Vintage Germplasm Common Elderberry, Sambucus Nigra L. Ssp
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The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Properties of Sambucus Ebulus: a Review
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(2), pp. 095-103, 18 January, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.026 ISSN 1996-0875© 2010 Academic Journals Review The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties of Sambucus ebulus: A review M. Shokrzadeh1 and S. S. Saeedi Saravi2* 1Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Accepted 16 December, 2009 Sambucus ebulus is known as dwarf elder or elderberry. S. ebulus extracts are an important area in drug development with numerous pharmacological functions in the Middle East. However, their pharmacological functions have not been clearly studied. For a long time, S. ebulus has been prescribed in traditional medicines for the treatment of inflammatory reactions, such as hemorrhoid, bites and sore-throat. In addition, S. ebulus has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti- nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic and anti-oxidative activities. Ebulitin, ebulin 1, flavonoid, athocyanin and other components have been isolated from S. ebulus and identified as active ingredients of biological and pharmacological activities. Due to the easy collection of the plant and remarkable biological activities, this plant has become both food and medicine in the coastal area of Iran. This review presents comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical, toxico- pharmacological and clinical aspects of S. ebulus. Key words: Sambucus ebulus, Adoxaceae, RIPs, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti- oxidative. INTRODUCTION Sambucus ebulus whose common name is dwarf elder, Iran and distributed in moist grasslands or forest margins elderberry or danewort, is a native perennial herb of the on Northern coast of Caspian Sea, Iran (Azadbakht, Adoxaceae family in the order of the Dipsacales, that 1999). -
Elderberry: Botany, Horticulture, Potential
4 Elderberry: Botany, Horticulture, Potential Denis Charlebois Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Horticultural Research and Development Centre 430 Gouin Boulevard Saint-Iean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6 Canada Patrick 1. Byers Cooperative Extension Service University of Missouri Springfield, MO 65802 Chad E. Finn Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 3420 NW Orchard Avenue Corvallis, OR 97330 Andrew1. Thomas Southwest Research Center University of Missouri 14548 Highway H Mt. Vernon, MO 65712 1. INTRODUCTION II. BOTANY A. Taxonomy B. Distribution 1. Sambucus canadensis 2. Sambucus nigra Horticultural Reviews, Volume 37 Edited by Jules Janick Copyright © 2010Wiley-Blackwell. 213 214 D. CHARLEBOIS, P. 1. BYERS, C. E. FINN, AND A. 1. THOMAS 4. ELDERBERRY: BOTANY, HORTICULTURE, POTENTIAL 215 C. Habitat 3. Fruit D. Morphology 4. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties E. Reproductive Biology 5. Anthocyanins and Antioxidant Capacity 1. Pollination F. Ecological Value and Ornamental Potential 2. Fruit Ripening G. Markets and Production Costs F. Plant Development H. Processing III. HORTICULTURE VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS A. Winter Hardiness LITERATURE CITED 1. Sambucus canadensis 2. Sambucus nigra B. Site Selection and Preparation 1. Soil Preference I. INTRODUCTION 2. Site Preparation 3. Irrigation The elderberry or elder (Sambucus spp.), in production or growing wild C. Orchard Establishment in the northernhemisphere, mayhave the widestrange of applications of D. Fertilization and Mycorrhizae all small fruits. Members of the genus Sambucus have a multitude of E. Pruning 1. Maintenance uses, including riverbank stabilization and windbreaks (Paquet and 2. Rejuvenation Jutras 1996); wildlife food and refuge; ornamental, crafts, and games; 3. Corrective versatile human food source, and multipurpose medicinal (Valles F. -
Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List
UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC -
Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Dipsacales, with Special Reference to Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa (Adoxaceae)
PHYLOGENY AND PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY OF DIPSACALES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SINADOXA AND TETRADOXA (ADOXACEAE) MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE,1 TORSTEN ERIKSSON,2 PATRICK A. REEVES,3 AND RICHARD G. OLMSTEAD 3 Abstract. To further clarify phylogenetic relationships within Dipsacales,we analyzed new and previously pub- lished rbcL sequences, alone and in combination with morphological data. We also examined relationships within Adoxaceae using rbcL and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. We conclude from these analyses that Dipsacales comprise two major lineages:Adoxaceae and Caprifoliaceae (sensu Judd et al.,1994), which both contain elements of traditional Caprifoliaceae.Within Adoxaceae, the following relation- ships are strongly supported: (Viburnum (Sambucus (Sinadoxa (Tetradoxa, Adoxa)))). Combined analyses of C ap ri foliaceae yield the fo l l ow i n g : ( C ap ri folieae (Diervilleae (Linnaeeae (Morinaceae (Dipsacaceae (Triplostegia,Valerianaceae)))))). On the basis of these results we provide phylogenetic definitions for the names of several major clades. Within Adoxaceae, Adoxina refers to the clade including Sinadoxa, Tetradoxa, and Adoxa.This lineage is marked by herbaceous habit, reduction in the number of perianth parts,nectaries of mul- ticellular hairs on the perianth,and bifid stamens. The clade including Morinaceae,Valerianaceae, Triplostegia, and Dipsacaceae is here named Valerina. Probable synapomorphies include herbaceousness,presence of an epi- calyx (lost or modified in Valerianaceae), reduced endosperm,and distinctive chemistry, including production of monoterpenoids. The clade containing Valerina plus Linnaeeae we name Linnina. This lineage is distinguished by reduction to four (or fewer) stamens, by abortion of two of the three carpels,and possibly by supernumerary inflorescences bracts. Keywords: Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacales, ITS, morphological characters, phylogeny, phylogenetic taxonomy, phylogenetic nomenclature, rbcL, Sinadoxa, Tetradoxa. -
Elderberry, Or Have Respect for Your Elders!
