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GLENN PEERS Subtle Bodies Representing Angels in Byzantium

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GLENN PEERS Subtle Bodies Representing Angels in Byzantium Subtle Bodies the transformation of the classical heritage Peter Brown,General Editor i Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity, by Sabine G. MacCormack ii Synesius of Cyrene: Philosopher-Bishop, by Jay Alan Bregman iii Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, by Kenneth G. Holum iv John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Fourth Century, by Robert L. Wilken v Biography in Late Antiquity: The Quest for the Holy Man, by Patricia Cox vi Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt, by Philip Rousseau vii Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, by A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein viii Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul, by Raymond Van Dam ix Homer the Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition, by Robert Lamberton x Procopius and the Sixth Century, by Averil Cameron xi Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity, by Robert A. Kaster xii Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East, a.d. 180–275, by Kenneth Harl xiii Holy Women of the Syrian Orient, introduced and translated by Sebastian P. Brock and Susan Ashbrook Harvey xiv Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection, by Carole Straw xv “Apex Omnium”: Religion in the “Res gestae” of Ammianus, by R.L. Rike xvi Dioscorus of Aphrodito: His Work and His World, by Leslie S.B. MacCoull xvii On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity, by Michele Renee Salzman xviii Asceticism and Society in Crisis: John of Ephesus and The Lives of the Eastern Saints, by Susan Ashbrook Harvey xix Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius, by Alan Cameron and Jacqueline Long, with a contribution by Lee Sherry xx Basil of Caesarea, by Philip Rousseau xxi In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The “Panegyrici Latini,” introduction, translation, and historical commentary by C.E. V. Nixon and Barbara Saylor Rodgers xxii Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital, by Neil B. McLynn xxiii Public Disputation, Power, and Social Order in Late Antiquity, by Richard Lim xxiv The Making of a Heretic: Gender, Authority, and the Priscillianist Controversy, by Virginia Burrus xxv Symeon the Holy Fool: Leontius’s Life and the Late Antique City, by Derek Krueger xxvi The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine, by Sabine MacCormack xxvii Paulinus of Nola: Life, Letters, and Poems, by Dennis E. Trout xxviii The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran, by Elizabeth Key Fowden xxix The Private Orations of Themistius, translated, annotated, and introduced by Robert J. Penella xxx The Memory of the Eyes: Pilgrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, by Georgia Frank xxxi Greek Biography and Panegyric in Late Antiquity, edited by Tomas Hägg and Philip Rousseau xxxii Subtle Bodies: Representing Angels in Byzantium, by Glenn Peers GLENN PEERS Subtle Bodies Representing Angels in Byzantium university of california press berkeley los angeles london University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2001 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peers, Glenn. Subtle bodies : representing angels in Byzantium / Glenn Peers. p. cm.—(The transformation of the classical heritage ; 32) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-520-22405-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Iconoclasm—Byzantine Empire—History. 2. Angels—Biblical teaching. 3. Angels in art. 4. Angels in literature. 5. Byzantine empire— Church history. 6. Orthodox Eastern Church— Byzantine Empire—History. 7. Church history— Middle Ages, 600–1500. I. Title. II. Series. BR238 .P39 2001 235′.3′088219—dc21 00-055165 Manufactured in the United States of America 9876543210 10987654 321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39 0.48–1992(R 1997) (Permanence of Paper) . contents list of illustrations ix acknowledgments xi abbreviations xiii introduction 1 one issues in representing angels 13 two arguments against images of angels 61 three representing angels: images and theory 89 four the veneration of angels and their images 126 five apprehending the archangel michael 157 conclusion 194 bibliography 209 index 231 illustrations 1. Icon of the Archangel Michael(?). 18 2. The Israelites at the Twelve Springs. 22 3. Sarigüzel sarcophagus. 25 4. Barberini Diptych. 27 5. Mosaic of the Seasons, detail of Personification of Spring, from Daphne near Antioch. 29 6. The Tomb of Christ, upper register—Soldiers Asleep at the Tomb; lower register—Marys and Angel at Tomb. 34 7. Philoxenia of Abraham, mosaic, S. Vitale, Ravenna. 39 8. Two winged men inscribed “EXOUÇIE” (“Powers”). 42 9. Angelic Powers, south side, Bema Mosaic (destroyed), Church of the Dormition, Iznik (formerly Nicaea). 44 10. Angelic Powers, north side, Bema Mosaic (destroyed), Church of the Dormition, Iznik (formerly Nicaea). 45 11. Icon of the Virgin and Child, flanked by Saints Theodore and George. 