DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Composition and Testosterone Level Enhancing Property of Sterculia Oblonga Leaf Essential Oil in Male Albino Rats

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Composition and Testosterone Level Enhancing Property of Sterculia Oblonga Leaf Essential Oil in Male Albino Rats Edorium J Public Health 2019;6:100024P16FM2019. Morah et al. 1 www.ejpublichealth.com RESEARCHORIGINAL ARTICLE ARTICLE PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS Chemical composition and testosterone level enhancing property of Sterculia oblonga leaf essential oil in male albino rats Frank N I Morah, Emmanuel A Bisong ABSTRACT How to cite this article Aim: Sterculia oblonga is an African medicinal Morah FNI, Bisong EA. Chemical composition and plant used to enhance male fertility. The aim of testosterone level enhancing property of Sterculia the present study is to determine the chemical oblonga leaf essential oil in male albino rats. Edorium J composition and testosterone level enhancing- Public Health 2019;6:100024P16FM2019. property of its leaf essential oil in male albino rats. Methods: Fresh leaves of S. oblonga were ground and steam-distilled to get its essential Article ID: 100024P16FM2019 oil. The individual constituents of the essential oil were separated by gas chromatography and ********* identified by mass spectrometry. The rats were fed with different doses of the essential oil for doi: 10.5348/100024P16FM2019RA one week. The level of testosterone in their blood serum after one week was determined using ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer at wave length of 450 nm. Results: The essential oil contains 33 constituents and it increased INTRODUCTION testosterone level in the blood serum of the Sterculia oblonga is a tropical timber tree which albino rats. Conclusion: The essential oil contains is also employed in herbal medicine. Different natural 33 constituents which are being identified for products have been reported in Sterculia species. For the first time in S. oblonga. The essential oil example, Sterculia foetida contains lutedin, quercetin, exhibited testosterone level enhancing property anthocyanins, coumarins, and hydroxybenzoic acid [1, 2]. which is dose dependent in male albino rats. There is scanty report on the chemical constituents of S. oblonga. The oven dried wood contains cellulose, 36.2– Keywords: Chemical composition, Essential oil, Ster- 46.3%; furfural, 11.5–12.4%; pentosans, 19.8–21.2%; culia oblonga, Testosterone level lignin, 18.2–22.7%, and ash, 1.3–3.2% [3]. It also contains tannins, 1240 mg/100 g; alkaloids, 10%; flavonoids, 3.4%; oxalate, 1.31 g/100 g; phenols, 620 mg/g; cyanide, Frank N I Morah1, Emmanuel A Bisong2 1.66 mg/100 g, and lipid, 4.8% [4]. 1 Affiliations: PhD, Professor of Natural Product Chemistry, Sterculia oblonga is used traditionally in parts Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, of Cameroon and Southern Nigeria to control male Cross River State, Nigeria; 2MSc, Lecturer in Organic Chem- istry, Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, Cala- infertility but there is no report on its biological bar, Cross River State, Nigeria. activity. Increase in serum testosterone level on drug administration is by enhancing the production of Corresponding Author: Frank N I Morah, Chemistry De- luteinizing hormone, enhancing the viability of Leydig partment, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Email: [email protected] cells, reducing testicular oxidative injury, enhancing StAR gene [5]. The present work is therefore aimed at determination of the chemical constituents and effect Received: 03 June 2019 of S. oblonga leaf essential oil on the level of serum Accepted: 30 July 2019 testosterone in male white albino rats. Published: 03 September 2019 Edorium Journal of Public Health, Vol. 6; 2019. Edorium J Public Health 2019;6:100024P16FM2019. Morah et al. 2 www.ejpublichealth.com MATERIALS AND METHODS Six microplate wells for the essential oil and seventh one for control were used. Appropriate serum reference Fresh S. oblonga leaves were harvested from Ikot w (10 mL) was pipetted and assigned into the wells. 50 mL Omini, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. It was of the working testosterone enzyme reagent was added. authenticated by Frank Adeoye of the Herbarium unit, The microplates were swirled gently for 30 seconds to Botany Department, University of Calabar while white mix. They were covered and incubated for 60 minutes at albino rats were procured from the animal house of the room temperature. The contents of the microplates were Physiology Department, University of Calabar. discarded by decantation and blotted dry with absorbent The fresh leaves of S. oblonga (800 g) were rinsed with paper. A 350 mL of washing buffer was added and decanted. distilled water, crushed and immediately steam distilled This was repeated two times to make a total of three for three hours. The steam distillate was collected in a washes. Manual plate washer was employed. A 100 mL of separatory funnel. The lower aqueous layer was run off working substrate solution was added. All the reagents while the upper essential oil layer was collected. were added in the same order to all the wells to minimize The constituents of the essential oil were separated