Enchanted Elderberry, or Have Respect for Your Elders! Elderberries have been blooming along roadsides. Their blossoms spread across the bushes like white lace doilies. Do you remember infamous poison-laced elderberry wine that was used to put lonely gentlemen out of their misery by little old ladies in the comedy, "Arsenic and Old Lace"? Did "old lace" refer to the ladies, the "laced" wine, or the appearance of elderberry blossoms? Who knows? Image 1: A nice colony blooming several years ago off Gilgal Road in Abbeville County. Many tiny white flowers form a large more or less flat-topped blossom known botanically as a cyme. Each flower is "complete" with five sepals, five petals, five stamens that produce pollen, and one pistil that produces eggs and seed. And as complete flowers they are also "perfect" because both male and female parts are present. Incomplete flowers lacking sepals or petals can still be perfect as long as both male and female structures are present! Image 2: One cluster of flowers, a cyme. Image 3: Individual flowers. Can you count petals and stamens? By summer’s end bushes will be in fruit, and, botanically speaking each fruit is a drupe! Other familiar examples of drupes are cherries, peaches, and olives, fruits that have a single seed surrounded by the fleshy part that developed from the flower's ovary. Image 4: Beautiful juicy ripe drupes ready for pie, jelly or wine. Elderberry is in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, whose Greek root words mean "goat leaves." That makes sense for most honeysuckles, with undivided (simple) leaves in twos arranged opposite one another on the stem, and shaped sort of like goat’s ears! Leaves of elderberry also have opposite arrangement, but they are compound leaves, with the green blade divided into smaller leaflets not at all resembling goat’s ears! Their leaves actually resemble somewhat those of an ash tree. -
Sierra Azul Wildflower Guide
WILDFLOWER SURVEY 100 most common species 1 2/25/2020 COMMON WILDFLOWER GUIDE 2019 This common wildflower guide is for use during the annual wildflower survey at Sierra Azul Preserve. Featured are the 100 most common species seen during the wildflower surveys and only includes flowering species. Commonness is based on previous surveys during April for species seen every year and at most areas around Sierra Azul OSP. The guide is a simple color photograph guide with two selected features showcasing the species—usually flower and whole plant or leaf. The plants in this guide are listed by Color. Information provided includes the Latin name, common name, family, and Habit, CNPS Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants rank or CAL-IPC invasive species rating. Latin names are current with the Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, 2012. This guide was compiled by Cleopatra Tuday for Midpen. Images are used under creative commons licenses or used with permission from the photographer. All image rights belong to respective owners. Taking Good Photos for ID: How to use this guide: Take pictures of: Flower top and side; Leaves top and bottom; Stem or branches; Whole plant. llama squash Cucurbitus llamadensis LLAMADACEAE Latin name 4.2 Shrub Common name CNPS rare plant rank or native status Family name Typical bisexual flower stigma pistil style stamen anther Leaf placement filament petal (corolla) sepal (calyx) alternate opposite whorled pedicel receptacle Monocots radial symmetry Parts in 3’s, parallel veins Typical composite flower of the Liliy, orchid, iris, grass Asteraceae (sunflower) family 3 ray flowers disk flowers Dicots Parts in 4’s or 5’s, lattice veins 4 Sunflowers, primrose, pea, mustard, mint, violets phyllaries bilateral symmetry peduncle © 2017 Cleopatra Tuday 2 2/25/2020 BLUE/PURPLE ©2013 Jeb Bjerke ©2013 Keir Morse ©2014 Philip Bouchard ©2010 Scott Loarie Jim brush Ceanothus oliganthus Blue blossom Ceanothus thyrsiflorus RHAMNACEAE Shrub RHAMNACEAE Shrub ©2003 Barry Breckling © 2009 Keir Morse Many-stemmed gilia Gilia achilleifolia ssp. -
BLUE ELDERBERRY Spindles, and Pegs, and the Hollow Stems Have Been Fashioned Into Flutes and Blowguns
