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American Elderberry Cultivar Development for the Midwest

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American Elderberry Cultivar Development for the Midwest 6/11/2014 Outline American Elderberry • Introduction Cultivar • Wild elderberries Development for the • Origins of cultivated elderberries Midwest • Today’s cultivars • The future Patrick Byers Regional Horticulture Specialist University of Missouri Extension Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Introduction Introduction • American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) • American elderberry • European or black elderberry (S. Sambucus canadensis L. nigra) S. canadensis (or Sambucus nigra L. ssp. • Blue elderberry (S. caerulea) canadensis (L.) R. Bolli) • Native to much of North America S. nigra • Medium to large shrub to small tree • Suckers from the roots S. caerulea Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Introduction Wild Elderberries • Sambucus is an important ornamental Sambucus nigra “Black Lace” Sambucus canadensis aurea Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… 1 6/11/2014 Origins of Cultivated Elderberries Today’s Cultivars • Humans have enjoyed elderberry for centuries; most of • The perfect elderberry cultivar… this fruit was harvested from wild plants – Plant characteristics • Development of commercial cultivars is a recent • Wider adaptation to different climatic conditions development; one of the first American elderberry • Self fruitfullness cultivars was ‘Brainerd’ in 1890 • Increased productivity • Many of the early cultivars were selected from among • Vigor, strong canes wild plants; this approach continues today • Fruiting potential on new shoots • Resistance or tolerance to disease and insect problems • Many home garden elderberry plants are seedlings • Only a handful of cultivars are currently available Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • Cultivars with origins in • The perfect elderberry cultivar… New York – Fruit and flower characteristics – ‘Adams 1’, ‘Adams 2’ (1926) • Uniformity of ripening (within clusters and among clusters) • Selected from the wild by William Adams • Large berry size • Fruit clusters and berries • described as large Firm berry texture • ‘Adams 1’ has greenish • stems; ‘Adams 2’ has reddish Large flower and fruit cluster size stems • Small seed • Cross pollination required • Glossy, dark attractive fruit color – ‘Ezyoff’ (1934) • Selected from unknown • Consistent quality for specific markets parentage by Samuel Graham • Resistance to shattering (flowers and fruit) • Berries separate easily from cluster • Pendulous fruit clusters • Average cluster size, average ‘Adams 2’ berry size Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • Cultivars with origins in • Cultivars with origins in Kentville, Nova Scotia New York – ‘Johns’ (1954) – parentage unknown – ‘York’ (1964) – • Originated as a cross of ‘Kent’ (1957) – seedling of ‘Adams 1’; earlier than ‘Adams 1’ ‘Adams 2’ x ‘Ezyoff’ – ‘Nova’ (1959) – seedling of ‘Adams 2’; large fruit, ripens early, • Clusters heavy, berries sweeter than ‘Kent’ and ‘Victoria’ large – ‘Scotia’ (1959) – seedling of ‘Adams 2’; large fruit, ripens early, • Lower soluble solids than ‘Johns’, ‘Scotia’, or sweeter than ‘Kent’ and ‘Victoria’ ‘Victoria’ – ‘Victoria’ (1957) – seedling of ‘Adams 2’; earlier than ‘Adams 2’ • Ripens after ‘Adams 1’ and ‘Adams 2’ • Plant large, productive ‘York’ Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… 2 6/11/2014 Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • Concerns about older • The Missouri Elderberry Improvement Program: major cultivars component of the project is cultivar development: – Narrow genetic base – Collection of native elderberry germplasm among most cultivars – replicated evaluation of superior native germplasm – Maintenance of the – development of improved cultivars identity of cultivars • The project has several research sites and many – Virus infections collaborators: – Performance in Midwest – Mount Vernon, MO (University of Missouri) – Mountain Grove, MO (Missouri State University) – Jefferson City, MO (Lincoln University) – Corvallis, OR (USDA-ARS) – Additional cooperators Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • Collection of native germplasm: 1997 to present – Gathered available commercial cultivars – Obtained selections from KSU, John Brewer, and Research others sites – Publicized the project, and asked for superior plants ●Jefferson City from the public – Collection trips ●Mount ●Mountain Grove Vernon Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • The elderberry collection – two sites (Mtn. Grove and Mt. Vernon) • Investigations with native – Named cultivars: 6 