51 12. Archangel Gabriel, Mosaic, Bema arch, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 54 13. Virgin and Child, Apse Mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 55 14. Vision of Isaiah, The Christian Topography. 56 illustrations ix 15. Icon of the Miracle at Chonae. 57 16. Virgin and Child, Apse Mosaic (destroyed), Church of the Dormition, Iznik (formerly Nicaea). 83 17. René Magritte, The Treachery of Images. 123 18. Sanctuary of the Archangel Michael at Mt. Gargano. 168 19. Icon of the Archangel Michael. 199 x illustrations acknowledgments Since this book began its life as a doctoral dissertation, many people should be acknowledged for its conception. Most directly, Herbert Kessler is responsible for the good in this work: he was the exacting midwife for a diπcult birth. The help of friends and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University and at the Villa Spelman was invalu- able; I especially thank Ann van Dijk and Irene Kabala for their gen- erous friendship. The work I did at the doctoral level and since is founded on the training and support I received as an undergraduate, and I never travel far in my studies without silently expressing my gratitude to those teachers who set me on this path. I must single out especially A. Peter Booth (and the rest of the Department of Classics at Acadia University) and John E. Fisher of Wabash College as having pro- vided me with the desire and confidence to pursue this vocation. I must mention others more briefly but with thanks equally heart- felt: Charles Barber, Stéphane Beauroy, Anthony Bryer, Stephen Campbell, Mark Cheetham, Anthony Cutler and the other, anony- mous reader, Georgia Frank, David Jordan and the sta∂ of the Gen- nadius Library, Dirk Krausmüller, Derek Krueger, Nancy Œevccenko, Daniel Weiss and Susan Young. To Kate Toll at the University of acknowledgments xi California Press and Peter Brown, my debt is great. My thanks, too, to the editor of Byzantion, P. Yannopoulos, and to the editor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, J. Haldon, for allowing me to include here revised versions of the second half of chapter 4 and chapter 5. The University of Texas provided me with a Summer Re- search Assignment and funds to purchase photographs, and for this help I am grateful. Thanks to Tracy Chapman Hamilton for help with the index; my thanks to the Tommy and Sherry Jacks Fund for making this assistance possible. Finally, my wife, Cathy, and children, Max and Willah, gave the peace of mind necessary to complete this task; their love is my strength. My parents and my grandparents gave me more than I can express here: with full knowledge of how small it is against their gifts, I dedicate this work to them. xii acknowledgments abbreviations AASS Acta Sanctorum, 71 vols., Paris, 1863–1940. AB Analecta Bollandiana ArtB Art Bulletin B Byzantion BF Byzantinische Forschungen Blondel Macarii Magnetis quae supersunt ex inedito codice, ed. C. Blondel, Paris, 1876. BMGS Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies Bonnet M. Bonnet, Narratio de miraculo a Michaele Archangelo Chonis patrato, Paris, 1890. BS Byzantinoslavica BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift. CA Cahiers Archéologiques. Cameron, Averil Cameron, “The Language of Images: The “The Language Rise of Icons and Christian Representation,” in of Images” The Church and the Arts, Studies in Church History, vol. 25, ed. D. Wood, London, 1992, 1–42. abbreviations xiii DACL Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, ed. F. Cabrol and H. Leclercq, Paris, 1924–. DChAE Deltivon th~ Cristianikh~v ∆Arcaiologikhv~ ÔEtaireiva~. DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers. DTC Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, ed. A. Vacant and E. Magenot, Paris, 1899–1950. EEBS ÔEtaireiva~ Buzantinw'n Spoudw'n ÔEpethri>~. Fisher, Michaelis Michael Psellus, Oratio in Archangelum Pselli Orationes Michaelem, in Michaelis Pselli Orationes Hagiographicae Hagiographicae, ed. E.A. Fisher, Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1994, 230–56. GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte. Holl “Die Schriften des Epiphanius gegen die Bilderverehrung,” ed. K. Holl, Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 35.2(1916):828–68 [= K. Holl, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kirchengeschichte, Tübingen, 1928; rp. Darmstadt, 1964, II:351–87]. HTR Harvard Theological Review. JAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum. JöB Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik. JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies. JTS Journal of Theological Studies. Leanza S. Leanza, “Una versione greca inedita dell’Apparitio S. Michaelis in monte Gargano,” VetChr 22(1985):291–316. Mansi G.D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 53 vols. in 58 pts., Paris and Leipzig, 1901–1927. xiv abbreviations MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI-IX, Hannover, 1878. OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica. PG Patrologia cursus completus, Series graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne, 161 vols. in 166 pts., Paris, 1857–1866. Pitra J.B. Pitra, Spicilegio Solesmense complectens sanctorum patrum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum anecdota hactenus opera, 4 vols., Paris, 1852–1858.
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