DOCSLIB.ORG

Measurement of S and Na Distribution in Impregnated Wood Chip by XRF

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Measurement of S and Na Distribution in Impregnated Wood Chip by XRF Measurement of S and Na distribution in impregnated wood chip by XRF Hafizur Rahman1, Siwen An2, Börje Norlin3, Erik Persson4 and Per Engstrand5. Department of Chemical Engineering, FSCN1, 4, 5 & Department of Electronics, STC2, 3, Mid Sweden University, Sweden. Summary As there are increasing demands to replace plastics especially as packaging material with renewable, easy to recycle and compostable materials as those produced by paper industry, there is an increasing demand also to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of pulp and paper manufacturing systems. High yield pulping (HYP) processes, such as CTMP, are increasingly interesting for packaging material as well as manufacturing of hygiene paper. The yield from wood chips to final fiber is about 90%-98% and due to that, the lignin (28% of coniferous wood) plays a key role when designing properties of packing materials. A key unit operation when producing CTMP is the pre-treatment of wood chips before defibration. In order to separate the wood to individual fibers with a minimum amount of electricity it is necessary to soften the lignin. The lignin is softened by means of a combination of sulphonation at high pH and elevated temperatures in the preheater and in the refiner, where the fiber separation occurs. As the size of wood chips is normally about 20 mm in length, 3-4 mm in thickness at the same time the fiber size is 20-40 μm in width with 1.5-5 mm in length, it is challenging to create a process technology that gives an even distribution across the wood chips of the sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) containing liquid used for impregnation. In order to improve the impregnation technology, it is valuable to measure the sulphonation degree on a detailed level. Our XRF imaging system using a collimated X-Ray source and an energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy can make an image of sulphur (S) and sodium (Na) across wood chips or in individual fibers. Introduction Pulp production is based on chips and regardless of chemical pulping process (kraft or sulphite), or high- yield pulp (chemimechanical or semi-chemical pulp), the efficiency of the impregnation is crucial. Strategies to improve the impregnation have been developed as extended impregnation time for the kraft process as well as several other suggestions to solutions and it has always been very demanding to measure how well the suggested impregnation improvements are working [1-7]. Chip pre-treatment techniques utilizing the combinations of steaming combined with compressions screw treatment at elevated temperatures and lately modified chipping, maximizing the force in the fiber direction to open up the wood structure and increase the impregnation efficiency in the manufacture of chemical mechanical pulps [8-13]. Manufacturing of chemical pulp and chemical mechanical pulp (CTMP) is increasing significantly for packaging materials such as cardboard and as well as for other hygiene products. The decisive factor in developing the CTMP for middle layer in cardboard is to produce a fiber material that has the potential to contribute to a maximum bulk. The basic strategy for obtaining well-separated fibers at the minimum possible shives content is linked to the maximization of wood softening prior to defibration in the chip-refiner. The softening is accomplished 2- by sulfonating the lignin of the wood with sulphite (SO3 ) at high temperature (170-180°C) in preheating and refining. The challenge in both chemical and chemimechanical pulp manufacturing is to achieve even chemical distribution in the wood chips of sodium sulphide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the kraft process and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the CTMP process. In order to obtain homogeneous fiber properties, it is important to study the distribution of sulphur and sodium in wood chips and individual fibers. Specifically, in the case of wood chip impregnation for the manufacturing of CTMP and NSSC (Neutral Sulphite Semi Chemical), it is difficult to obtain even sulphonation of the wood i.e. that each wood fiber should get about the same degree of sulphonation that all fibers get about the same level of softening before being defibrated in the chip refiner. Probably the inner parts of the tiles get a significantly lower degree of sulphonation than the outer parts. The studies available are based on analyzing individual chips by microtome cut layers of about 100 μm and then determining the local sulphonation degree (sulfur content on washed samples) and impregnation efficiency (total wavelength on unwanted samples). Sulphur concentrations are then determined by processing of wood samples by means of Schöniger combustion, after which the samples are dissolved in acid, oxidized so that all sulphur is present 2- as sulphate (SO4 ) ions whose content is then determined by ion chromatography. The procedure