elderberry germplasm: – Missouri: 35 1998 to present – Kansas: 2 – Phenology and plant – Nebraska: 2 growth – Oklahoma: 7 – Harvest date – Arkansas: 5 – Yield, cyme size, berry size – Tennessee: 1 – Fruit quality – North Carolina: 3 – Disease and insect – New York: 1 problems – S. nigra selections - 6 – Total: 68 selections and cultivars Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… 3 6/11/2014 Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • Replicated evaluation of superior native germplasm – Superior selections are further Eriophyid mite tested at multiple sites – Planting 1: 2003-2006 • 10 advanced selections, 2 commercial cultivars (‘Johns’ and ‘Adams 2’) • 3 sites – MV, MG, Corvallis – Two superior selections released Bacterial leaf spot • ‘Wyldewood’ • ‘Bob Gordon’ Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • Replicated evaluation of • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry (2010) superior native – Collected from the wild by Jack Millican near germplasm – Data collection Eufaula, OK, in 1995 • Phenology and plant – Provided to the Elderberry Improvement growth • Insect and disease Project in 1998 by Margaret Millican problems • Cyme yield, cyme size, – Originally described and tested as ‘Brush Hills berry yield, berry size 1’ and ‘Wyldewood 1’ • Juice parameters • Antioxidant levels Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… John Brewer and Margaret Milliken Today’s Cultivars • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry – Tall shrub reaching 225 cm, with a spreading to upright growth habit. – Timing of spring budbreak is similar to that of ‘Adams 2’. – Blossoms in June; florets are easily removed from the cyme for use as a dried product or as a flavoring. – We have not investigated the pollination requirements for ‘Wyldewood’; however, fruit set is reliable and prolific. Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… 4 6/11/2014 Today’s Cultivars • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry – Harvest season generally 14-26 days later than ‘Adams 2’ and ‘Bob Gordon’; late July in Missouri. – Primary shoots ripen fruit over a 3-week period; three harvests at 7-day intervals. – Unpruned plants ripen fruit for a 4-week period Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry – The fruit cymes presented in an upright position at ripening. – The cymes at harvest are medium to large compared to ‘Adams 2’ • somewhat loose • 33.6 g on unpruned plants • 83.1 g on plants that are pruned to the ground – Yield over 3 years at two sites averaged 2.1 kg/plant – Secondary cymes often form from the axils below the main cymes, a characteristic that increases bearing potential of each shoot. Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry – Berries • dark purple • ripen uniformly in the cymes • resistant to shattering – Berry weight ranges from 52-111 mg – Yield variability was noted between the Mountain Grove and Mount Vernon sites, with Mountain Grove plots producing higher yields but smaller berries than the Mount Vernon plots. Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… 5 6/11/2014 Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry • ‘Wyldewood’ Elderberry – – Laboratory testing of fruit Rated as slightly to moderately susceptible to harvested from both sites leaf spot diseases. over three years indicated: – Eriophyid mites (Eriophyidae) were noted as a • Mean juice pH of 4.7 slight problem at both sites. • Mean total soluble solids of – Disease and mite susceptibility were not 9.8 °Brix significantly different from ‘Adams 2’ • Mean titratable acidity in terms of tartaric acid of 0.73 g/100 ml Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Robert and Kay Gordon Today’s Cultivars • ‘Bob Gordon’ Elderberry (2011) – Identified and collected from the wild by Robert Gordon, Charlotte Cooper, and Andrew Thomas near Osceola, MO, on September 29, 1999. – Originally described and tested as ‘Gordon B’ Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Relevant, Reliable, Responsive… Today’s Cultivars Today’s Cultivars • ‘Bob Gordon’ Elderberry • ‘Bob Gordon’ Elderberry – Medium shrub to 217 cm, with a spreading to – The harvest season for ‘Bob Gordon’ is similar upright growth habit. to ‘Adams 2’. – Spring budbreak is later than ‘Adams 2’ – Harvest usually begins in mid-late July in – Blossoms in late May-mid June Missouri. – Florets are easily removed from the cyme for – Primary shoots ripen fruit over a 3 week use as a dried product or as a flavoring. period, allowing for the harvest of the majority – We have not investigated the pollination of the fruit in 3 harvests at 7 day intervals. requirements for ‘Bob Gordon’. – Unpruned plants ripen fruit for a 4 week period
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