz. • Most satellites today use Ku Band • Chandrayaan 2 will be the first mission to study the south pole Transponders because it is difficult to build of the moon. hardware and software for Ka Band • 4th country ever to soft land on the lunar surface Transponders. (India’s GSAT-11 has 8 Ka Gaganyaan band transponders) • It is a crewed orbital spacecraft intended to be the basis of the • Hyperspectral Imaging Technology combines Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. the power of digital imaging and spectroscopy to attain both spatial and spectral information • The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO's GSLV Mk from an object. III in December 2021 Satellite-Launch Vehicles Developed By ISRO • ISRO Pad Abort Test was an Indian Space Research Organisation • PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): launch escape system test of its crew module as part of Indian Designed mainly to deliver the “earth- Human Spaceflight Programme. observation” or “remote sensing” satellites GSAT-11, with lift-off mass of up to about 1750 Kg to Sun Synchronous circular polar orbits of 600- The heaviest satellite built by ISRO was launched from French • 900 Km altitude. And it has four-staged Guiana by Ariane-V Rocket of Arianespace (a joint venture of launch vehicle with alternating solid and Airbus and Safran). liquid stages. • It is part of ISRO’s high-throughput communication satellite • GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch (HTS) fleet that will drive the country’s Internet Broadband from Vehicle): GSLV is designed mainly to deliver space to untouched areas. the communication satellites to the highly elliptical (typically 250 x 36000 Km) HYSIS Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Two PSLV C43 recently launched India's first Hyperspectral Imaging versions of the GSLV: Satellite (HysIS) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. 1. GSLV Mk-II: is a three-stage vehicle with HysIS is an earth observation satellite built around ISRO’s Mini four liquid strap-ons. Satellite-2 (IMS-2) bus. 2. GSLV MK-III: It is a three-stage vehicle 1ST MISSION OF 2019 with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage engine (C25) with two solid fuel strap-on • Microsat-R, a military satellite and Kalamsat onboard its Polar engines rocket PSLV C44, in the first mission for the ISRO in 2019. • Microsat-R is meant for military use. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 138 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Kalamsat is a communication satellite with a life span of two months. The nanosatellite is a 10cm cube weighing 1.2 kg. It was the first to use the rocket’s fourth stage as an orbital platform. It is the world’s lightest and first ever 3D-printed satellite. GSAT-31 • GSAT-31 is the country’s 40th communication satellite. • This satellite will augment the Ku-band transponder capacity in Geostationary Orbit. • GSAT-31 will be used for supporting VSAT networks, Television uplinks, Digital Satellite News Gathering, DTH- television services, cellular backhaul connectivity and many such applications Aditya-L1 satellite • IRSO will launch Aditya-L1 satellite during 2019 – 2020 timeframe by PSLV-XL from Sriharikota. • The satellite will be inserted in a halo orbit around the L1, which is 1.5 million km from the Earth. • A Satellite placed in the halo orbit has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/ eclipses. • Aditya-1 was meant to observe only the solar corona, the outer layers of the Sun, extending to thousands of km above the disc (photosphere) is termed as the corona. • XPoSat is a 5-year Mission satellite of ISRO which will be used to learn more about cosmic radiation. Globular cluster NGC 2808. • The Indian multi-wavelength space observatory AstroSat, launched in September 2015, Using this observatory, astronomers from Thiruvananthapuram and Mumbai have identified a new population of ultraviolet stars in the globular cluster NGC 2808. • Globular clusters are collections of thousands to millions of stars, moving as one unit. PSLV-C45/ EMISAT • India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 47th mission (PSLV-C45), will launch EMISAT, the primary satellite and 28 international customer satellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. • PSLV-C45: First Launch Vehicle to Use Solar Propulsion. • This mission will be ISRO’s first attempt at placing payloads in three different orbits. • EMISAT mission and its significance: It is meant for electromagnetic spectrum measurements. It will be released into an orbit at 749 km NASA OSIRIS-Rex • NASA’s OSIRIS-Rex spacecraft has set a new milestone in cosmic exploration by entering orbit around an asteroid, Bennu, the smallest object ever to be circled by a human-made spaceship. New Horizons spacecraft • It became the first explorer to fly past the mysterious object- Ultima Thule • Ultima Thule is located in the Kuiper belt in the outermost regions of the Solar System, beyond the orbit of Neptune. Parker Solar Probe • It is first to fly direct into the Sun’s atmosphere known as corona. The Sun’s unstable corona produces solar winds, flares, magnetic and plasma explosions. • It will take measurements of the Sun’s electric fields and waves. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (Tess) • It is a mission that will look for planets orbiting the brightest stars in Earth’s sky. • TESS is designed to build on the work of its predecessor, the Kepler space telescope Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) • will also launch the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) between 2020 and 2021, which will target Didymoon as part of its planetary defence programme • The programme, designed to protect Earth from dangerous comets and asteroids, aims to crash DART into Didymoon in 2022 to alter its orbit around Didymos. SPHEREx. • NASA will launch a new space telescope in 2023 called SPHEREx. • It would provide a glimpse of the first moments in the history of the universe and explore how common are the ingredients for life in our galaxy’s planetary system. • SPHEREx is the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer.