is that samples of chips and fiber material with different properties can be taken at different times and controlled with the micro X-ray technology. There are a wide variety of analytical techniques used to obtain the elemental distribution map: X-ray absorption spectroscopy [14], Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy [15] and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) [16-19]. At Mid Sweden University research center STC (Sensible Things That Communicate), a laboratory-scale setup utilizing X-ray fluorescence has been built to simultaneously measure Ca (3.7 keV) mapping in the coating of paperboard and the transmission image from a Cu target (8.0 keV) that placed behind the paper. This study showed that modern miniature X-ray has the potential to contribute to a solution of how to study improved impregnation through high-resolution measurements of sulphur and sodium distribution. The aim of our work is to investigate whether direct X-ray fluorescence method or XRF transmission method can be used to obtain sulphur and sodium distribution in samples from a few millimeters to micrometer in size. The suggested method uses a collimated X-ray source and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The sample is scanned to make an image of the content of the substances of interest. A specific challenge in this case is that the low energy fluorescence photons from sulphur (2.3 keV) and sodium (1.0 keV) are easily absorbed in air, resulting in a poor signal-to noise ratio, thus helium atmosphere are needed. The technique we are developing can become useful in mills to improve and control process efficiency, product properties and to find solutions to process problems in future. In addition, a more even distribution of the sulphonation can reduce specific energy demand in chip refining at certain shive content. Material and Methods Micro X-ray technology including a collimated X-ray source and a spectroscopic detector can be used to make an element-mapping image of sulphur and sodium across wood chips or in individual fibres. The basic physics behind XRF is that when a material that has been excited by being bombarded with high-energy X-rays, it might eject of one or more electrons from the atom. The removal of an electron makes the electronic structure of the atom unstable, and electrons in higher orbitals "fall" into the lower orbital to fill the hole left behind. In falling, energy is released in the form of a photon, the energy of which is equal to the energy difference of the two orbitals involved. Thus, the material emits radiation, which has energy characteristic of the atoms present. The presence of elements of interest can be detected by measuring the emitted X-rays photons. In the XRF image method, the sample is scanned to make an image of the content of the substances of interest. The setup is shown in Figure 1. The X-ray tube, Moxtek X-ray source (5 kV to 60 kV, 12W) is used as the radiation source in this study. The typical focal spot size of the tube is approximately 400 μm, which needs to be collimated by a pinhole. In order to obtain the scanning image of the individual fiber, the focal spot size of the beamline should be less than 20 μm to obtain a high-resolution image. 100 nm is a big challenge, we are aiming 10 um pinhole so far.The measurement is done by spot-scan imaging using 2-dimensional precision translation stages, each one has a 25 mm travel distance (Thorlabs). For the transmission measurements, very thin samples are required, approximately 10 μm. The experiment can be done in a beamline where energy can be scanned over the absorption edges of the elements to be studied. The measurement setup has been simulated using MCNP (Monte Carlo N- Particle) [20] to validate the system setup and to select the correct, geometry, shielding, filtering and atmosphere for the measurement. A filter might also need to be added to the X-ray source to make it nearly monoenergetic and to avoid emission of photons with energies close to the expected fluorescence. Fig 1: Photograph of XRF measurement setup with a moveable Helium atmosphere Ti box. Results and Discussion The fluorescence radiation from lighter elements is of relatively low energy (long wavelength) and has low penetrating power, and is severely attenuated if the beam passes through the air. The helium, air and vacuum environment for measuring sodium and sulphur photons was modelled in MCNP. In this simulation, a 2 cm thickness of air totally absorb the Na signal and half absorb the S signal, resulting in a low signal in the XRF spectrum, as shown in Figure 2. The vacuum atmosphere removes the air absorption. This means in practice that most of the working parts of the instrument have to be located in a large vacuum chamber. The problems of maintaining moving parts in vacuum, pose major challenges for the design of the instrument.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fpl 2009 Zhu002.Pdf
