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Biores 3 1 Downloadassingle NC STATE UNIVERSITY BioResources, a peer-reviewed journal College of Natural Resources devoted to the science of lignocellulosic Department of Wood and Paper Science materials, chemicals, and applications Campus Box 8005 Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 919.515.7707/919.513.3022 919.515.6302 (fax) B i o R e s o u r c e s Contents: Vol. 3, Issue 1, February 2008 Pawlak, J. J. (2008). "A sustainable economy," BioRes. 3(1), 1-2. Wang, H., Li, B., and Shi, B. (2008). "Preparation and surface acid-base properties of porous cellulose," BioRes. 3(1), 3-12. Malutan, T., Nicu, R., and Popa, V. I. (2008). "Contribution to the study of hydroxymethylation reaction of alkali lignin," BioRes. 3(1), 13-20. Zoia, L., Canevali, C., Orlandi, M., Tolppa, E.-L., Sipila, J., and Morazzoni, F., "Radical formation on TMP fibers and related lignin chemical changes," BioRes. 3(1), 21-33. Kontturi, E., Mitikka-Eklund, M., and Vuorinen, T. (2008). "Strength enhancement of a fiber network by carboxymethyl cellulose during oxygen delignification of kraft pulp," BioRes. 3(1), 34-45. Nada, A.-A. M. A., Alkady, M. Y., and Fekry, H. M. (2008). "Synthesis and characterization of grafted cellulose for use in water and metal ions sorption," BioRes. 3(1), 46-59. Ebringerová, A., Hromádková, Z., Košťálová, Z., and Sasinková, V. (2008). "Chemical valorization of agricultural by-products: Isolation and characterization of xylan-based antioxidants from almond shell biomass," BioRes. 3(1), 60-70. Hromádková, Z., Malovíková, A., Mozeš, Š., Sroková, I., and Ebringerová, A. (2008). "Hydrophobically modified pectates as novel functional polymers in food and non-food applications," BioRes. 3(1), 71-78. Heinze, T., Pfeifer, A., and Petzold, K. (2008). "Functionalization pattern of tert- butyldimethyl-silyl cellulose evaluated by NMR spectroscopy," BioRes. 3(1), 79-90. Csóka, L., Lorincz, A., and Winkler, A. (2008). "Sonochemically modified wheat straw for pulp and papermaking to increase its economical performance and reduce environmental issues," BioRes. 3(1), 91-97. Galgut, P. N. (2008). "Radiographic observations on the use of two different regeneration materials in a single subject: Case study," BioRes. 3(1), 98- 107. Talebnia, F., Pourbafrani, M., Lundin, M., and Taherzadeh, M. J. (2008). "Optimization study of citrus wastes saccharification by dilute-acid hydrolysis," BioRes. 3(1), 108-122. Montoneri, E., Boffa, V., Quagliotto, P., Mendichi, R., Chierotti, M. R., Gobetto, R., and Medana, C. (2008). "Humic acid-like matter isolated from green urban wastes. Part 1. Structure and surfactant properties," BioRes. 3(1), 123-141. Esteves, B. M., Domingos, I. J., and Pereira, H. M. (2008). "Pine wood modification by heat treatment in air," BioRes. 3(1), 142-154. NC STATE UNIVERSITY BioResources, a peer-reviewed journal College of Natural Resources devoted to the science of lignocellulosic Department of Wood and Paper Science materials, chemicals, and applications Campus Box 8005 Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 919.515.7707/919.513.3022 919.515.6302 (fax) Foulk, J. A., Akin, D. E., and Dodd, R. B. (2008). "Influence of pectinolytic enzymes on retting effectiveness and resultant fiber properties," BioRes. 3(1), 155-169. Ioelovich, M., and Leykin, A. (2008). "Structural investigations of various cotton fibers and cotton celluloses," BioRes. 3(1), 170-177. Mikkonen, K. S., Yadav, M. P., Cooke, P., Willför, S., Hicks, K. B., and Tenkanen, M. (2008). "Films from spruce galactogluccomannan blended with poly(vinyl alcohol), corn arabonoxylan, and konjac glucomannan," BioRes. 3(1), 178- 191. Subramanian, R., Kononov, A., Kang, T., Paltakari, J., and Paulapuro, H. (2008). "Structure and properties of some natural cellulosic fibrils," BioRes. 3(1), 192-203. McSweeny, J. D., Rowell, R. M., Chen, G. C., Eberhardt, T. L., and Min, S.-H. (2008). "Periodate and hypobromite modification of Southern Pine wood to improve sorption of copper ion," BioRes. 3(1), 204-216. Montoneri, E., Savarino, P., Bottigliengo, S., Musso, G., Boffa, V., Prevot, A. B., Fabri, D., and Pramauro, E. (2008). "Humic acid-like matter isolated from green urban wastes. Part II: Performance in chemical and environmental technologies," BioRes. 3(1), 217-233. Soni, R., Nazir, A., Chadha, B. S., and Saini, H. S. (2008). "Novel sources of fungal cellulases for efficient deinking of composite paper waste," BioRes. 3(1), 234-246. Chen, Y., Liu, Y.-F., and Tan, H.-M. (2008). "Preparation of macroporous cellulose-based superabsorbent polymer through the precipitation method," BioRes. 3(1), 247-254. Gonzalez, R. W., Saloni, D., Dasmohapatra, S., and Cubbage, F. (2008). "South America: Industrial roundwood supply potential," BioRes. 