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Sömürgecilik Tarihi SÖMÜRGECİLİK TARİHİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI DOÇ. DR. METİN ÜNVER İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI SÖMÜRGECİLİK TARİHİ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Metin Ünver Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖN SÖZ Sömürgecilik, geçmişi aslında antik çağlara uzanan bir tarihi vakıadır. Bu ise konuyu gerçekten bir dersin sınırları içinde ele alınması zor bir hale sokmaktadır. Dolayısıyla elinizdeki ders materyalinin konusu modern sömürgecilikle sınırlıdır. Şüphesiz modern sömürgecilik coğrafî keşiflerin bir ürünüdür. 19. yüzyılda neo-colonialism kalıbına girse de birçok geçmiş özellikleri devam etmiştir. Bununla birlikte I. Dünya savaşı sömürgecilik mücadelesinin patlama noktasıdır. Bu dersin sınırları şimdilik I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başladığı 1914 yılına kadar getirildi. Bundan sonraki süreç ve sömürgeciliğin girdiği yol farklı değerlendirmelerin konusu olabileceğinden daha çok sömürgeciliğin ne olduğu, nasıl geliştiği ve yöntemleri üzerinde durularak konunun daha iyi anlaşılmasına gayret olundu. Bütün bu altyapı elbette I. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasındaki sürecin anlaşılmasında büyük fayda sağlayacak ve kişinin kendi bilgisini ilerlete bileceği bir alt yapı sunacaktır. Ele alınan dönemin bir başka sıkıntısı coğrafî olarak oldukça geniş bir sahanın mevzubahis olmasıydı. Bu nedenle bazı tasarruflara gidilerek, sömürgecilik uygulamalarının izlerini bugün dahi yaşayan bölgeler ve ülkelere daha fazla yer ayrıldı. Bu yapılırken tarihin pragmatik, bugün için fayda getirecek bilgi sunma yönü göz önünde bulunduruldu. Son olarak elbette elinizdeki bu ders materyali sömürgecilik tarihini geçmişten bugüne getirip, ortaya koyma iddiasında değildir. Yapılmaya çalışılan olayların gelişimi açısından oynadığı rol, genel gidişata ve sonucu etkileri bakıından önemli görülen konuların bir bütünlük içerisinde sunulmasıdır. Bu nedenlerle belli konularda veya coğrafî bölgeler üzerinde fazla durulmamış olabilir. Bu bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilebileceği gibi ehem mühim meselesi olarak görülmesi tercih edilir. Çalışmanın hazırlanmasında birçok değerli kişinin yardım ve katkısını gördüm. Hemen belirtmek gerekir ki notlarda karşılaşılacak her türlü eksik ve hata şahsıma aittir. Dr. Hüseyin Sarıkaya, Doktora öğrencimiz Yavuz Bülbül, Yüksek Lisasn öğrencilerimiz Semih Sefer, Eyüp Atabay ve İbrahim Coşkun gerek ilgili materyalin toplanmasında gerek meseleler üzerindeki değerlendirmeleriyle gerçek bir alicenaplık göstermişlerdir. Kendilerine çok teşekkür ederim. Bunun yanında bütün çalışmalarım sırasında gösterdiği maddi ve manevî destekle gerçek bir fedakârlık örneği ortaya koyan eşim Dr. Tülay Aydın’a gösterdiği sabır ve sağladığı huzurlu ortam için sonsuz teşekkür ediyorum. I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖN SÖZ ....................................................................................................................................... I KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................................... X YAZAR NOTU ........................................................................................................................ XI 1. SÖMÜRGECİLİĞİN TANIMI, ORTAYA ÇIKMASI, GELİŞME SÜRECİ VE TEMEL KAVRAMLAR .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Sömürgecilik Nedir? ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Sömürgeciliğin Ortaya Çıktığı Şartlar ve Sebepleri ............................................................ 7 1.3. Yeni Sömürgecilik (Neo-Colonialism) ve Emperyalizm .................................................. 10 1.4. Sömürgeciliğin Temel Bileşenleri ve Sembolleri ............................................................. 12 1.4.1. Hristiyanlığın Yayılması ve Misyonerlik ....................................................................... 16 1.4.2. Kölelik ............................................................................................................................ 17 2. İLK SÖMÜRGECİLER: PORTEKİZ VE İSPANYA ......................................................... 25 2.1. Portekiz Sömürgeciliği ...................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1. Portekiz Sömürge İmparatorluğu’nun Doğuşu .............................................................. 30 2.1.2. Portekiz Sömürge İmparatorluğu’nun Zirve Noktası ..................................................... 32 2.1.3. Asya’da Portekiz Sömürgeciliği ..................................................................................... 33 2.1.4. Güney Amerika’da Önemli Bir Portekiz Sömürgesi: Brezilya ...................................... 