New and Emerging Yeast Pathogens KEVIN C
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Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The Role of Viral Load in the Pathogenesis of HIV-2 Infection in West Africa Thesis How to cite: Ariyoshi, Koya (1998). The Role of Viral Load in the Pathogenesis of HIV-2 Infection in West Africa. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1998 Koya Ariyoshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.000101f4 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk THE ROLE OF VIRAL LOAD D< THE PATHOGENESIS OF HTV-2 INFECTION IN WEST AFRICA BY KOYAARIYOSHI MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa ^ ew • I A thesis submitted to the Open University in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1998 Collaborating Establishments: University College Medical School (London) Statens Serum Institute (Copenhagen) Institute of Molecular Medicine (Oxford) Institute of Cancer Research (London) _ ProQuest Number:C706741 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Trichosporon Beigelii Infection Presenting As White Piedra and Onychomycosis in the Same Patient
Trichosporon beigelii Infection Presenting as White Piedra and Onychomycosis in the Same Patient Lt Col Kathleen B. Elmer, USAF; COL Dirk M. Elston, MC, USA; COL Lester F. Libow, MC, USA Trichosporon beigelii is a fungal organism that causes white piedra and has occasionally been implicated as a nail pathogen. We describe a patient with both hair and nail changes associated with T beigelii. richosporon beigelii is a basidiomycetous yeast, phylogenetically similar to Cryptococcus.1 T T beigelii has been found on a variety of mammals and is present in soil, water, decaying plants, and animals.2 T beigelii is known to colonize normal human skin, as well as the respiratory, gas- trointestinal, and urinary tracts.3 It is the causative agent of white piedra, a superficial fungal infection of the hair shaft and also has been described as a rare cause of onychomycosis.4 T beigelii can cause endo- carditis and septicemia in immunocompromised hosts.5 We describe a healthy patient with both white piedra and T beigelii–induced onychomycosis. Case Report A 62-year-old healthy man who worked as a pool maintenance employee was evaluated for thickened, discolored thumb nails (Figure 1). He had been aware of progressive brown-to-black discoloration of the involved nails for 8 months. In addition, soft, light yellow-brown nodules were noted along the shafts of several axillary hairs (Figure 2). Microscopic analysis of the hairs revealed nodal concretions along the shafts (Figure 3). No pubic, scalp, eyebrow, eyelash, Figure 1. Onychomycotic thumb nail. or beard hair involvement was present. Cultures of thumb nail clippings on Sabouraud dextrose agar grew T beigelii and Candida parapsilosis. -
Helicobacter Pylori
Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology Yi-Wei Tang Charles W. Stratton Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology Yi-Wei Tang Charles W. Stratton Molecular Infectious Disease Laboratory Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Vanderbilt University Medical Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37232-5310 Nashville, TN 37232-5310 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2005935335 ISBN-10: 0-387-29741-3 e-ISBN 0-387-32892-0 ISBN-13: 978-0387-29741-5 Printed on acid-free paper. C 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (TB/EB) 987654321 springer.com Contributors Jaber Aslanzadeh Ali Danesh Division of Clinical Department of Experimental Microbiology Therapeutics Department of Pathology University Health Network Hartford Hospital and Clinical 200 Elizabeth Street Laboratory Partners Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4 85 Seymour Street Hartford, CT 06102, USA Diane Dare Research Development Unit George Bolton Manchester Metropolitan BD Biosciences University 10975 Torreyana Road St. -
Pharmacoeconomics
PharmacoEconomics The costs of diagnosing and treating sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle- income countries from 2006 to 2014: An updated systematic review --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Full Title: The costs of diagnosing and treating sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle- income countries from 2006 to 2014: An updated systematic review Article Type: Systematic Review Funding Information: United States Agency for International Not applicable Development (AID-674-A-12-00029) Abstract: Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are co-factors for HIV infection and can cause significant morbidity. Expanding on a prior systematic review, we aimed to summarize recent literature on the costs of diagnosing and treating curable STIs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We conducted a systematic review using pre-established search strategies. Citations were eligible if published between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2014 