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The Evolution of Packet Switching

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The Evolution of Packet Switching PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1978 1307 The Evolution of Packet Switching Absmct-Over the past decade data communications has been revolu- A question remains, however. Will dynamic-allocation tech- tionized by a rpdicplly new technologycalled packet switching. In niques like packet switching generally replace circuit switching 1968 virtunlly interactive data communiution networks were ck- all and other preallocation techniquesfor high-speed dataand cuit switched, the same as the telephone network. Circuit switching networks pdocate transmission bandwidth for an entire call or ses- voice communication? The history of packet switching so far sion. However, since interactive data WICoccurs in short bursts 90 indicates that further applications are inevitable. The follow- percentor more of this bandwidth is wasted.Thus, as digital elec- ing examination of the primarytechnological and economic tronics beume inexpensive enough, it became dramatidly more trade-offs involved in the growthof the packet switching com- cost-effective to completely &go communications networks, intro- ducing the concept of packet switching where the transmission band- munications industry should help to trace the development of width is dynamically allocated, permitting manyusers to share the same the technology toward these further applications. transmission Line previously required forone user. Packet switching has been so successful, not only in improving the economics of data EARLYHISTORY communications but in enhancing reliability and functional flexibility as well, that in 1978 virtualty all new data networksbeing built Packet switching technology was not really an invention, but throughout the wodd are based on packet switching. An open ques- areapplication of the basic dynamic-allocationtechniques tion at this time is how long wiU it take for voice communications to used for over a century by the mail, telegraph, and tom paper be revolutionized as well by packet switching technology. In order to tape switching systems. A packet switched network only al- better understand both the past and future evolution of this fast mov- locates bandwidth when a block of data is ready to be sent, ing technology, this paper examines in detail the history and trends of packet switching. and only enough for that one block to travel over one network link at atime. Depending on the nature of the datatraffic HERE HAVE ALWAYS been twofundamental and being transferred, .the packet-switching approach is 3-100 competing approaches tocommunications: pre-alloca- times more efficient than preallocation techniques in reducing tion and dynamic-allocation of transmission bandwidth. the wastage of available transmission bandwidth resources. To T do this,packet systems require both processing power and The telephone, telex, and TWX networks are circuit-switched systems, where a fixed bandwidth is preallocated for the dura- buffer storage resources at each switch in the network foreach tion of a call. Most radio usage also involves preallocation of packet sent. The resulting economic tradeoff is simple: if lines thespectrum, either permanently or for single call. On the are cheap, use circuitswitching; if computing is cheap, use other hand, message, telegraph, and mail systems have histori- packet switching. Although today this seems obvious, before cally operated by dynamically allocating bandwidths or space packet switching had been demonstrated technically and proven after a message is received, one link ata time, never attempting economical, the tradeoff was never recognized,let along to schedule bandwidth over the whole source-to-destination analyzed. path. Before the advent of computers, dynamic-allocation sys- In the early 196O’s, preallocation was so clearly the proven tems were necessarily limited to nonreal time communications, and accepted technique that no communications engineer ever since many manual sorting and routingdecisions were required seriously considered reverting to what was considered an obso- along the path of each message. However, the rapid advances lete technique, dynamic-allocation. Such techniques had been in computertechnology over the last two decades have not only proven both uneconomic and unresponsive 20-80 years pre- removed this limitation but have even made feasible dynamic- viously, so why reconsider them? The very fact that no great allocation communications systems that &e superior to technological breakthrough was required to implement packet preallocationsystems in connecttime, reliability, economy switching was another factor weighing against its acceptance andflexibility. This new communications technology, called by the engineering community. “packet switching,” divides the inputflow of information into What was required was the total reevaluation of the perfor- small segments, or packets, of data which move through the mance and economics of dynamic-allocation systems, and their network in a manner similar to thehandling of mail but at im- application to an entirely different task. Thus, it remained for mensely higherspeeds. Although the fmt packet-switching outsiders to the communications industry, computer profes- network was developed and tested less thanten years ago, sionals, to develop packet switching in response to a problem packet systems already offer substantial economic and perfor- for which they needed a better answer: communicating data to mance advantages over conventionalsystems. This has re- and from computers. sulted in rapid worldwide acceptance of packet switching for low-speed interactive datacommunications networks, both THE PIONEERS public and private. Rand The first published description of what we now call packet Manuscript received May 11,1978; revised May 22,1978. The author is with Telenet Communications Corporation, Washing switching was an 11-volume analysis, On Dism‘butedCom- ton, DC 20036. munications, prepared by Paul Baran of the Rand Corporation 0018-9219/78/1100-1307500.75 0 1978 IEEF. 1308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1978 in August 1964 [ 1I. This study was conducted for the Air work was providing an important distribution service within Force, and it proposed a fully distributed packetswitching sys- the laboratory [4], [ 51. This project, plus the strong con- tem to provide for alI military communications,data, and viction and continued effort by those at NPL (Davies, Barber, voice. The study also included a totally digital microwave sys- Scantlebury, Wilkinson, and Bartlett), did gradually have an temand integrated encryption capability. The Air Force’s effect on the U.K. and much of Europe. primary goal was to produce a totally survivable system that contained no critical central components. Not only was this goal achieved by Rand’s proposedpacket switching system, ARPA II but even the economicsprojected were superior,for both In January 1967, I joined ARPA and assumed the manage- voice anddata transmissions. Unfortunately,the Air Force ment of the computer research programs under its sponsor- took no follow-up action, and the report sat largely ignored ship. ARPA was sponsoring computer research at leading for many years until packet switching was rediscovered and ap- universities and research labs in the U.S. These projects and plied by others. their computers provided an ideal environment for a pilot net- work project; consequently, during 1967 the ARPANET was ARPA I planned to link these computers together. Also in the 1962-1 964 period, the Advanced Research Pro- The plan was published in June 1967. The design consisted jects Agency (ARPA), under the direction of J. C. R. Licklider of a packet switching network, using minicomputers at each (currentlyat M.I.T.), sponsoredand substantially furthered computer siteas the packet switches and interfacingdevice, in- the development of time-sharing computer systems.One of terconnected by leased lines. By coincidence, the first pub- Licklider’s strong interests was to link these time-shared com- lished document on the ARPANET was also presented at the puters together through a widespread computer network. Al- A.C.M. Symposium in Gatlinburg, TN, in October 1967 [61 though no actual work was done on the communication sys- along with the NPL plan. The major differences between the tem atthat time, the discussions andinterest Licklider designs were the porposed net linespeeds, with NPL suggesting spawned had an important motivating impact on the initiators 1.5 Mbit/s lines. The resulting discussions were one factor lead- of the two first actual network projects: Donald Davies and ing to the ARPANET using 50-kbitls lines, rather than the me. lower speed lines previously planned 171. As previously iridicated, the development of packet switch- During 1968, requesta for proposal was let forthe ing was primarily the result of identifyingthe need for a ARPANET packet switching equipment and the operation of, radicallynew communications system. Licklider’s strong in- the network. The RFP was awarded to Bolt Beranek and New- terest in andperception of theimportance of the problem man, Inc. (BBN) in Cambridge, MA, in January 1969. Signif- encouraged many people in the computer field to consider it icant aspects of the network’s internaloperation, such as seriously for the first time. It was ingood part due to this routing,flow control,software design, andnetwork control influence that Idecided, in November 1964,that computer were developed by a BBN team consisting of FrankHeart, networks were an important problem
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