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AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Nurgül SARAÇOĞLU PLUTARKHOS'un POLİTİKA PARANGELMATA ADLI ESERİ

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AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Nurgül SARAÇOĞLU PLUTARKHOS'un POLİTİKA PARANGELMATA ADLI ESERİ AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Nurgül SARAÇOĞLU PLUTARKHOS’UN POLİTİKA PARANGELMATA ADLI ESERİNDE DEVLET ADAMLARI Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2016 AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Nurgül SARAÇOĞLU PLUTARKHOS’UN POLİTİKA PARANGELMATA ADLI ESERİNDE DEVLET ADAMLARI Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nuray GÖKALP ÖZDİL Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2016 T.C. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğüne, Nurgül SARAÇOĞLU’nun bu çalışması, jürimiz tarafından Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Programı tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Başkan : Doç. Dr. Ferit BAZ (İmza) Üye (Danışmanı) : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nuray GÖKALP ÖZDİL (İmza) Üye : Prof. Dr. Mustafa ADAK (İmza) Tez Başlığı: Plutarkhos’un Politika Parangelmata Adlı Eserinde Devlet Adamları Onay: Yukarıdaki imzaların, adı geçen öğretim üyelerine ait olduğunu onaylarım. Tez Savunma Tarihi : 30/06/2016 Mezuniyet Tarihi : 14/07/2016 (İmza) Prof. Dr. Zekeriya KARADAVUT Müdür AKADEMİK BEYAN Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak sunduğum “Plutarkhos’un Politika Parangelmata Adlı Eserinde Devlet Adamları” adlı bu çalışmanın, akademik kural ve etik değerlere uygun bir biçimde tarafımca yazıldığını, yararlandığım bütün eserlerin kaynakçada gösterildiğini ve çalışma içerisinde bu eserlere atıf yapıldığını belirtir; bunu şerefimle doğrularım. Nurgül SARAÇOĞLU i İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .............................................................................................................. iii ÖZET..................................................................................................................................................... iv SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... v GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM POLİTİKA PARANGELMATA GENEL DEĞERLENDİRME İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ROMA İMPARATORLUĞU ALTINDA YAŞAMAK 2.1. Yazıtlar Aracılığıyla Roma İmparatorluğu ile İlişkiler ................................................ 9 2.2. Plutarkhos ve Aristides’in Roma’ya Bakış Açısı ..................................................... 18 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM PLUTARKHOS’TA ERDEM 3.1. Sofistlerde Erdem Anlayışı ........................................................................................ 20 3.2. Sokrates’in Erdem Anlayışı ....................................................................................... 20 3.3. Platon’un Erdem Anlayışı .......................................................................................... 21 3.4. Aristoteles’in Erdem Anlayışı ................................................................................... 21 3.5. Plutarkhos’un Erdem Anlayışı ................................................................................... 23 3.6. Erdem Unsurları ......................................................................................................... 23 3.6.1. Yiğitlik ................................................................................................................ 23 3.6.2. Ölçülülük ............................................................................................................ 24 3.6.3. Adalet ................................................................................................................. 25 3.6.4. Cömertlik ............................................................................................................ 25 3.6.5. Aklı Başındalık ................................................................................................... 26 3.6.6. Yüce Gönüllülük ................................................................................................ 26 3.7. Yazıtlar Aracılığı ile Erdem ....................................................................................... 27 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM HER TÜRLÜ GÖREVİ ÜSTLENMEK 4.1. Yazıtlar Aracılığı ile Memuriyet Üstlenenler ............................................................ 32 ii BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM PLUTARKHOS’TA EUERGESIA 5.1. Yazıtlar Aracılığı ile Euergesia ................................................................................. 49 ALTINCI BÖLÜM HALKIN HER TÜRLÜ İHTİYACINI KARŞILAMAK 6.1. Yazıtlar Aracılığı ile Halkın Sosyal Aktiviteleri ....................................................... 