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ARTEMIS mission • Scientists used NASA’s ARTEMIS mission and suggest that the solar wind and the Moon’s crustal magnetic fields work together to give the Moon a distinctive pattern of darker and lighter swirls. • Every object, planet or person travelling through space has to contend with the Sun’s damaging radiation. Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE • The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has selected a new mission- Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)- that will help scientists understand and ultimately, forecast the vast space weather system around the Earth. • It will be launched in August 2022 and will be attached to exterior of Earth-orbiting International Space Station (ISS). Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO • NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has observed water molecules moving around the dayside of Moon, an advance that could help us learn about the accessibility of water that can be used by humans in future lunar missions. • Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) — the instrument aboard LRO — measured sparse layer of molecules temporarily stuck to the Moon’s surface, which helped characterise lunar hydration changes over the course of a day. NASA’s Cassini-Huygens spacecraft • Cassini mission — a cooperation between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency to study Saturn and its moons • Cassini–Huygens is an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn. • Cassini is the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter orbit. Mars Lander: InSight • InSight is part of NASA’s Discovery Program, and will be the first mission to peer deep beneath the Martian surface, studying the planet’s interior by measuring its heat output and listening for marsquakes • InSight would delve deep beneath the surface of Mars, detecting the fingerprints of the processes of terrestrial planet formation, as well as measuring the planet’s “vital signs”: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) • A key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth’s surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths. • To improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. • Recently its data showed that China and India are leading the increase in “greening efforts” across the world. China • Yutu-2: China has named the lunar rover, successfully deployed to carry out a string of experiments on the far side of the moon. • Chang’e-4 : first ever craft to touch down on the far side of the lunar surface. European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) • Hera mission is set for a new record by becoming the first spacecraft to explore a binary asteroid — the Didymos pair. Aeolus satellite • It’s a European Space Agency’s Earth Explorer satellite and world’s first space mission to map the Earth’s wind on a global scale. • It is part of the ESA's Living Planet Programme which include various missions like: 1. Gravity field and steadystate Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) 2. Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity 3. CryoSat mission 4. Swarm magnetic field mission • The moon orbiting Didymos, called ‘Didymoon’ — almost the size of the Giza Pyramid in Egypt, measuring just 160 metres in diametre — will be the smallest asteroid ever explored • A European Vega rocket has put PRISM- a new Earth-observation satellite into orbit for the Italian Space Agency. • PRISMA (an Italian acronym for Hyperspectral Precursor of the Application Mission) is designed to provide information about environmental monitoring, resources management, pollution and crop health. • Israel’s First Lunar Lander- Beresheet– was recently launched on board Falcon 9.

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 140 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

• Beresheet will attempt to become the first Israeli spacecraft, and the first privately-operated mission, to land on the Moon. • If successful, it will make the Jewish state only the fourth nation to ever to achieve a controlled touchdown on the moon’s surface Japanese Space Exploration Agency (JAXA) • JAXA has announced that a probe, Hayabusa2, had successfully landed on an asteroid- Ryugu– 300 million km from Earth. • Hayabusa2 is the second Japanese spacecraft to land on an asteroid, after Hayabusa achieved a similar feat back in 2005. Other Missions BepiColombo mission • BepiColombo is a joint mission between ESA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), executed under ESA leadership. • The mission comprises two spacecraft: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO). • The Vernal Equinox is a solar term with great balance. At the equinox, earth’s two hemispheres are receiving the sun’s rays equally. On the day of the vernal equinox, night and day are often said to be equal in length. Nepal’s first satellite NepaliSat-1 • It was recently launched into space from the Virginia-based station of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the US. • NepaliSat-1 will collect information about the country’s topography and Earth’s magnetic field. Mars Mission named- HOPE: • Emirates Mars Mission project • This will mark the Arab world’s entry into the era of space exploration and place the UAE among the major scientific countries that have begun programmes to explore Mars. Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG). • Developed by A joint team of German-Russian scientists create a three-dimensional (3D) X-ray map of the universe and unveil unknown supermassive black holes, dark energy and stars. • The telescope will be launched into space on a Russian-built Proton-M rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 141 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9 Paper 2: Essay and English Strategy

