DOCSLIB.ORG

Etude De Determinants De La Transmission Du Vih De La Mere a L’Enfant Au Burkina Faso

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Etude De Determinants De La Transmission Du Vih De La Mere a L’Enfant Au Burkina Faso UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES ANNEE 2003-2004 THESE Pour obtenir le grade académique de DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES ET INGENIERIE BIOLOGIQUE FACULTE DES SCIENCES Par Mr Olivier MANIGART ETUDE DE DETERMINANTS DE LA TRANSMISSION DU VIH DE LA MERE A L’ENFANT AU BURKINA FASO Jury : Directeur de thèse : Mr le Professeur Philippe VAN DE PERRE, co- Directrice de thèse : Mme le Professeur Carine VAN LINT, Président : Mr le Professeur Georges HUEZ, Mme le Professeur Véronique HALLOIN, Mr le Professeur Nicolas MEDA, Mr le Professeur John WERENNE, Mr le Professeur Arsène BURNY, Mr le Professeur Philippe LEPAGE. 1 Couverture : route Ouagadougou – Bobo-Dioulasso, juillet 2003. 2 A ma petite fille adorée, Isia, 3 4 Je me suis réveillé, tiré de la lourde torpeur d’une sieste de saison sèche par des cris stridents et des acclamations saccadées qui provenaient du devant de ma cour. Je me suis levé lourdement et j’ai écarté le pagne qui protège de la lumière et de la chaleur tellement vives en cette période, pour découvrir que les « Masques » étaient descendus dans la rue. Au contraire, la lumière était diffuse et sinistre et la lourdeur de l’air était telle qu’une angoisse profonde m’étreignit instantanément. En général, les « Masques » sortent lors de périodes rituelles – ce qui n’était pas le cas – ou, au cours de phénomènes étranges. Ce sont les initiés qui portent le masque et qui fustigent à tout-vas : c’est souvent l’occasion de corrections exemplaires pour ceux qui se sont mal comportés… ou de vengeances personnelles. J’ai levé les yeux pour observer le ciel : il était obscurci d’un halo de nuages circulaire d’un diamètre de ce qui semblait être plusieurs kilomètres. Le contour était cintré d’un arc-en-ciel et c’est cela qui donnait cette lumière claire-obscure. Jamais je n’avais observé un tel phénomène ; pour peu, j’en aurais suivi les Masques. Les gens d’ici disent que lorsque cela se produit, une personne importante va mourir. Moi, j’ai plutôt pensé à la détresse des milliers de personnes qui souffrent dans ce pays déjà si pauvre. Ma réalité ; ma détresse ! Anonyme (festival Sida Ka Taa, 2001) 5 6 TABLES DES MATIERES : Résumé : .................................................................................................................................. 23 Abstract : .................................................................................................................................. 25 Liste des tableaux :................................................................................................................... 27 Liste des figures : ..................................................................................................................... 29 Abréviations : ........................................................................................................................... 31 Définitions :.............................................................................................................................. 35 Données démographiques et sanitaires du Burkina Faso :....................................................... 37 I. INTRODUCTION : .............................................................................................................. 39 1. Présentation du sujet : .......................................................................................................... 41 2. Origine et évolution génétique du virus :............................................................................. 41 2.1. Origines des virus VIH-1 et VIH-2 :................................................................................. 41 2.2. Causes et conséquences de la variabilité........................................................................... 43 2.2.1. Faible fidélité de la transcriptase inverse :............................................................. 45 2.2.2. Fort taux de réplication .......................................................................................... 45 2.2.3. Recombinaisons ..................................................................................................... 45 2.2.4. Pressions de sélection du système immunitaire : ................................................... 47 2.2.5. Conséquences :....................................................................................................... 47 3. Classification du VIH-1 : ..................................................................................................... 49 3.1. Trois groupes, 9 sous-types et plusieurs formes recombinantes (CRF) :.......................... 49 3.2. Critères de définition des sous-types et CRF : .................................................................. 49 4. Variabilité du VIH et conséquences :................................................................................... 49 4.1. Efficacité des tests de sérodiagnostic et de suivi des patients :......................................... 51 4.2. Mise au point d’un vaccin :............................................................................................... 51 4.3. Réponse aux antirétroviraux : ........................................................................................... 53 5. Le HMA : un outil pour l’étude de la variabilité du VIH ?.................................................. 55 5.1. Outils dont on dispose pour étudier la variabilité : ........................................................... 55 5.1.1. Le séquençage suivi d’analyses phylogénétiques : ................................................ 