Lennette’s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections NFECT I OUS I SEASE Fourth Edition Fourth I D Edition AN D THERAPY SER I ES About the book Volume 50 • Written from the perspective of the diagnostician, this bestselling book is the definitive text on the laboratory diagnosis of human viral diseases. • Contains a wealth of illustrations, tables, and algorithms to enhance your understanding of Viral Infections Viral of Lennette’s Lennette’s of this ever-evolving field. • A ready reference source for virologists, microbiologists, epidemiologists, laboratorians, infectious disease specialists and students. Laboratory Unique features • Has a new syndromic approach and discusses the differential diagnosis of potential causative agents along with suggestions for the appropriate diagnostic response. Diagnosis of • Examines the field’s rapid changes in technology, the continuing emergence of new viruses, and the newly described viral etiologies for clinical syndromes. Laboratory Diagnosis • Explores the increasingly important subject of molecular techniques in detail, covering the design of molecular tests, the importance of genotyping and viral Viral Infections sequence analysis, and the use of microarrays in diagnostic virology. Reviews of previous editions Fourth Edition a worthy addition to the bookshelves of the specialised virus laboratory as it contains a wealth of information not readily available elsewhere. The Journal of Clinical Pathology a comprehensive and valuable addition to any medical library. It will appeal to all students of virology, medical microbiology and infectious diseases. The information is set out in a user-friendly fashion and allows the reader to obtain pertinent information without being deluged with too many data [...] recommend[ed] highly. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy About the editor KEITH R. JEROME is Director, Diagnostic Molecular Virology, University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. He received his MD and PhD degrees from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Dr. Jerome is the author or co-author of more than 53 manuscripts and 4 book chapters. He is an Associate Editor of Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease and is on the Editorial Advisory board of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Jerome is recognised internationally for his research and has won many awards for his work, including the American Herpes Foundation Research Award and the National Foundation for Infectious Disease Young Investigator Award. Jerome H8495 Telephone House, 69-77 Paul Street, London EC2A 4LQ, UK Edited by 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA www.informahealthcare.com Keith R. Jerome IHBK053-FM IHBK053-Jerome February 11, 2010 10:6 Char Count= Lennette’s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections IHBK053-FM IHBK053-Jerome February 11, 2010 10:6 Char Count= INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND THERAPY Series Editor Burke A. Cunha Winthrop-University Hospital Mineola, New York and State University of New York School of Medicine Stony Brook, New York 1. Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, edited by Peter D. Walter and Robert M. Genta 2. Nucleic Acid and Monoclonal Antibody Probes: Applications in Diagnostic Methodology, edited by Bala Swaminathan and Gyan Prakash 3. Opportunistic Infections in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, edited by Gifford Leoung and John Mills 4. Acyclovir Therapy for Herpesvirus Infections, edited by David A. Baker 5. The New Generation of Quinolones, edited by Clifford Siporin, Carl L. Heifetz, and John M. Domagala 6. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical Management and Laboratory Aspects, edited by Mary T. Cafferkey 7. Hepatitis B Vaccines in Clinical Practice, edited by Ronald W. Ellis 8. The New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins: Pharmacology and Clinical Applications, edited by Harold C. Neu, Lowell S. Young, and Stephen H. Zinner 9. Antimicrobial Therapy in the Elderly Patient, edited by Thomas T. Yoshikawa and Dean C. Norman 10. Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Albert Z. Kapikian 11. Development and Clinical Uses of Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccines, edited by Ronald W. Ellis and Dan M. Cranoff 12. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections and Treatment, edited by Aldona L. Battch and Raymond P. Smith 13. Herpesvirus Infections, edited by Ronald Glaser and James F. Jones 14. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, edited by Stephen E. Straus 15. Immunotherapy of Infections, edited by K. Noel Masihi 16. Diagnosis and Management of Bone Infections, edited by Luis E. Jauregui 17. Drug Transport in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy, edited by Nafsika H. Georgopapadakou 18. New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins in Clinical Practice, edited by Harold C. Neu, Lowell S. Young, Stephen H. Zinner, and Jacques F. Acar 19. Novel Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Sepsis, edited by David C. Morrison and John L. Ryan 20. Catheter-Related Infections, edited by Harald Seifert, Bernd Jansen, and Barry M. Farr 21. Expanding Indications for the New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins, edited try Stephen H. Zinner, Lowell S. Young, Jacques F. Acar, and Harold C. Neu 22. Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine, edited by Burke A. Cunha IHBK053-FM IHBK053-Jerome February 11, 2010 10:6 Char Count= 23. New Considerations for Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins, and Ketolides, edited by Stephen H. Zinner, Lowell S. Young, Jacques F. Acar, and Carmen Ortiz-Neu 24. Tickborne Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management, edited by Burke A. Cunha 25. Protease Inhibitors in AIDS Therapy, edited by Richard C. Ogden and Charles W. Flexner 26. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections, edited by Nevio Cimolai 27. Chemokine Receptors and AIDS, edited by Thomas R. O’Brien 28. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, edited by Charles H. Nightingale, Takeo Murakawa, and Paul G. Ambrose 29. Pediatric Anaerobic Infections: Diagnosis and Management, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Itzhak Brook 30. Viral Infections and Treatment, edited by Helga Ruebsamen-Waigmann, Karl Deres, Guy Hewlett, and Reinhotd Welker 31. Community-Aquired Respiratory Infections, edited by Charles H. Nightingale, Paul G. Ambrose, and Thomas M. File 32. Catheter-Related Infections: Second Edition, edited by Harald Seifert, Bernd Jansen, and Barry Farr 33. Antibiotic Optimization: Concepts and Strategies in Clinical Practice (PBK), edited by Robert C. Owens, Jr., Charles H. Nightingale, and Paul G. Ambrose 34. Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, edited by John R. Wingard and Elias J. Anaissie 35. Sinusitis: From Microbiology To Management, edited by Itzhak Brook 36. Herpes Simplex Viruses, edited by Marie Studahl, Paola Cinque and Toms Bergstrom¨ 37. Antiviral Agents, Vaccines, and Immunotherapies, Stephen K. Tyring 38. Epstein-Barr Virus, edited by Alex Tselis and Hal B. Jenson 39. Infection Management for Geriatrics in Long-Term Care Facilities, Second Edition, edited by Thomas T. Yoshikawa and Joseph G. Ouslander 40. Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine, Second Edition, editedbyBurkeA. Cunha 41. Infective Endocarditis: Management in the Era of Intravascular Devices, edited by John L. Brusch 42. Fever of Unknown Origin, edited by Burke A. Cunha 43. Rickettsial Diseases, edited by Didier Raoult and Philippe Parola 44. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, Second Edition, edited by Charles H. Nightingale, Paul G. Ambrose, George L. Drusano, and Takeo Murakawa 45. Clinical Handbook of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Third Edition, Russell W. Steele 46. Anaerobic Infections: Diagnosis and Management, Itzhak Brook 47. Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, edited by Johan A. Maertens and Kieren A. Marr 48. Antimicrobial Resistance: Problem Pathogens and Clinical Countermeasures, edited by Robert C. Owens, Jr. and Ebbing Lautenbach 49. Lyme Borreliosis in Europe and North America, edited by, Sunil Sood 50. Lennette’s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections, Fourth Edition, edited by Keith R. Jerome IHBK053-FM IHBK053-Jerome February 11, 2010 10:6 Char Count= IHBK053-FM IHBK053-Jerome February 11, 2010 10:6 Char Count= Lennette’s Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections Fourth Edition Edited by Keith R. Jerome University of Washington Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. IHBK053-FM IHBK053-Jerome February 11, 2010 10:6 Char Count= Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 C 2010 by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. Informa Healthcare is an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-8495-X (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-8495-5 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequence of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information