    Chemical Engineering Science 64 (2009) 474 --485 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ces Specific surface to evaluate the efficiencies of milling and pretreatment of wood for ଁ enzymatic saccharification J.Y. Zhu a,c,∗, G.S. Wang b, X.J. Pan c, R. Gleisner a aUS Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA bTianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China cDepartment of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Sieving methods have been almost exclusively used for feedstock size-reduction characterization in the Received 9 April 2008 biomass refining literature. This study demonstrates a methodology to properly characterize specific sur- Received in revised form 19 September 2008 face of biomass substrates through two dimensional measurement of each fiber of the substrate using a Accepted 21 September 2008 wet imaging technique. The methodology provides more information than sieving methods about biomass Available online 15 October 2008 substrate. The measured dimensions of individual fibers were used to estimate the substrate external sur- Keywords: face based on a cylinder model. The substrate specific surface and mechanical milling energy consumption Specific surface were then correlated to enzymatic hydrolysis glucose yield. Results indicated that the developed method- Bioprocessing ology is effective in differentiating various size-reduction and chemical pretreatment processes in terms Enzymatic saccharification/hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose conversion efficiency and size-reduction energy consumption. Thermomechanical Feedstock processing disk milling (DM-I), exposing cellulose, is more effective than a high pressure thermomechanical disk Size reduction milling (DM-II), exposing lignin, in subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Printing and Converting Performance
    4. Printing and converting performance Paperboard converting 147 Clean edges and surfaces 155 Handling paperboard 158 Offset lithography 160 UV-offset 161 Waterless offset 162 Hybrid offset 162 Flexography 163 Screen printing 164 Digital printing 165 Gravure printing 166 Hot foil stamping 169 Embossing 171 Die-cutting & creasing 174 Lasercutting 178 Scoring 182 Creasabilty & foldability 186 Gluing 194 Binding in practice - the last link 199 Heat sealing 206 Packaging operation 203 Deep drawing 212 146 Reference Manual | IGGESUND PAPERBOARD Paperboard converting Paperboard converting Paperboard has the ability to achieve or exceed the same The increasing demands in the brand promotion process excellent image reproduction as for the best fine papers. for graphic design and the use of non-print surface enhance- Paperboard offers equal possibilities to achieve new, ment are creating innovative shapes and multi-sensory ex- challenging shapes as competing packaging materials. periences for the consumer or user who hand les the product. However, increasing demands on performance of the An understanding of the interaction between paper- material in various converting processes have become board properties and converting effi ciency is essential for evident when speeds in both printing processes and post- designers and converters, since the ultimate design of the press converting have increased. Additionally, the accept- product together with the choice of paperboard will impact ance level for impurities or slight deviations in quality in the on crucial conversion factors like printability, fl atness, and fi nal product has dropped noticeably as a result of both creasing/folding properties. Considering all the variables, end-user demands and the use of modern quality control it is probably true to say that consistency in the behaviour equipment in the various converting machines.
    [Show full text]
  • Services.Pdf
    852 Derwent Way Delta, British Columbia, Canada V3M 5R1 T: 604.526.4221 TF: 800.463.5700 F: 604.526.1898 E: [email protected] W: econotech.com the measure of quality Our History Our Mission Since its inception in 1972, Econotech Services has been recognized as a leading laboratory in pulp and paper Although industrial and testing technology has evolved since our company was formed, our mission has testing services. Within our facility, located just outside of Vancouver, we can perform a full range of analytical tests remained consistent. For over 40 years, our mission has been to provide our clients with independent and timely testing results that meet stringent quality standards. from specialized chemical analysis of pulp (wood and non-woods), pulping liquors and other process chemicals (smelt, ash, condensates, lime), to physical and optical testing of pulp or paper, species analysis, contamination Values identification (scale and plastics), as well as pulping and bleaching studies. Integrity. In all our business activities, integrity is at the core. We are honest and ethical in our interactions with employees, clients and vendors. Our Reputation Reliability. We value long-term relationships that are built through trust. We consistently deliver on Accurate, rapid and reliable results performed by professionals with extensive experience in industry specific our commitments and our clients know they can rely on us. methodologies and matrices has been key to our growth and longevity. We have a reputation for producing high quality results for our clients. We have earned this reputation by: Customer Service Excellence. We take pride in the quality of work we produce and the service we provide.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Technology Journal