55 5.1.2. Le sérotypage : ....................................................................................................... 55 5.1.3. Les techniques de PCR spécifiques :...................................................................... 55 5.1.4. La technique d’Heteroduplex Mobility Assay: ...................................................... 55 6. La problématique des surinfections : ................................................................................... 57 7 6.1. La surinfection chez l’adulte :........................................................................................... 57 6.2. La surinfection dans le contexte de la TME :.................................................................... 61 7. Modalité de la TME et impact de la variabilité virale : ....................................................... 63 7.1. Transmission in utero :...................................................................................................... 65 7.1.1. Modulation des mécanismes immunitaires maternels durant la grossesse : .......... 65 7.1.2. Timing de la transmission in utero :....................................................................... 67 7.1.2. Histologie du placenta :.......................................................................................... 67 7.1.3. Mécanismes potentiels de la transmission in utero :.............................................. 69 7.1.4. Transmission de souches SI versus NSI :............................................................... 71 7.1.5. Passage de variants mineurs ? ................................................................................ 71 7.1.6. Génotype et transmission in utero :........................................................................ 73 7.2. Transmission intra-partum :.............................................................................................. 73 7.2.1. Timing de la transmission intra-partum : ............................................................... 73 7.2.2. Immunologie du tractus génital féminin associée au VIH :................................... 75 7.2.3. Insertions et délétions ?......................................................................................... 75 7.3. Transmission post-partum :............................................................................................... 77 7.3.1. Histologie de la glande mammaire :....................................................................... 77 7.3.2. Variabilité virale et transmission par l’allaitement : .............................................. 79 7.3. 3. Virus libres ou formes provirales :........................................................................ 79 7.3.4. Immunologie du compartiment mammaire associée au VIH et à la TME :........... 81 7.4. Portes d’entrée chez le nouveau-né :................................................................................. 83 8. Impact de la charge virale sur la TME dans le contexte d’un traitement court à l’AZT (Zidovudine) :........................................................................................................................... 87 8.1. Dynamique de la réplication virale lors d’une monothérapie : ......................................... 87 8.2. Impact de la charge virale dans le sang sur la TME : ....................................................... 89 8.3. Impact de la charge virale dans les sécrétions cervico-vaginales (SCV) sur la TME :.... 89 8.3.1. Modulations physiologiques du tractus génital associées à une susceptibilité infectieuse : ............................................................................................................ 91 8.3.2. Corrélation de la CV plasmatique avec la CV des sécrétions cervicovaginales :.. 91 8.3.3. Facteurs associés à la présence du VIH dans les SCV :........................................ 91 8.4. Impact de la charge virale dans le lait maternel sur la TME :........................................... 93 8.4.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The Role of Viral Load in the Pathogenesis of HIV-2 Infection in West Africa Thesis How to cite: Ariyoshi, Koya (1998). The Role of Viral Load in the Pathogenesis of HIV-2 Infection in West Africa. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1998 Koya Ariyoshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.000101f4 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk THE ROLE OF VIRAL LOAD D< THE PATHOGENESIS OF HTV-2 INFECTION IN WEST AFRICA BY KOYAARIYOSHI MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa ^ ew • I A thesis submitted to the Open University in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1998 Collaborating Establishments: University College Medical School (London) Statens Serum Institute (Copenhagen) Institute of Molecular Medicine (Oxford) Institute of Cancer Research (London) _ ProQuest Number:C706741 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • New and Emerging Yeast Pathogens KEVIN C
    CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Oct. 1995, p. 462–478 Vol. 8, No. 4 0893-8512/95/$04.0010 Copyright q 1995, American Society for Microbiology New and Emerging Yeast Pathogens KEVIN C. HAZEN* Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................462 DEFINITION OF NEW OR EMERGING YEAST PATHOGENS ......................................................................462 WHICH YEASTS ARE NEW OR EMERGING PATHOGENS? .........................................................................463 ANATOMIC SITES ATTACKED BY YEASTS.......................................................................................................464 HISTOPATHOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................466 TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS DUE TO UNUSUAL YEASTS .......................................................................466 Catheter Removal ...................................................................................................................................................466 Antifungal Therapy.................................................................................................................................................469 MICROBIOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................................469
