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Data Networks, IP and the Internet Data Networks, IP and the Internet Data Networks, IP and the Internet: Protocols, Design and Operation Martin P. Clark 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84856-1 Data Networks, IP and the Internet Protocols, Design and Operation Martin P. Clark Telecommunications Consultant, Germany Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clark, Martin P. Data networks, IP, and the Internet : networks, protocols, design, and operation / Martin P. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-470-84856-1 1. Computer networks. 2. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) 3. Internet. I. Title. TK5105.5 .C545 2003 004.6–dc21 2002191041 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84856-1 Typeset in 9.5/11pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. F¨ur Ruth, in Erinnerung an Wade in dessen Gesellschaft dieses Buch entstanden ist. Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Foreword xvii 1 The Internet, Email, Ebusiness and the Worldwide Web (www) 1 1.1 In the beginning — ARPANET 1 1.2 The emergence of layered protocols for data communication 2 1.3 SNA (systems network architecture) 3 1.4 DECnet 5 1.5 Other mainframe computer manufacturers 5 1.6 X.25 (ITU-T recommendation X.25) 5 1.7 DTE (data terminal equipment), DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), line interfaces and protocols 7 1.8 UNI (user-network interface), NNI (network-network interface) and INI (inter-network interface) 10 1.9 Open systems interconnection (OSI) 11 1.10 EDI (electronic data interchange) 17 1.11 CompuServe, prestel, minitel, BTx (Bildschirmtext) and teletex 18 1.12 The role of UNIX in the development of the Internet 20 1.13 The appearance of the PC (personal computer) 20 1.14 Local area networks (LANs) 20 1.15 LAN servers, bridges, gateways and routers 22 1.16 Why did IP win through as the standard for ‘open’ communication? 24 1.17 The development and documentation of IP (Internet protocol) and the Internet 24 1.18 Electronic mail and the domain name system (DNS) 24 1.19 html, WindowsNT and the Worldwide Web 26 1.20 Internet addresses and domain names 26 1.21 What are ISPs (Internet service providers) and IAPs (Internet access providers)? 27 1.22 The emergence of ebusiness 27 viii Contents 2 Fundamentals of Data Communication and Packet Switching 29 2.1 The binary code 29 2.2 Electrical or optical representation and storage of binary code numbers 30 2.3 Using the binary code to represent textual information 31 2.4 ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) 31 2.5 EBCDIC and extended forms of ASCII 34 2.6 Use of the binary code to convey graphical images 35 2.7 Decoding binary messages — the need for synchronisation and for avoiding errors 36 2.8 Digital transmission 37 2.9 Modulation of digital information over analogue media using a modem 38 2.10 Detection and demodulation — errors and eye patterns 44 2.11 Reducing errors — regeneration, error detection and correction 48 2.12 Synchronisation 51 2.13 Packet switching, protocols and statistical multiplexing 55 2.14 Symmetrical and asymmetrical communication: full duplex and all that! 60 2.15 Serial and parallel communication 62 2.16 The problem of long lines — the need to observe the maximum line length 62 3 Basic Data Networks and Protocols 67 3.1 The basic components of a data network 67 3.2 Layer 1 — physical layer interface: DTE/DCE, line interfaces and protocols 70 3.3 Layer 2 — data link layer 96 3.4 Layer 3 — network layer and network layer addresses 103 3.5 Layer 4 — transport layer protocol 111 3.6 Layers 5–7 — higher layer protocols 114 3.7 Protocol stacks and nested protocol control information (PCI) 117 3.8 Real networks and protocol stack representations 119 3.9 Protocol encapsulation 119 3.10 Control and management protocols 120 3.11 Propagation effects affecting protocol choice and network design and operation 122 4 Local Area Networks (LANs) 125 4.1 The different LAN topologies and standards 125 4.2 Ethernet (CSMA/CD; IEEE 802.3) 126 4.3 Ethernet LAN standards (IEEE 802.3 and 802.2) 128 4.4 Ethernet LAN datalink layer protocols — LLC and MAC 129 4.5 Ethernet physical layer — basic functions of the physical layer signalling (PLS) 135 4.6 Ethernet hubs (half duplex repeaters) 136 Contents ix 4.7 Alternative physical layers — ethernet, fast ethernet and gigabit ethernet 138 4.8 LAN segments and repeaters — extending the size of a single collision domain 142 4.9 LAN switches — extending coverage and managing traffic in LAN networks 145 4.10 Other types of LAN (token ring and token bus) 149 4.11 LAN operating software and LAN servers 156 4.12 Interconnection of LANs — bridges, switches, VLANs, routers and gateways 157 5 WANs, Routers and the Internet Protocol (IP) 165 5.1 WANs (wide area networks), routers, Internet protocol (IP) and IP addresses 165 5.2 Main functions of routers 167 5.3 Unicast, broadcast, multicast and anycast forwarding 172 5.4 Routing table format — static and dynamic routing 173 5.5 Routing table conventions 176 5.6 Simple IP routing control mechanisms: time-to-live (ttl) and hop limit fields 177 5.7 Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) 178 5.8 ICMP (Internet control message protocol) 184 5.9 Internet addressing (IPv4) 187 5.10 Differentiated services (Diffserv and DS field) 193 5.11 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) 198 5.12 ICMP for IPv6 204 5.13 IPv6 addressing 205 5.14 Multicasting 209 6 Routing Tables and Protocols 215 6.1 Routing tables: static and dynamic routing — a recap 215 6.2 Choosing the best route by comparing the routing distance or cost of the alternatives 216 6.3 Storage, updating and recalculation of the routing table and routing database 218 6.4 The accuracy and stability of routing tables 219 6.5 Representation of destinations in a routing table 222 6.6 Routing protocols and their associated algorithms and metrics 223 6.7 Distributing routing information around an internetwork 223 6.8 Distance vector and link state protocol routing methodologies 227 6.9 Initiating router protocols: neighbour discovery and the hello procedure 229 6.10 Routing protocols and their relationship with the Internet protocol (IP) 229 6.11 The different internetwork routing protocols — when to use them 230 6.12 RIP (routing information protocol) 232 6.13 OSPF (open shortest path first) 237 6.14 BGP4 (border gateway protocol version 4) 259 xContents 6.15 Problems associated with routing in source and destination local networks 266 6.16 Routing management issues 274 7 Transport Services and Protocols 277 7.1 Transport services and end-to-end communication between hosts 277 7.2 User datagram protocol (UDP) 282 7.3 Transmission control protocol (TCP) 283 7.4 Resource reservation protocol (RSVP) 299 7.5 MPLS (multiprotocol label switching) 305 8 IP Networks in Practice: Components, Backbone and Access 317 8.1 The components and hierarchy of an IP-based data network 317 8.2 The Internet, intranets, extranets and VPN 320 8.3 Network technologies typically used in IP-backbone networks 323 8.4 Access network technologies 332 8.5 Link establishment and control 338 8.6 Wireless technologies for Internet access 350 8.7 Host functionality and software for communication via IP 354 9 Managing the Network 357 9.1 Managing and configuring via the console port 357 9.2 Basic network management: alarms, commands, polling, events
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