    Paper Technology Journal News from the Divisions: CompactPulper – the new generation of Voith broke pulpers. The success story of Shandong Huatai Paper and Voith Paper keeps on rolling. Adolf Jass, Germany – complete production line for packaging papers. PrintFlex P – development of a new press fabric concept. Paper Culture: 17 Japanese Paper Blossoms Anew. Contents EDITORIAL Title page: Foreword 1 Traditional production Mixed Tropical Hardwood – of Japanese Paper. a minor and declining source of fibre for paper 2 NEWS FROM THE DIVISIONS Fiber Systems: CompactPulper – the new generation of Voith broke pulpers 7 Fiber Systems: Rejects and residue disposal from recycled fiber plants – Europe as the pioneer in rejects handling systems 10 Paper Machines: The success story of Shandong Huatai Paper and Voith Paper keeps on rolling 15 Finishing: China’s first Twister – automated paper roll wrapping par excellence 20 Trade fair and more... Voith Paper demonstrates its technological competence and close relationship with customers 23 Paper Machines: Kimberly PM 96 – position for lang-term competitiveness 26 Paper Machines: NipcoFlex and TissueFlex – Shoe press technology for the dewatering of all paper grades 28 Paper Machines: Hengfeng PM 12 – new quality benchmark for cigarette paper 32 Paper Machines: Adolf Jass Paper Mill, Schwarza, Germany – another complete production line for packaging papers 36 Paper Machines: Zülpich PM 6 – still one of the most productive paper machines for Testliner and Corrugating Medium 39 Finishing: Excellent threading
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Title (Use Style: Paper Title)
    Morphological characteristics of recovered fibres used in the production of corrugated board in Greece Recovered fibres Stergios Adamopoulos Elias Voulgaridis, Costas Passialis Department of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology Department of Forestry and Natural Environment TEI of Thessaly Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Karditsa, Greece Thessaloniki, Greece [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The structure of liners and flutings-medium recycled paper are generally associated with some degradation commonly used by the corrugated packaging industry in Greece of fibre properties or more fibre breakage relative to virgin were determined on the basis of compositional analysis and fibres, and use of recycled materials also introduces morphology of their fibres. Standard fibre analysis techniques contaminants [2]. One of the most important properties of and microscopy were employed to identify the fibre components packaging paper is its mechanical strength, which depends as regards their origin (softwood, hardwood, nonwood) and mostly on the length of the fibres it is composed [3]. Fibres are pulping methods, and to quantify them by using appropriate longer in virgin pulps (those coming from papers obtained weight factors. Morphological characteristics of fibres including from wood, i.e. not yet recycled). However, the high pressure fibre dimensions, fibre length classes, coarseness, curl, kink, fines on their demand - as well as the current economic and content, and fibrillation were assessed by a MorfiTrac device. As ecological restrictions in the use of forest based materials - has a result of the increasing share of recycled raw materials, the papers proved highly variable incorporating a large number of led to a situation in which very little quantity of virgin fibre wood and nonwood fibre types.
    [Show full text]
  • Fibrous Organic Residues
    id8340000 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES FROM EUCALYPTUS KRAFT PULP PRODUCTION Part 01: Fibrous organic residues Celso Foelkel www.celso-foelkel.com.br www.eucalyptus.com.br www.abtcp.org.br Sponsored by: June 2007 INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES FROM EUCALYPTUS KRAFT PULP PRODUCTION Part 01: Fibrous organic residues Celso Foelkel CONTENTS INTRODUCTION KRAFT COOKING REJECTS, DIGESTER KNOTS, UNCOOKED WOOD CHIPS OR REJECTS UNBLEACHED STOCK SCREENING SHIVES CASE STUDIES FOR DIGESTER KNOTS AND SCREENING SHIVES RE-PULPING SAWDUST FROM CHIP CLASSIFICATION COMPARATIVE QUALITY STUDIES OF KRAFT PULPS FROM DIGESTER REJECTS OR KNOTS, COARSE SAWDUST, PIN CHIPS AND NORMAL EUCALYPTUS CHIPS DIRTY BARK FROM THE WOOD PREPARATION AREA WOOD RESTS (LOGLETS, PALLETS, PACKAGINGS ETC) ORGANIC RESIDUES FROM GARDENING OPERATIONS (PRUNING OF TREES AND MOWING OF LAWNS) FINAL REMARKS LITERATURE REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR READING 2 INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES FROM EUCALYPTUS KRAFT PULP PRODUCTION Part 01: Fibrous organic residues Celso Foelkel www.celso-foelkel.com.br www.eucalyptus.com.br www.abtcp.org.br INTRODUCTION The eucalyptus wood, one of the most important raw material for the pulp and paper production process, consists of anatomic elements, the most abundant of which are the fibers. When fibers or fiber containing material are lost, valuable and scarce material is being lost and thrown away. In addition, costs also increase, since besides the raw material loss, there is a residue to handle, to transport and to dispose away. This residue is also called pollution. For this reason, generating fibrous solid wastes in pulp mills is a great ingenuousness, impacting on our costs and on nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Stock Prep Refining Introduction to Stock Prep Refining 2016 Edition