    [Show full text]
  • Helicobacter Pylori
    Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology Yi-Wei Tang Charles W. Stratton Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology Yi-Wei Tang Charles W. Stratton Molecular Infectious Disease Laboratory Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Vanderbilt University Medical Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37232-5310 Nashville, TN 37232-5310 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2005935335 ISBN-10: 0-387-29741-3 e-ISBN 0-387-32892-0 ISBN-13: 978-0387-29741-5 Printed on acid-free paper. C 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (TB/EB) 987654321 springer.com Contributors Jaber Aslanzadeh Ali Danesh Division of Clinical Department of Experimental Microbiology Therapeutics Department of Pathology University Health Network Hartford Hospital and Clinical 200 Elizabeth Street Laboratory Partners Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4 85 Seymour Street Hartford, CT 06102, USA Diane Dare Research Development Unit George Bolton Manchester Metropolitan BD Biosciences University 10975 Torreyana Road St.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacoeconomics
    PharmacoEconomics The costs of diagnosing and treating sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle- income countries from 2006 to 2014: An updated systematic review --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Full Title: The costs of diagnosing and treating sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle- income countries from 2006 to 2014: An updated systematic review Article Type: Systematic Review Funding Information: United States Agency for International Not applicable Development (AID-674-A-12-00029) Abstract: Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are co-factors for HIV infection and can cause significant morbidity. Expanding on a prior systematic review, we aimed to summarize recent literature on the costs of diagnosing and treating curable STIs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We conducted a systematic review using pre-established search strategies. Citations were eligible if published between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2014 and if they contained provider-perspective cost information reflective of STI-related service provision in LMICs. We extracted all cost values and used regression analysis to explore determinants. Cost drivers were analyzed thematically. Results: We identified 44 articles for inclusion; 24 (54.6%) represented Sub-Saharan Africa. We extracted 202 cost values; 72 (35.6%) characterized syndromic management approaches, 57 (28.2%) mobile outreach services. Syphilis was a common focus (70 (34.7%)). Sixty-five (32.2%) cost values represented cost- effectiveness measures as compared to simple unit costs. The median for all cost values was (USD 2015) $10.90 (cost-effectiveness measures $115.88; unit costs $4.15). Regression analysis indicated that cost effective measures were lower in Africa than other continents.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitation of Cytomegalovirus: Methodologic Aspects and Clinical Applications
    CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, July 1998, p. 533–554 Vol. 11, No. 3 0893-8512/98/$04.0010 Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Quantitation of Cytomegalovirus: Methodologic Aspects and Clinical Applications 1 2 MICHAEL BOECKH * AND GUY BOIVIN Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington,1 and Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite´ Laval, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................534 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CMV DISSEMINATION ...........................................................................................534 METHODS FOR CMV QUANTIFICATION..........................................................................................................534 Quantitative Viral Cultures...................................................................................................................................535 Principle and assay characteristics..................................................................................................................535 Assay performance..............................................................................................................................................535 Reproducibility and test accuracy ....................................................................................................................535 Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................535
    [Show full text]
  • Duke University Dissertation Template
    On-chip Labeling via Surface Initiated Enzymatic Polymerization (SIEP) for Nucleic Acids Hybridization Detection by Vinalia Tjong Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Ashutosh Chilkoti, Supervisor ___________________________ Stefan Zauscher ___________________________ William Reichert ___________________________ Gabriel Lopez ___________________________ Aimee Zaas Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 i v ABSTRACT On-chip Labeling via Surface Initiated Enzymatic Polymerization (SIEP) for Nucleic Acids Hybridization Detection by Vinalia Tjong Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Ashutosh Chilkoti, Supervisor ___________________________ Stefan Zauscher ___________________________ William Reichert ___________________________ Gabriel Lopez ___________________________ Aimee Zaas An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 i v Copyright by Vinalia Tjong 2013 Abstract Current techniques for nucleic acid analysis often involve extensive sample preparation that requires skilled personnel and multiple purification steps. In this dissertation, we introduce an on-chip,