34 2.1.5. Portekiz Sömürgeciliğinin Gerilemesi ........................................................................... 36 2.1.6. İber Birliği Süresinde Portekiz Kolonilerinin İdaresi .................................................... 37 2.2. İspanya Sömürgeciliği ....................................................................................................... 37 2.2.1. İspanya Sömürgeciliğinin Başlangıcı ............................................................................. 37 2.2.2. Amerika Kıtası’nda İspanyol Sömürgecilik Faaliyetleri ................................................ 38 2.2.3. İspanya Sömürge İmparatorluğu’nun Zayıflaması ve Dağılması................................... 40 2.3. Sömürgeci İspanya ve Portekiz Arasında Rekabet ve İki Önemli Uzlaşma ..................... 41 2.3.1. Tordesillas Antlaşması (1494) ....................................................................................... 41 II 2.3.2. Zaragoza Antlaşması (1529) .......................................................................................... 42 2.4. Portekiz ve İspanyol Sömürgeciliği Karşısında Osmanlı Devleti ..................................... 43 3. SÖMÜRGECİLİĞİN YENİ OYUNCULARI: HOLLANDA, FRANSA VE İNGİLTERE 52 3.1. Hollanda Sömürgeciliği ..................................................................................................... 58 3.1.1. Hollanda Sömürgeciliğinin Başlaması ........................................................................... 58 3.1.2. Hollanda Sömürgeciliğinin Gelişmesi ve Kurumsallaşması .......................................... 58 3.1.3. Hollanda Sömürge İmparatorluğu’nun Gerilemesi ........................................................ 61 3.2. İngiltere Sömürgeciliği ...................................................................................................... 61 3.2.1. İngiltere Sömürgeciliğinin Başlaması ............................................................................ 61 3.2.2. Dünya’nın En Büyük Sömürge İmparatorluğu’na Doğru .............................................. 62 3.2.3. İngiltere’nin Yeni Sömürgecilik Anlayışı ...................................................................... 64 3.2.3.1. Boer Savaşı (1899-1902) ............................................................................................. 65 3.3. Fransa Sömürgeciliği ......................................................................................................... 67 3.4. Genel Hatlarıyla Sömürgeci Devletler Arasındaki Rekabet.............................................. 71 3.4.1. Hollanda-İngiltere Rekabeti ........................................................................................... 71 3.4.2. Sömürgeci Rekabet Açısından İspanyol Veraset Savaşı ................................................ 73 (1701-1714) .............................................................................................................................. 73 3.4.3. Sömürgeci Rekabet Açısından Avusturya Veraset Savaşları (1740-1748) .................... 74 3.4.4. İngiltere-Fransa Rekabeti’nde Dönüm Noktası: Yedi Yıl Savaşları (1756-1763) ......... 76 4. SÖMÜRGECİLİKTE ŞİRKETLERİN (KUMPANYALARIN) ROLÜ ............................. 84 4.1. Sömürgecilik Aracı Olarak Ticarî Şirketler ...................................................................... 89 4.2. Amerika’daki Şirketler ...................................................................................................... 89 4.3. Doğu ve Güneydoğu Asya’daki Kumpanyalar ................................................................. 92 4.3.1. İngiltere Doğu Hindistan Şirketi .................................................................................... 93 4.3.2. Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi ................................................................................... 95 III 4.3.2.1. Baharat Savaşları ......................................................................................................... 96 4.3.2.1.1. Bandalıların Katliamı ............................................................................................... 98 4.3.3. Fransız Doğu Hindistan Şirketi ...................................................................................... 99 4.4. Afrika’nın Sömürülmesinde İmtiyaz Şirketlerinin Rolü ................................................. 100 5. HİNDİSTAN: SÖMÜRGECİ İNGİLTERE’NİN VAZGEÇİLMEZİ ............................... 111 5.1. Sömürgecilik Başlarken Hindistan’ın Genel Durumu..................................................... 116 5.1.1. Babür İmparatorluğu’nun Çöküşü ...............................................................................
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