    Introduction to Stock Prep Refining Introduction to Stock Prep Refining 2016 Edition Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction . 3 2. Trees, Wood and Fiber . 4 3. Pulping for Paper & Paperboard Manufacturing . 8 4. Structure of Paper & Role of Refining . 11 5. Pulp Quality Measurements . 14 6. Paper Quality Measurements . 17 7. Theory of Refining: i) Qualitative Analysis . 20 ii) Quantitative Analysis . 23 8. Refiner Plate Selection: i) Correct Amount of Refining (Specific Energy Input) . 25 ii) Correct Intensity of Refining (Specific Edge Load) . 27 9. Flow Considerations in a Stock Preparation Refiner . 30 10. Conclusion . 31 Appendix A – No load power in a stock prep refiner . 32 Appendix B – Flow considerations in a stock prep refiner . 34 Appendix C – Case study and sample calculations . 40 2 1. Introduction The purpose of this manual is to present an easy to understand description of the stock preparation refin- ing process. Useful methods for analyzing the process will be presented, together with guidelines for the proper selection of refiner fillings and operation of refiners. It is difficult to learn about pulp refining without first knowing something about the overall process of papermaking. This introductory manual will provide a very brief discussion of the process of converting trees into finished paper products. To include such a broad scope of information requires a certain degree of simplification. Nevertheless, the big picture is very helpful when considering pulp refining applications, identifying process problems and recognizing the real economic opportunities of an optimized system. The refining technologist must learn how to select refiner fillings and operate refiners so as to optimize the performance of the paper being produced using available raw materials.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost Art of Splitting Paper: Recreating the Interventions of an Eighteenth-Century Collector Mulshine, ANAGPIC 2017, 1
    Shannon Mulshine Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, NYU Supervisors: Margaret H. Ellis, Giada Damen, Lyndsey Tyne The Lost Art of Splitting Paper: Recreating the interventions of an eighteenth-century collector Mulshine, ANAGPIC 2017, 1 Introduction Splitting Paper & Paper Splitting: Origins and Brief History Splitting paper is a procedure by which one makes two sheets from one. Rather than cutting the top half from the bottom half, or performing any other variation of simple dismemberment, splitting separates the recto from the verso by dividing a sheet through its thickness. The product is two thinner sheets of the same dimensions (l/w). Historically, paper was split for many reasons. The earliest paper splitting was probably undertaken for the discrete addition of margins to trimmed prints. Pierre-Jean Mariette, an eighteenth-century collector and connoisseur of prints and drawings, may have been the first to apply the technique to entire drawings (Smentek, 2008, 48). Splitting drawings has historically been undertaken by some collector-dealers to increase profit by selling multiples; for Mariette, however, this was rather a solution to the visual limitations of mounting double-sided drawings (De la Chapelle, 2015, 40). Unlike contemporaries who mounted drawings in albums, in which double-sided drawings could be set within windows cut out of pages and thereby viewed from both sides, Mariette’s practice of mounting overall to boards could not accommodate such windows. Some have suggested that Mariette even split papers to preserve their appearance, by preventing iron gall ink migration from one side to the other (Smentek, 2008, 50). By the 20th c., paper splitting had become Mulshine, ANAGPIC 2017, 2 common knowledge among restorers, and eventually, descriptions of the previously concealed process were published (Brückle and Dambrogio, 2000; Schweidler, 1938, 104-5).
    [Show full text]
  • Dirt in Pulp – Chart Method (Proposed Revision of T 213 Om-01)
    WI 050809.05 T 213 DRAFT NO. 2 DATE June 13, 2006 TAPPI WORKING GROUP CHAIRMAN JW Walkinshaw SUBJECT CATEGORY Pulp Properties RELATED METHODS See “Additional Information” CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Dirt in pulp – chart method (Proposed revision of T 213 om-01) (Lines in text or margins indicate changes since last draft) 1. Scope 1.1 This method (1,2) is adapted to the numerical estimation of dirt in pulp and recycled pulp in terms of equivalent black area.