    [Show full text]
  • Point-Of-Care Diagnostics for Lung Transplantation
    Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Lung Transplantation by Andrew Thomas Sage A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by Andrew Thomas Sage 2015 Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Lung Transplantation Andrew Thomas Sage Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto 2015 Abstract Over the last few decades, lung transplantation (LTx) has become a well-established therapy for patients suffering from end-stage lung disease. Despite the many innovations that have occurred in recent years, the outcomes following LTx still lag behind those of other organ transplant procedures due to a lack of technologies that could monitor predictive biomarkers. Recently, several genomic and proteomic analytes have been identified that are prognostic of LTx outcome; however, traditional analytical methods are impractical for use in the transplant setting. Rapid analysis of molecular biomarkers reporting on the initial and long-term status of a donated organ would improve utilization rates and transplant outcomes. The work herein focuses on developing a novel class of chip-based sensors that would enable direct analysis of mRNAs and proteins that are correlated with the suitability of a lung for transplant. The biosensing approach utilized in these studies was performed using a simple and elegant electrochemical reporter system with metal electrodes of varying morphologies and sizes. ii By fabricating fractal circuit sensors (FraCS), we demonstrated the technological and biological validation required for a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic device to be used for gene quantitation in the transplant setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment 1 Statewide Standard List of Abbreviations
    Statewide Standard List of Abbreviations Revised June 28, 2016 Attachment 1 Statewide Standard List of Abbreviations Table of Contents Table 1: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols ............................................................. 2 Table 2: Do NOT Use Abbreviations ............................................................................. 25 1 Statewide Standard List of Abbreviations Revised June 28, 2016 Table 1: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols Abbreviation or Acronym Definition (L) left (R) right /hpf per high power field ā before A and O alert and oriented A and P auscultation and percussion aa of each AACRN Advanced AIDS Certified Registered Nurse AAHIVM American Academy of HIV medicine AB abortion abd abdomen ac before meals ACHES Abdominal pain, chest pain, headache, eye problems, and severe leg pains (early danger signs of oral contraceptive adverse effects) ACRN AIDS Certified Registered Nurse ACTG AIDS Clinical Trial Group ADA American Dietetic Association ADAP AIDS Drug Assistance Program ADC AIDS Dementia Complex ADLs Activities of daily living AED automated external defibrillator AETC AIDS Education and Training Centers AF anteflexed AFB acid-fast bacilli AGCUS atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance AGN Acute glomerulonephritis AHYD Adolescent Health and Youth Development AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIN anal intraepithelial neoplasia AlkPhos alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine aminotransferase 2 Statewide Standard List of Abbreviations Revised June 28, 2016 amb ambulatory AMBU air-shields
    [Show full text]
  • Branched Dna Nanostructures for Molecular Diagnostics
    BRANCHED DNA NANOSTRUCTURES FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mark Richard Hartman August 2013 © 2013 Mark Richard Hartman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii BRANCHED DNA NANOSTRUCTURES FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS Mark Richard Hartman, Ph.D. Cornell University 2013 DNA nanotechnology has been enormously successful in using DNA as a nanoscale construction material, and consistent progress in using increasingly complex DNA- mediated assemblies and designs has been reported in the literature. However, the field of DNA nanostructures has sometimes been lacking for concrete applications. Meanwhile, DNA has also been widely used as probes and primers for nucleic acid diagnostics applications, and this provides an extremely critical application with potential for great medical benefits, and these DNA probes and primers are readily interfaced with DNA nanotechnology. Thus, in this Dissertation, I discuss the combination of (1) DNA in its role as a recognition element for nucleic acid detection, and (2) DNA as a structural material for nanoscale self-assembly. This combination represents a fusion of “structure” and “function”, and will ultimately lead to great advancements in the field of nucleic acid diagnostics. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH I received my B.S. degree in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering from Cornell University in 2007. As an undergraduate with a minor in Biological Engineering, I worked with Prof. Dan Luo in the Biological and Environmental Engineering on the design and synthesis of DNA nanostructures and portable detection using DNA nanobarcodes. Upon graduation, I remained at Cornell and entered the Masters of Engineering program (2007 – 2008), where I worked on DNA-mediated self-assembly of gold nanoparticles.