59 SONUÇ ................................................................................................................................................64 TESTIMONIA ...................................................................................................................................66 KAYNAKÇA VE KISALTMALAR ...........................................................................................135 INDICES ...........................................................................................................................................141 Ö Z G E Ç M İ Ş ..............................................................................................................................148 iii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ bkz. : bakınız çev. : çeviren İ. Ö. : İsa’dan önce İ. S. : İsa’dan sonra nr. : numara s. : sayfa vd. : ve devamı iv ÖZET Antik yazarların edebi eserlere ağırlık vermeleri nedeniyle günlük hayatta devlet adamlarının nasıl davrandıklarının cevabını bulmak zordur. Plutarkhos, Politika Parangelmata yani Devlet İdaresinin Ahlaki Kuralları adlı eserinde yönetimde söz sahibi olan elit kesimin nasıl davranması gerektiği, karakterinin nasıl olması gerektiği gibi soruların cevabını vermiştir. Bunun için öncelikle bu eser Türkçe’ye çevrilerek bu kural–kriterlerin neler olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonrasında Politika Parangelmata ışığında, yaşadığımız bölge olan Lykia ve Pamphylia bölgelerindeki yazıtlar derlenerek incelenmiştir. Konu başlıklarına ayrılan eser, belirlenen yazıtlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Plutarkhos bu anlamda bize karşılaştırma olanağı sağlamıştır. Eser ayrıca Plutarkhos’un kendi yaşadığı dönemle ilgili bilgiler vermesi açısından da önem arzetmektedir. Yazıtlar aracılığıyla incelenen devlet adamları Plutarkhos’un yaşadığı dönemden seçildiği için Plutarkhos’un eseriyle paralellik göstermektedir. Çalışmanın sonunda Lykia ve Pamphylia bölgelerinde yönetimde söz sahibi olan devlet adamlarının Plutarkhos’un belirttiği niteliklere sahip oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Plutarkhos, Politika Parangelmata, Devlet Adamları, Lykia ve Pamphylia Bölgeleri v SUMMARY THE STATESMEN IN PLUTARCH’S WORK POLITIKA PARANGELMATA Because of their focus on the literary Works of ancient authors, it is difficult to find how statesmen behave in daily life. Plutarch, in his work Politika Parangelmata, gave the answers to questions such as how the elites who have a voice in government, should act and their characters should be. For his, firstly this work was translated into Turkish. Then these criterions were determined. In the light of Politika Parangelmata, the inscriptions in Lycian and Pamphylian regions where we live in, were examined. The work which was devoted to topics has been compared with the inscriptions. Plutarch has enabled us to compare. The work is important in terms of giving information about the period in which Plutarch lived. Examined statesmen were selected from the period in which he lived. It provides parallels with his work. At the end of the study, it was understood that the statemen who have a voice in government, in Lycian and Pamphylian regions had qualifications which Plutarkhos specified. Keywords: Plutarch, Politika Parangelmata, Statesmen, Lykian and Pamphylian regions. 1 GİRİŞ Plutarkhos, İ.S. 46 yılında Boiotia’nın Khaironeia kentinde doğmuştur. Plutarkhos varlıklı ve kültürlü bir aileden geldiği için iyi bir eğitim alma şansı bulmuştur.O zamanların önemli eğitim merkezlerinden Atina’da eğitim görmüştür. Orada çalışmaları sırasında, döneminin önde gelen filozoflarından Ammonius’un Akademisinde kendisinden ders almışve Platonik felsefeyi tanımıştır. Bunun için de öncelikle matematik dersi almıştır.1 Bir Roma eyaleti olan Yunanistan’ın başındaki Romalı vali, yetenekleriyle dikkat çeken Plutarkhos’u kendi kentinin temsilcisi olarak yanında görevlendirmiştir. Bu görevi nedeniyle Yunanistan, Anadolu, Mısır ve İtalya’yı gezme şansı bulmuştur. Roma’da dersler vermiş ve zamanının önemli kişileriyle tanışmıştır.Bunlar arasında, Roma vatandaşı olduğunda adını aldığı L. Mestrius Florus ve Paralel Yaşamlarve eserlerinin bazılarını adadığı Quintus Sosius Senecio da vardır. Mestrius Plutarkhos, Atina’daki öğreniminden, sayısız gezilerinden, elçilik görevlerinden sonra doğum yeri Khaironeia’ya dönmüş, yaşamının geri kalanını burada geçirmiştir.Plutarkhos, Delphi Pythia’da pek çok memuriyet üstlenmiştir.2 Sonunda, daimi iki din görevlisinden biri olmuştur.3 Birçok memuriyet üstlendiği için, yöneten kimsenin nasıl davranması gerektiği hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmuştur.Plutarkhos bütün yaşamıboyunca bir filozofun hayatının ve doktrinlerinin uyum içinde olması gerekliliğine inanmıştır.4 Plutarkhos, Politika Parangelmata yani Devlet İdaresinin Ahlaki Kuralları adlı eserinde, kendisinden kamu hayatıyla ilgili tavsiyeler isteyen genç bir adam olan Menemakhos’a hitap eder. Plutarkhos, farklı zamanlarda çeşitli devlet işlerinde bulunmuştur. Hatta hemşerileri tarafından çok saygı görmüş, diğerleri tarafından da bir rehber, bir filozof ve bir
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