    [Show full text]
  • Man Pulls Gun on Woman for Not Giving Him a Ride
    Thursday July 25, 2013 Vol. 87 - No. 31 - 50¢ Arrests See Inside Man Pulls Gun The People of the Water on Woman For Not Giving Him a Ride aged to put the suspect behind bars Deputies track down before anyone else was threatened. suspect The incident happened July 17 in Belle Glade. According to a police BY JOSE JESUS ZARAGOZA report released by the Palm Beach Th e Sun County Sheriff’s Offi ce, a woman called 911 in reference to an aggravat- A woman called the sheriff’s offi ce ed assault with a fi rearm at approxi- PHOTO/JOSE ZARAGOZA moments after a man pointed a gun The people of the Belle Glade Culture exhibit is currently being hosted at the Cultural Council of Palm Beach at her and threatened to kill her. Still County, located at 601 Lake Ave. in Lake Worth. The exhibit will be on display until Aug. 31. For more infor- shaken, she was able to tell deputies See Shooting — Page 8 mation, see Page 14. who the man was, and deputies man- Church Repairs Belle Glade Family Given New Residents’ Homes Home After Father’s Death Group travels from The First United Methodist Church husband and brother were tragically participate in the Palm Beach Post’s turned into a makeshift hotel this past Family gets a new killed in an accident on their way to Season to Share program. The par- Philadelphia to lend week to house a group of volunteers start thanks to go fi shing two years ago. ticipants are nominated by nonprofi t on a mission to make much needed Since the accident, Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlations Between Fibre Properties and Paper Properties
    Correlations between fibre properties and paper properties Anna Johansson Mater thesis in Pulp Technology Abstract The understanding of what properties the fibre should have in order to give the right end-product paper properties, along with the type of processing, is a subject for a lot of research and development. Today the ability to measure fibre properties on-line is widely used for pulps. It is often necessary to measure many properties and variables in a process. The data collected is therefore almost always multivariate. It is very hard to analyse process data due to a lot of noises. Correlations between fibre and paper properties are hard to find, but this does not mean that correlations do not exist. Fibre properties, measured by the pulp analyser PulpEye, were investigated and correlations to paper properties were studied. The work was divided into three different studies. Study 1 was an investigation of historical process data, in study 2 pulp samples from the production was analysed and study 3 was a refiner setting trial, were different refiner segments, flows through refiners and intensities were studied. Both the group-plots and MVDA’s based on the historical process data in study 1, showed that the Scott Bond was increased with increased amount of kinks and curl for the unbleached pine pulp (softwood pulp). Coarseness measurements, made in the study of historical data, indicated that the coarseness was varying in such a large extent that it was believable that it had effects in the papermaking process. Another interesting fibre property, investigated in the refiner setting trial, was crill.
    [Show full text]
  • Q:6136(Anglais)
    MARCH, 2014 Page 1 PULP AND PAPER TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA STANDARD TESTING METHODS Standard Date of Last Number Revision A. MEASURING AND SAMPLING Basic Density of Wood (see also A.8P). A.1H Nov. 64 Air-Dry Weight Determination of Wood Pulp (see also A.9P) . A.2 June 06 Sampling of Sheeted Materials for Testing . A.3 June 2007 Conditioning Pulp Handsheets, Paper or Paperboard for Testing in a Standard Atmosphere. A.4 October 2013 Sampling Chemical Pulps in the Pulp Mill for Chemical Testing . A.5H June 73 Flow Measurements of White-Waters and Wastes . A.6 June 06 Water Removal Test for Paper Machines. A.7 Sept. 03 Basic Density of Wood. A.8P September 2013 Total Dry Weight of Wood Pulp in Bales. A.9P June 73 Moisture Content of Woodchips and Sawdust (Forced Air Oven Method) . A.10P May 05 B. IDENTIFICATION Fibre Composition of Paper . .B.1H Nov. 61 Preparation of Slides for the Microscopic Examination of Fibres . B.2P May 05 Wood Fibre Identification According to Pulping Process . B.3P Sept. 03 Fibre Length of Pulp and Paper by Automated Optical Analyzer Using Polarized Light B.4P Apr. 2011 Quantitative Analysis of Fibre Mixtures by Light Microscopy . B.7 Apr. 2011 C. FIBRE TREATMENT The Determination of Freeness. C.1 Apr. 06 The Laboratory Beating of Pulp (Valley Beater Method). C.2H Sept. 00 Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Pebble Mill Method) . C.3H Mar. 80 Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp. C.4 Sept. 03 Forming Handsheets for Optical Tests of Pulp (British Sheet Machine Method).
    [Show full text]