    [Show full text]
  • Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral
    Lennette’s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections NFECT I OUS I SEASE Fourth Edition Fourth I D Edition AN D THERAPY SER I ES About the book Volume 50 • Written from the perspective of the diagnostician, this bestselling book is the definitive text on the laboratory diagnosis of human viral diseases. • Contains a wealth of illustrations, tables, and algorithms to enhance your understanding of Viral Infections Viral of Lennette’s Lennette’s of this ever-evolving field. • A ready reference source for virologists, microbiologists, epidemiologists, laboratorians, infectious disease specialists and students. Laboratory Unique features • Has a new syndromic approach and discusses the differential diagnosis of potential causative agents along with suggestions for the appropriate diagnostic response. Diagnosis of • Examines the field’s rapid changes in technology, the continuing emergence of new viruses, and the newly described viral etiologies for clinical syndromes. Laboratory Diagnosis • Explores the increasingly important subject of molecular techniques in detail, covering the design of molecular tests, the importance of genotyping and viral Viral Infections sequence analysis, and the use of microarrays in diagnostic virology. Reviews of previous editions Fourth Edition a worthy addition to the bookshelves of the specialised virus laboratory as it contains a wealth of information not readily available elsewhere. The Journal of Clinical Pathology a comprehensive and valuable addition to any medical library. It will appeal to all students of virology, medical microbiology and infectious diseases. The information is set out in a user-friendly fashion and allows the reader to obtain pertinent information without being deluged with too many data [...] recommend[ed] highly.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycology Proficiency Testing Program
    Mycology Proficiency Testing Program Test Event Critique May 2014 Table of Contents Mycology Laboratory 2 Mycology Proficiency Testing Program 3 Test Specimens & Grading Policy 5 Test Analyte Master Lists 7 Performance Summary 9 Commercial Device Usage Statistics 11 Yeast Descriptions 12 Y-1 Candida parapsilosis 12 Y-2 Candida glabrata 15 Y-3 Rhodotorula minuta 18 Y-4 Trichosporon asahii 21 Y-5 Prototheca wickerhamii 24 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing - Yeast 27 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing - Mold (Educational) 29 1 Mycology Laboratory Mycology Laboratory at the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) is a reference diagnostic laboratory for the fungal diseases. The laboratory services include testing for the dimorphic pathogenic fungi, unusual molds and yeasts pathogens, antifungal susceptibility testing including tests with research protocols, molecular tests including rapid identification and strain typing, outbreak and pseudo-outbreak investigations, laboratory contamination and accident investigations and related environmental surveys. The Fungal Culture Collection of the Mycology Laboratory is an important resource for high quality cultures used in the proficiency-testing program and for the in-house development and standardization of new diagnostic tests. Mycology Proficiency Testing Program provides technical expertise to NYSDOH Clinical Laboratory Evaluation Program (CLEP). The program is responsible for conducting the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-compliant Proficiency Testing (Mycology) for clinical laboratories in New York State. All analytes for these test events are prepared and standardized internally. The program also provides continuing educational activities in the form of detailed critiques of test events, workshops and occasional one-on-one training of laboratory professionals. Mycology Laboratory Staff and Contact Details Name Responsibility Phone Email Director (on leave of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • | Hao Hata Kama Maria Del Mat Man at Ka Na Malo Matter
    |HAO HATA KAMA MARIAUS009772330B2 DEL MAT MAN AT KA NA MALO MATTER (12 ) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,772 ,330 B2 Nussbaum ( 45 ) Date of Patent : Sep . 26 , 2017 (54 ) NUCLEIC ACID APTAMER -BASED WO 2007024676 A2 3 / 2007 DIAGNOSTIC METHODS WITH NOVEL Wo 2007117444 A2 10 / 2007 TECHNIQUES FOR SIGNAL WO 2009070640 A2 6 / 2009 ENHANCEMENT OTHER PUBLICATIONS (71 ) Applicant : APTATECK BIO LTD . , Ness Ziona ( IL ) Zeeshan M , et al .“ Comparison of different phenotypic methods of detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus with (72 ) Inventor: Ofer Nussbaum , Rehovot ( IL ) the molecular detection of mec - a gene ” J . Coll . Physicians. Surg . Pak . 17 :666 -70 (2007 ) . ( 73 ) Assignee : APTATECK BIO LTD ., Rehovot ( IL ) Edmonds, M . “ Branched RNA ” BioEssays . 6 :212 - 216 ( 1987 ). Lin ( I ) ( Clinical Chemistry 2009 vol . 55 , p . 1686 - 1693 ) . ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this Goddard et al. ( Prog Polym Sci 2007 vol. 32 , p . 698 -725 ) . patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Lisa R . Paborsky et al . “ The Single - stranded DNA Aptamer -binding U . S . C . 154 (b ) by 0 days . Site of Human Thrombin ” The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 268 :20606 - 20811 ( 1993 ) . ( 21) Appl. No. : 14 / 565 ,759 Mandona Sassanfar, Jack W . Szostak . “ An RNA motif that binds ATP ” Letters to Nature . 364 : 550 - 553 ( 1993 ) . ( 22 ) Filed : Dec. 10 , 2014 Monica Mir, Ioanis Katakis . “ Aptamers as elements of bioelectronic devices " The Royal Society of Chemistry . 3 :620 -622 (2007 ) . (65 ) Prior Publication Data Matthew Levy et al . “ Quantum - Dot Aptamer Beacons for the Detection of Proteins ” ChemBioChem .
    [Show full text]