and if they contained provider-perspective cost information reflective of STI-related service provision in LMICs. We extracted all cost values and used regression analysis to explore determinants. Cost drivers were analyzed thematically. Results: We identified 44 articles for inclusion; 24 (54.6%) represented Sub-Saharan Africa. We extracted 202 cost values; 72 (35.6%) characterized syndromic management approaches, 57 (28.2%) mobile outreach services. Syphilis was a common focus (70 (34.7%)). Sixty-five (32.2%) cost values represented cost- effectiveness measures as compared to simple unit costs. The median for all cost values was (USD 2015) $10.90 (cost-effectiveness measures $115.88; unit costs $4.15). Regression analysis indicated that cost effective measures were lower in Africa than other continents. -
Isolation of Cryptococcus Neoformans and Other Opportunistic Fungi from Pigeon Droppings Rticle Maryam Soltani, Mansour Bayat, Seyed J
Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings RTICLE Maryam Soltani, Mansour Bayat, Seyed J. Hashemi1, Mohammadali Zia2, Nader Pestechian3 A Department of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch,1Department of Medical Mycology, School of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 2Department of Basic Sciences, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, 3Department of Mycology and Parasitolog, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Background: Invasive fungal infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Pigeon droppings could especially be a potential carrier in the spread of pathogenic yeasts and mold fungi into the environment. The objective of this RIGINAL study was to isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty samples of pigeon droppings were suspended 1:10 in saline solution and then cultured. Identification of C. neoformans O was performed on bird seed agar, presence of a capsule on India ink preparation, urease production on urea agar medium and RapID yeast plus system. The identification of candida species was based on micro‑morphological analysis on corn meal‑Tween 80 agar, RapID yeast plus system and growth in CHROMagar candida. The identification of other fungi was based on macromorphologic, microscopic, biochemical and physiological characteristics. Results: The highest frequency of yeasts and mold fungi were observed in Candida albicans 6.6% and Penicillium spp. 25%. The frequency rate of C. neoformans isolation was 2.5%. Conclusion: Several types of fungi are present in pigeon droppings that can spread in environment and transmit to children and elderly as well as immunocompromised patients who are at increased risk of contracting opportunistic diseases. -
Davis Overview of Fungi and Diseases 2014
JHH ID Tutorials Dr Josh Davis December 2014 MYCOLOGY OVERVIEW 1. OVERVIEW. It is estimated that there are 1.5 million extant species of fungi on Earth, of which 60,000 have been described/named; of these only approximately 400 species have ever been described to cause disease in humans and only approximately 20 do so with any frequency. Many others are plant pathogens or symbionts. At least 13,500 fungal species form lichens, symbiotic partnerships between fungi (usually ascomycota) and photosynthetic microbes (eg. algae, cyanobacteria). 2. CLASSIFICATION. There are several confusing/overlapping classifications systems for fungi. 2.1 Biological Kingdom FUNGI; Phyla: 2.1.1 Phylum Zygomycota – Agents of zygomycosis, “mucormycosis”. Most primitive fungi. Broad, ribbon-like hyphae, no septae. Generally grow fast on agar (“lid-lifters”). 2.1.1.1 Order Mucorales – eg. Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Saskanaea, Cuninghamella 2.1.1.2 Order Entomophthorales – Basidiobolus, Canidiobolus 2.1.2 Phylum Basidiomycota – Mushrooms, jelly fungi, smuts, rusts, stinkhorns . and the teleomorph of cryptococcus! 2.1.3 Phylum Ascomycota – e.g. Pseudoallescheria, Curvularia, Saccharomyces. 2.1.4 Phylum Deuteromycota, or Fungi Imperfecti. Not a true phylum. Contains asexual (“imperfect”) forms of fungi (anamorphs), most of which have not had a sexual form described. Most human pathogens are in this group – eg: Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Scedosporium, Alternaria, Trichophyton, Cladosporium etc. etc. 1. Sporotrix at 37 and 25 degrees; 2. Aspergillus fumigatus, niger, terreus, flavus (L to R); 3. Candida albicans 2.2 Morphological 2.2.1 Broad classification - Yeasts, Moulds and Dimorphic Fungi 2.2.1.1 Yeasts are single-celled organisms which reproduce by budding and grow as smooth colonies on agar. -
Treatment of Systemic Mycoses in Patients with AIDS