3(1), 255-269. Hu, G., Heitmann, J. A., and Rojas, O. J. (2008). "Feedstock pretreatment strategies for producing ethanol from wood, bark, and forest residues," BioRes. (3(1), 270-294. BioResources is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal devoted to the science of lignocellulosic materials, chemicals, and their applications. The journal is a service of North Carolina State University, College of Natural Resources (http://cnr.ncsu.edu). You can download PDF files without charge from http://www.bioresources.com, or http://ncsu.edu/bioresources, where you also can find Author instructions, journal policies, etc. Please direct correspondence to co-editors Martin A. Hubbe ([email protected], 919-513-3022) and Lucian A. Lucia ([email protected], 919-515-7707). EDITORIAL ncsu.edu/bioresources A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY Joel J. Pawlak There exists a direct correlation between improvements in standard of living and the consumption of resources. To be able to maintain the standard of living of a modern developed country, society must adapt to an economy based on sustainable processes, energy, and raw materials. The sustainable economy presents itself as a disruptive technology to the traditional economy, which is based largely on non-renewable resources. The issue seems to be more about when will we switch to a sustainable economy, rather than whether we will switch. Keywords: Sustainable, Disruptive Technology, Environment, Economic Growth Contact information: Department of Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA; mailto:[email protected] The continuing evolution of the environmental movement, which originated in the 1960s and 1970s, is leading us to a new understanding of what it will mean to achieve environmental compatibility. The evolving paradigm is simply called sustainability. It is not really a new concept, but it is a concept which industry is now beginning to embrace. In this editorial, I will discuss why the environmentalist can support sustainability, why industry can support sustainability, and why sustainability is a necessary condition for developed economies. This issue is closely linked to our bioresources, as they constitute a valuable source of sustainable raw materials. The idea of having a lower impact on the environment is an idea that nearly everyone can embrace. Conflicts embodied in the term “environmentalism” mainly arise when one finds that consumption needs to be curtailed to achieve environmental goals. In fact, nearly everything we consume ultimately becomes waste. On the planet Earth, for the most part, there is a constant amount of mass. We cannot create or destroy any significant amount of mass. Once a product is consumed, it will have a limited amount of “useful life” before it is rendered as waste. The “useful life” could just be a few short minutes, such as for a paper cup, or a few hundred years, as with a house. In the end, once something reaches the end of its useful days, it becomes waste. This means that as consumption increases, so does the amount of waste generated. While some elements in our society will reduce consumption for the sake of the environment, the vast majority of society constantly strives to improve its standard of living – this can be read as increasing consumption. In fact, the majority of the world strives to greatly elevate its standard of living. Thus, the simple solution to reducing environmental impact is to reduce consumption, which is not a realistic expectation. To improve the environmental performance of society, there is only one realistic solution. This solution is sustainability. In an ideal sense, sustainability could be simply defined as zero waste. This would mean that as something is consumed, it becomes the raw material for something else. This concept is not novel, but it has subtlety that insures Pawlak (2007). “A sustainable economy,” BioResources 3(1), 1-2. 1 EDITORIAL ncsu.edu/bioresources that our need for raw materials is perpetually satisfied. At some point in time, our non- renewable resources will limit our ability to expand the economy, and a transition to a sustainable economy will happen. Chances are, the transition, as it happens, will not be perceivable to most people. In all likelihood, we will transition to a sustainable economy due to economic pressures and not societal demands. The three phases of the traditional technology cycle are well known. Together, they constitute what is often called the technology S-curve. This description relates the performance of a technology as a function of the effort invested in the technology. Traditional technologies typically follow this kind of behavior - initial slow progress, followed by large gains in performance, and then an era of limited returns for efforts. I would suggest that sustainable technology is poised to be a disruptive technology. A disruptive technology is a technology that measures its value by a metric different than the existing technology. However, over time, the disruptive technology meets the performance of the existing technology, and then rapidly displaces the existing technology. Applying these concepts to traditional unsustainable technology, one can expect that when traditional technology’s performance erodes due to limited resources and rising raw materials costs, sustainable technologies will rapidly replace the existing technology. The threat of sustainable technology rapidly displacing existing technology is why industry should be interested in sustainability today.
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