Central Armed Police forces exam it has two papers 4. The things that count being as civilised the second paper consists of 5. Cleaning and connecting rivers in India • Essay 6. Recent achievement of India’s nuclear scientists • Arguments Arguments asked (300 words- (2×20=40)) • Report writing 1. The youth in India are getting addicted to • Précis Writing android mobiles • Comprehension 2. Power flows from the barrel of the gun Report writing (200 words each- (2×10=20)) • English Grammar 1. Corruption in politics 2015 2. Environmental Pollution Essay asked (any four of the following in about 300 words each- (4×20=80)) 1. Sardar Patel’s role in India’s freedom movement 2018 and afterwards 2. Financial inclusion is a must for inclusive growth Q1. Write essays on any four of the following in 3. Role of Governor in Indian polity about 300 words each: (20x4=80) 4. Disaster Management System in India 5. NET Neutrality is a must for digital India 1. Civil wrong emerging from religious bigotry, 6. Sino-Pak alliance and India’s security constitutionally punishable Arguments asked (300 words- (2×20=40)) 2. Farm waiver is populistic and myopic: strategy 1. Large population of India is more of a bane than change needed a boon. 3. From economic growth to well-being: a paradigm 2. Democracy slows down the pace of shift development. 4. suppresses civil dynamism Report writing (200 words each- (2×10=20)) 5. Non-performing parliament, unhealthy trend in Democracy • in Yemen 6. Promoting innovative outlook in education • Acid attacks on women Q2. Write arguments for and against each of the 2016 following statements: (20x2=40) Essay asked (any four of the following in about 300 (a) Privacy is an elitist idea. words each- (4×20=80)) (b) Note-ban, effective tool against black money. 1. The Onus of maintaining healthy relations with Nepal is on India Q3. Write reports on the following in about 200 2. Farmer’s Suicide in India: Sign of Impending words each: Disaster (a) Data leak from Facebook 3. India needs to redefine the relationship between (b) Violence on University campuses during Student the centre and the states elections 4. Is development possible at the cost of environment? 5. Revamping of our banking system is need of the hour 6. Urbanisation in India is blind westernisation Arguments asked (300 words- (2×20=40)) 1. India needs to focus on imparting quality education instead of merely increasing its gross enrolment ration 2. Trend of nuclear families will make old age homes increase in number Report writing (200 words each- (2×10=20)) 1. Receding Glaciers

2. Ban on alcohol in Bihar

2017 Essay asked (any four of the following in about 300 words each- (4×20=80)) 1. Need for common civil code in India 2. Cashless transaction: Scope and future prospects in India 3. India versus China in the emerging Economy in South Asia

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 142 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Trend Analysis Essay Paper 2 pattern changed in the year 2015, the following pattern follows: o One essay on India’s neighbour (Indian-china, Indian- Nepal, China- Pakistan) o One essay on economic situation in news (Financial Inclusion, Banking Sector, Cashless transactions, economic growth) o One Essay on polity (Role of Governor, centre state relations, Common civil code, Civil wrong, Non-performing parliament) Argument Writing Topics are asked which are general in nature with a broad perspective like Population, democracy, Education, Nuclear families, Report Writing All the topics asked are from the recent news

ESSAY • You will have to write 4 essays (20 marks each), out of given 6 in the word-limit of 300. It consumes more time than any other part in the Exam. • To manage the time, you can squeeze it to 200-220 Words, provided you are maintaining the quality. • Underline the important words and sentences. • Link static part with currents. That will show your understanding to the topic. • Write a paragraph of 4-5 lines. You can also keep a mix of paragraph and points. • Make a rough synopsis before writing- ✓ Introduction ✓ Body ✓ Conclusion Introduction- • Start with a famous Quote that is directly related to the topic. Introduction should reflect that you very well understood the topic. Write it in 2-3 lines, approx. 20 words. Body • See the topic with different angles like Historical angle, Geographical angle, Economy, Polity, Society, Environment, and Science and technology etc. • Write Govt schemes and programs, current news related to the topic. • Write in Points and compulsorily underline important words and sentences. • Use Diagrams, flowchart, table, and graph and try to include data (Factually Correct). • If the topic is related to Scheme or Program, then write all schemes related to it, and elaborate 2-3 of them in detail. • Try to stick to the latest event and don't go too much in history. • You can also show your own opinion and thought. Write evidence for your thoughts. Conclusion- • Follow same tune, Words and ideology, you followed in Introduction and Body. • Be concise and Conclusive. • Use the words like “In conclusion", finally", "In the end" to make it look more natural. • While trans-versing from one paragraph/point to the other, use connecting words as per the requirement like- Moreover, whenever, unless, however. Connect the ideas and points.