Plant Guide The wood is hard and has been used for combs, BLUE ELDERBERRY spindles, and pegs, and the hollow stems have been fashioned into flutes and blowguns. Sambucus nigra L. ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Elderberries are quite edible. The blue or purple Plant Symbol = SANIC5 berries are gathered and made into elderberry wine, jam, syrup, and pies. The entire flower cluster can be Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data dipped in batter and fried, while petals can be eaten Center & the Biota of North America Program raw or made into a fragrant and tasty tea. The flowers add an aromatic flavor and lightness to pancakes or fritters. The elderberry is of well-known value to the Indians of North America and the many purposes it serves (Barrow 1967). Elderberry is highly prized by both Spaniards and Cahuillas. Throughout the months of July and August, the small clusters of berries are gathered in large quantities. These clusters are dried carefully on the drying floor and preserved in considerable amounts. When wanted, they are cooked into a rich sauce that needs no sweetening. A Cahuilla family, during this season of the year, will Botany Dept., NMNH, Smithsonian Institution @ PLANTS subsist largely on these messes of "sauco." Frequently, the elderberry was so greatly enjoyed that families would live for weeks on little else. Many Alternate names were dried for use in the winter, and were either re- Blueberry elder, elder, blue elder, Arizona elderberry, cooked or eaten raw. Elderberries are still highly American elder, sweet elder, wild elder, flor sauco, prized for food by modern Indian people. -
Nutritional Attributes of Elderberry Varieties (Sambucus Nigra Ssp.)
Nutritional Attributes of European elderberry: S. nigra ssp. nigra The most extensively studied elderberry variety, the European Elderberry Varieties elderberry has been used and cultivated for years. It’s known for its (Sambucus nigra ssp.) health-promoting properties due to the high levels of phenolic compounds Katie Uhl, UC Davis Food Science and American elderberry: S. nigra ssp. canadensis Technology ([email protected]) Cultivation of the American elderberry is on the rise, as the demand for elderberry increases in supplements, foods, and beverages. This Elderberries are composed of water, sugars, variety has similar phenolic compounds to the European variety, but organic acids, small amounts of proteins and with a unique composition of anthocyanins. lipids, and phenolic compounds, including the California blue elderberry: S. nigra ssp. cerulea red-purple pigments called anthocyanins. The research is just beginning for this variety native to California! Genetics and growing conditions affect the levels The data shows promising signs that the blue elderberry has similar of these compounds. The balance of these nutritional attributes to the European and American elderberries components influence the taste, color, and (see Table 1 on back). Like other varieties of elderberry, blue functional properties of the elderberries. elderberries have cyanidin-based anthocyanins and a variety of Elderberry Components flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids. 0.6% 0.6% 14% 5% a b 80% Water Sugar Organic acids Figure 1. The predominant anthocyanin (a: cyanidin) and flavonol (b: Phenolics Other quercetin) in elderberries 1 Table 1. Variation in composition of elderberry subspecies S. nigra ssp. S. nigra ssp. S. nigra ssp. -
The Plant List
the list A Companion to the Choosing the Right Plants Natural Lawn & Garden Guide a better way to beautiful www.savingwater.org Waterwise garden by Stacie Crooks Discover a better way to beautiful! his plant list is a new companion to Choosing the The list on the following pages contains just some of the Right Plants, one of the Natural Lawn & Garden many plants that can be happy here in the temperate Pacific T Guides produced by the Saving Water Partnership Northwest, organized by several key themes. A number of (see the back panel to request your free copy). These guides these plants are Great Plant Picks ( ) selections, chosen will help you garden in balance with nature, so you can enjoy because they are vigorous and easy to grow in Northwest a beautiful yard that’s healthy, easy to maintain and good for gardens, while offering reasonable resistance to pests and the environment. diseases, as well as other attributes. (For details about the GPP program and to find additional reference materials, When choosing plants, we often think about factors refer to Resources & Credits on page 12.) like size, shape, foliage and flower color. But the most important consideration should be whether a site provides Remember, this plant list is just a starting point. The more the conditions a specific plant needs to thrive. Soil type, information you have about your garden’s conditions and drainage, sun and shade—all affect a plant’s health and, as a particular plant’s needs before you purchase a plant, the a result, its appearance and maintenance needs. -