Archives of Medical Research Volume 24. No. 4, pp. 403-412,1993 Printed in Mexico Treatment of Systemic Mycoses in Patients with AIDS JOHN R. GRAYBILL Infectious Diseases Section, Audit Murphy \’A Hospital, San Antonio, Texas, USA Abstract Far and away the most common funga! infection also be effective. For histoplasmosis itraconazole associated with HIV infection is candidiasis. This appears to be the most advantageous drug, with tends to produce mucosal topical infections and excellent clinical response within 2 weeks. A role for local treatment may be enough to control them. fluconazole is unclear. Coccidioidomycosis is Generally we prefer courses of 1-2 weeks rather uncommon, but difficult. I cannot offer any than chronic suppression, for fear of eliciting suggestions on “ideal” therapy here. Other diseases, overgrowth of resistant isolates. Fluconazole such as aspergillosis, are extremely uncommon but resistant Candida species may be an increasing still are AIDS associated mycoses. It is my personal problem over the next decade. For cryptococcoses fear that as we go along identifying the AIDS virus the problem is both simpler and more complicated. and its complications, aspergillosis and zygomycosis Fluconazole is highly effective for chronic may establish themselves as the future “black hats” suppression, but not very effective for initial therapy. for which we will need to pull something out of the Here a short course of amphotericin B, just 2 weeks “ box”. What to pull is not very clear. (Arch Med Res in length, is followed by chronic azole suppression. 1993; 24:403) Fluconazole appears excellent, butitraconazole may KEY WORDS: Systemic mycoses; AIDS; Treatments. -
Quantitation of Cytomegalovirus: Methodologic Aspects and Clinical Applications
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, July 1998, p. 533–554 Vol. 11, No. 3 0893-8512/98/$04.0010 Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Quantitation of Cytomegalovirus: Methodologic Aspects and Clinical Applications 1 2 MICHAEL BOECKH * AND GUY BOIVIN Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington,1 and Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite´ Laval, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................534 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CMV DISSEMINATION ...........................................................................................534 METHODS FOR CMV QUANTIFICATION..........................................................................................................534 Quantitative Viral Cultures...................................................................................................................................535 Principle and assay characteristics..................................................................................................................535 Assay performance..............................................................................................................................................535 Reproducibility and test accuracy ....................................................................................................................535 Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................535 -
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis Due to Fungi Other Than Aspergillus: a Global Overview
http://informahealthcare.com/mcb ISSN: 1040-841X (print), 1549-7828 (electronic) Crit Rev Microbiol, Early Online: 1–19 ! 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. DOI: 10.3109/1040841X.2012.754401 REVIEW ARTICLE Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to fungi other than Aspergillus: a global overview Anuradha Chowdhary1, Kshitij Agarwal2, Shallu Kathuria1, Shailendra Nath Gaur2, Harbans Singh Randhawa1, and Jacques F. Meis3,4 1Department of Medical Mycology, and 2Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Delhi, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India, 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and 4Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Abstract Keywords Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is a hypersensitivity-mediated disease of world- Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, Candida wide distribution. We reviewed 143 reported global cases of ABPM due to fungi other than albicans, India, moulds, yeasts aspergilli. The commonest etiologic agent was Candida albicans, reported in 60% of the cases, followed by Bipolaris species (13%), Schizophyllum commune (11%), Curvularia species (8%), History Pseudallescheria boydii species complex (3%) and rarely, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium vasinfectum, Penicillium species, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Stemphylium languinosum, Received 5 October 2012 Rhizopus oryzae, C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichosporon beigelii. India accounted Revised 21 November 2012 for about 47% of the globally reported cases of ABPM, attributed predominantly to C. albicans, Accepted 27 November 2012 followed by Japan (16%) where S. commune predominates, and the remaining one-third from Published online 5 February 2013 the USA, Australia and Europe. Notably, bronchial asthma was present in only 32% of ABPM cases whereas its association with development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is known to be much more frequent. -
Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases, Fungal Virulence and Drug Discovery
Journal of Fungi Review Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases, Fungal Virulence and Drug Discovery Cecilia Li 1, Sophie Lev 1, Adolfo Saiardi 2, Desmarini Desmarini 1, Tania C. Sorrell 1,3,4 and Julianne T. Djordjevic 1,3,4,* 1 Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (T.C.S.) 2 Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; [email protected] 3 Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia 4 Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-8627-3420 Academic Editor: Maurizio Del Poeta Received: 22 July 2016; Accepted: 30 August 2016; Published: 6 September 2016 Abstract: Opportunistic fungi are a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Developing new treatments to combat invasive fungal disease is challenging given that fungal and mammalian host cells are eukaryotic, with similar organization and physiology. Even therapies targeting unique fungal cell features have limitations and drug resistance is emerging. New approaches to the development of antifungal drugs are therefore needed urgently. Cryptococcus neoformans, the commonest cause of fungal meningitis worldwide, is an accepted model for studying fungal pathogenicity and driving drug discovery. We recently characterized a phospholipase C (Plc1)-dependent pathway in C. neoformans comprising of sequentially-acting inositol polyphosphate kinases (IPK), which are involved in synthesizing inositol polyphosphates (IP). -
Micologia Médica
Tópicos em Micologia Médica Jeferson Carvalhaes de Oliveira 4ª. Edição OLIVEIRA, Jeferson Carvalhaes de TÓPICOS em MICOLOGIA MÉDICA Rio de Janeiro 2014 Capa: Exame direto de tecido contrastado com nanquim. Criptococose, 400x Diagramação e ilustração da 1ª. Edição: Carla Vieira da Costa Revisão da 1ª. Edição: Maria Tereza Mateus Raush Apoio: Control-Lab FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA: ______________________________________________________________________________ OLIVEIRA, Jeferson Carvalhaes de. Tópicos em Micologia Médica / Jeferson Carvalhaes de Oliveira – Rio de Janeiro; 2014. 230 págs,; il. col. ISBN 85-900986-1-3 Inclui Bibliografia. 1. Tópicos em Micologia I. Título PREFÁCIO Muito honrado com o convite de nosso querido colega Prof. Jeferson Cavalhaes para que escrevesse algumas linhas sobre o Prof. Jaime de Azevedo Carneiro, um dos grandes expoentes da Micologia Médica, me chega- ram recordações dos contatos diários que mantínhamos na antiga Faculdade Nacional de Medicina, na Praia Vermelha. O nosso Prof. Jeferson Carvalhaes, hoje, doutorando do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, era, então, na época, aluno monitor da disciplina de Parasitologia, quando escolheu, para sua atuação específica, o setor de Micologia che- fiado pelo Prof. Jaime Carneiro, homem com características humanas especiais, do qual se tornou discípulo e amigo. Jaime Carneiro culminou sua carreira universitária como Professor Titular na Universidade Federal Flumi- nense, ocupando também a chefia do laboratório de Micologia do Hospital Pedro Ernesto da UERJ. Notabili- zou-se, ainda, pela vasta colaboração científica em trabalhos referentes à patologia dos fungos. O Prof. Jaime Carneiro, por sua simplicidade, espírito crítico e expressiva atividade participativa, atraía com habilidade própria, peculiar aos homens da ciência, jovens alunos, educando pelo exemplo de dignidade e seriedade científica um grande número de estudantes que, após um período de aprendizado, passavam a ser discípulos em convivência familiar. -
WO 2013/038197 Al 21 March 2013 (21.03.2013) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/038197 Al 21 March 2013 (21.03.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: Geir [NO/NO]; Bj0rndalen 81, N-7072 Heimdal (NO). A01N 43/16 (2006.01) A01N 43/653 (2006.01) MYRVOLD, Rolf [NO/NO]; 0vre Gjellum vei 28, N- A61K 31/734 (2006.01) A01P 3/00 (2006.01) 1389 Heggedal (NO). A01N 43/90 (2006.01) (74) Agent: DEHNS; St Bride's House, 10 Salisbury Square, (21) International Application Number: London EC4Y 8JD (GB). PCT/GB20 12/052274 (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (22) International Filing Date kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, 14 September 2012 (14.09.2012) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, (25) English Filing Language: DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (26) Publication Language: English HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, (30) Priority Data: ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, 1116010.8 15 September 201 1 (15.09.201 1) GB NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): AL- RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, GIPHARMA AS [NO/NO]; Industriveien 33, N-1337 TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, Sandvika (NO).