PASSAGE/COMPREHENSION • This question is for 20 marks. You really can fetch good marks easily in this question, if show a bit of care. • 5 questions are given in the passage. • Write one question in this part within 30 words. How to do it- • Read the Passage carefully and quickly- within 3 minute. • Read the question and directly jump to the section in the passage where the topic has been explained. Write the answer according to the passage in your own words. Don't copy paste the passage as it is. • Don't apply your own theory or ideology, Answer the question completely from text. • Keep approx. 3 minute time frame for each question. DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 143 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

REPORT WRITING • This question is for 20 Marks. You will have to write 2 Reports (10 Marks each). • The format of report is very important. Many people don't know the format. It is necessary to write it in proper format to fetch good marks. • Don't write conclusion in the report. • Don't write in points. Write in small passages. • Complete one report in about 125 words. • Date- the day you are writing the report.

Report Writing Format

Title/Heading Name of the reporter Date and Place

Example: Operation Rahat in Yemen XYZ Correspondent Delhi, 20/10/2017

Para1: Brief intro of the event, date, place timing and other factual data, every factual data relating to the event. Short and Crisp Para2: Details from History, Similar events, causes, need, consequences, stakeholders involved, actions taken Para3: Reaction of the people, promises made by authority, Government reactions and actions. PRECIS WRITING • This question carry 15 marks, and you can complete it in comparatively lesser time. So try to complete it first. • You have to write it on additional sheet provided. Complete it in as less words as possible, and try to keep it in your own words. Don't repeat/copy the sentences from original text. • First read it carefully, and Try to understand what the writer want to say in the paragraphs. • Write one word in one box and try to complete it even less than one-third of the original text. • Write it compulsorily in your own words squeezing it to one-third, and explain all the things of the original text.

ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST THE STATEMENT • This question is for 40 marks. It take a bit time so try to squeeze it. • Try to write in Bullets, to save time. • Write heading properly- ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING and ARGUMENTS AGAINST. • Try to complete one statement within 200 Words. • Write and introductory statement/ paragraph related to topic. • Arguments for-Write at-least 5 Points But not more than 8, supporting the statement. • Arguments against- Again 5-8 points against the topic. • You can also give 1-2-line brief conclusion just to close it. • so complete structure will be- ▪ INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT ▪ ARGUMENTS FOR ▪ ARGUMENTS AGAINST ▪ CONCLUSIVE STATEMENT

GRAMMAR This is an important section as it carries 25 solid Marks. This part can be completed in minimum time period, and Marks here will decide your overall marks and in-turn your selection. You can fetch good marks from this section if done properly. • For this part, take any grammar book, and read the sections which are asked in the examination. • Compulsorily practice previous year’s questions for this section. Questions are repeatedly asked, and many questions can be done easily.

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 144 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Probable’s Probable topics for Probable topics for Argument Probable topics for Essay Report Writing writing • 100 years of Jallianwala Bagh • Simultaneous elections: One • Women Entry into Temples nation one poll • Women in Armed Forces • NRC • Demographic transition: • ISRO Achievements • Addhar constitutional Good/bad • Water Criss [Chennai] validity: SC verdict • Article 370 • Universal Basic Income • Kerala floods • Customs vs legal rights • Banking Reforms • Chandrayan 2 (sabarimala issue) • Technology and Applications • Mob Lynching • DNA technology (Gene editing, [Aadhar, AI, Cryptocurrency • Electoral bonds designer babies, cloning) (Libra), Big Data] • Article 35A • SC verdict on Adultry • Marine/Plastic Pollution • Zero Budget Natural • Data Localisation, Privacy • Elections: Festival of Democracy Farming • Uniform Civil Code (Triple Talak • Cyber Security Bill) • Rohingya conflict

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 145 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIE S – CAP F 2 0 1 9

Have a glance at the boundaries of each state.

• Boundaries with neighbouring countries • States along the tropic of cancer

ALL THE BEST

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 146