Bioactive Compounds in Flowers and Fruits of Sambucus Nigra L
Bioactive compounds in flowers and fruits of Sambucus nigra L. Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) by Giang Thanh Thi Ho Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmacy Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Norway 2017 PhD thesis Giang Thanh Thi Ho TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. III LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .............................................................................. IV ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... VI ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... IX 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Sambucus nigra L. (black elder) ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Chemistry of compounds from S. nigra ......................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Pectic polysaccharides ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1.1 Homogalacturonan .............................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1.2 Rhamnogalacturonan-I ...................................................................................................... -
Kocaeli-Turkey)
Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(4), pp. 847-875, 18 February, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE DOI: 10.5897/SRE10.890 ISSN 1992-2248 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Some ecological characteristics and the flora of Gölcük District and its environs (Kocaeli-Turkey) Zeki Severo ğlu 1*, Volkan Altay 2, Đbrahim Đlker Özyi ğit 1, Mustafa Keskin 3, Memduh Serin 1, Celal Yarci1, Ülkühan Ya şar 4 and Göksel Demir 5 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, 34722, Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mustafa Kemal University, 31040, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey. 3Ba şibüyük M, Toprak Yol Firin S, 19/3, 81550, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey. 4Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bartin University, 74100, Bartın, Turkey. 5Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bahçe şehir University, 34353, Be şiktas, Istanbul, Turkey. Accepted 1 February, 2011 Some ecological characteristics and the flora of Gölcük District and its environs are represented in this study. All the greenery in the district during 2006 to 2009 vegetation seasons was explored. Plant samples were collected, dried, labeled, and determined according to the standard herbarium methods. At the end of the study, 461 species belonging to 295 genera and 85 families were identified. Seven of the identified taxa belonged to Pteridophyta while 454 belonged to Spermatopyta divisions. Eight taxa were Gymnospermae and 446 taxa were Angiospermae members (386 of them Dicots and 60 of them Monocots) in the Spermatophyta division. In addition, four taxa were endemics, so the endemism ratio was 0.87%. -
High Line Plant List Stay Connected @Highlinenyc
BROUGHT TO YOU BY HIGH LINE PLANT LIST STAY CONNECTED @HIGHLINENYC Trees & Shrubs Acer triflorum three-flowered maple Indigofera amblyantha pink-flowered indigo Aesculus parviflora bottlebrush buckeye Indigofera heterantha Himalayan indigo Amelanchier arborea common serviceberry Juniperus virginiana ‘Corcorcor’ Emerald Sentinel® eastern red cedar Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry Emerald Sentinel ™ Amorpha canescens leadplant Lespedeza thunbergii ‘Gibraltar’ Gibraltar bushclover Amorpha fruticosa desert false indigo Magnolia macrophylla bigleaf magnolia Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ Viking black chokeberry Magnolia tripetala umbrella tree Betula nigra river birch Magnolia virginiana var. australis Green Shadow sweetbay magnolia Betula populifolia grey birch ‘Green Shadow’ Betula populifolia ‘Whitespire’ Whitespire grey birch Mahonia x media ‘Winter Sun’ Winter Sun mahonia Callicarpa dichotoma beautyberry Malus domestica ‘Golden Russet’ Golden Russet apple Calycanthus floridus sweetshrub Malus floribunda crabapple Calycanthus floridus ‘Michael Lindsey’ Michael Lindsey sweetshrub Nyssa sylvatica black gum Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ upright European hornbeam Nyssa sylvatica ‘Wildfire’ Wildfire black gum Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam Philadelphus ‘Natchez’ Natchez sweet mock orange Cercis canadensis eastern redbud Populus tremuloides quaking aspen Cercis canadensis ‘Ace of Hearts’ Ace of Hearts redbud Prunus virginiana chokecherry Cercis canadensis ‘Appalachian Red’ Appalachian Red redbud Ptelea trifoliata hoptree Cercis