reaction time between different wells. The mixture was by gas chromatography while the individual constituents incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. Finally, were identified by mass spectrometric analysis [6]. The 50 mL of stop solution was added to each well and gently compound identification was done by comparison of the mixed for 20 seconds. The absorbance in each well was obtained mass spectra with those of the standard mass read at 450 nm within 30 minutes of addition of the spectra of organic compounds from National Institute of stop solution. A calibration graph of absorbance versus Standard and Technology (NIST) library [6]. concentration was used for determination of testosterone Nine white albino rats each weighing 150 g were level. selected from the animal house. Another set weighing 160 g each were also selected for the work. The essential oil was administered orally at a dose of 1.6 g/kg of body weight for RESULTS the 150 g rats and a dose of 3.0 g/kg body weight for the 160 g rats. The oil was administered twice daily for a period Table 1 shows that S. oblonga leaf essential oil has 33 of one week after which they were sacrificed to obtain their constituents, 25 of which are oxygenated. It also shows blood. The blood was allowed to clot for the serum sample the relative molecular mass, formula, and structure of to be obtained. The specimens were centrifuged to separate these compounds. Table 2 shows that the essential oil the serum from the blood cells. Table 1: Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of essential oil from Sterculia oblonga S/N Compound name Retention Molecular Relative Base Percentage Chemical time formula molecular peak composition structure (minutes) mass 1 p-xylene 7.433 C H 106 91 0.59 8 10 2 2-Heptenal, (z)- 11.129 C H O 112 83 1.23 7 12 3 Octanal 13.100 C8H16O 128 57 0.60 O 4 4,5-Dimethyl-hept-2- 16.784 C H OH 142 71 1.18 9 17 en-3-ol OH 5 Nonanal 17.166 C H O 142 57 1.68 9 18 O H 6 Octanoic acid 20.412 C H O 144 60 1.11 8 16 2 O Edorium Journal of Public Health, Vol. 6; 2019. Edorium J Public Health 2019;6:100024P16FM2019. Morah et al. 3 www.ejpublichealth.com Table 1: (Continued) S/N Compound name Retention Molecular Relative Base Percentage Chemical time formula molecular peak composition structure (minutes) mass 7 2-sec- 22.427 C H O 154 55 4.76 10 18 Butylcyclohexanone O 8 2-Decenal, (z)- 22.946 C10H18O 154 70 4.76 O 9 2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)- 24.040 C H O 152 81 2.58 10 16 O 10 trans-Undec-4-enal 24.197 C11H20O 168 55 1.170 (E,E)- O 11 2, 4-Decadienal, (E,E)- 24.822 C10H16O 152 81 7.60 O 12 2-Undecenal 26.155 C11H19O 167 70 5.99 O 13 n-Decanoic acid 26.887 C10H20O2 172 68 1.04 O OH 14 Dodecanoic acid, methyl 31.397 C13H26O2 226 74 4.29 O ester O 15 Dodecanoic acid 33.204 C12H24O2 224 73 18.99 O OH 16 Dodecanoic acid, ethyl 33.511 C14H28O2 228 88 0.86 O ester O 17 Hexadecane 33.636 C16H34 226 57 0.71 18 tert-Hexadecanethiol 36.176 C16H34S 258 97 0.92 SH 19 Methyl tetradecanoate 36.564 C H O 242 74 1.30 15 30 2 O O 20 Tetradecanoic acid 37.152 C14H28 O2 228 73 4.36 O OH 21 Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl 37.370 C19H32O2 256 88 0.71 O ester O 22 Octadecane 37.414 C18H38 254 57 0.86 23 Diethylene glycol 38.209 C11H23 CO2 288 57 1.50 O O monolaurate C2H2OC2H2OH O OH 24 Hexadecanoic acid, 38.484 C15H31CO2CH3 270 74 3.41 methyl ester Edorium Journal of Public Health, Vol. 6; 2019. Edorium J Public Health 2019;6:100024P16FM2019. Morah et al. 4 www.ejpublichealth.com Table 1: (Continued) S/N Compound name Retention Molecular Relative Base Percentage Chemical time formula molecular peak composition structure (minutes) mass 25 tert-Hexadecanethiol 38.584 C35H33SH 258 57 0.62 SH 26 Hexadecanoic acid 38.815 C15H31CO2H 256 73 6.85 O OH H 27 Hexadecanoic acid 38.947 C15H31COOC2H5 284 88 2.23 O ethyl ester O 28 (E)-Pentatriacont-17-ene 39.297 C35H70 490 57 0.66 29 10-Octadecanoic acid, 39.585 C17H33CO2CH3 296 55 7.85 O methyl ester O 30 cis-13-Eicosenoic acid 39.973 C18H35CO2H 296 57 2.02 O HO 31 (Z)-Pentatriacont-17-ene 40.811 C35H70 490 57 2.37 32 cis-13-Eicosenoic acid 42.350 C18H35CO2H 296 55 2.12 O HO 33 Diisooctyl phthalate 43.188 C6H4(CO2 364 149 3.76 O O O C8H17)2 O Table 2: Effects of dose of Sterculia oblonga essential oil on testosterone level in male albino rats Dose g/kg body weight % Mortality Testosterone level (ng/cm3) 1.6 g/kg 0% 0.65± 0.3 3 g/kg 0% 0.74 ± 0.1 0 g/kg 0% 0.57 ± 0.1 caused rise in testosterone level in the albino rats’ blood of these compounds are fatty acids.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical, Mechanical, and Other Properties Of
    ARC: 634.9 TA/OST 73-24 C559a PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SECONDARY SPECIES in Surinam, Peru, Colombia, Nigeria, Gabon, Philippines, and Malaysia FPL-AID-PASA TA(Aj)2-73 (Species Properties) * PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SECONDARY SPECIES LOCATED IN SURINAM, PERU, COLOMBIA, NIGERIA, GABON, PHILIPPINES, AND MALAYSIA MARTIN CHUDNOFF, Forest Products Technologist Forest Products Laboratory Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Madison, Wisconsin 53705 November 1973 Prepared for AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT U.S. Department of State Washington, DC 20523 ARC No. 634.9 - C 559a INTRODUCTION This report is a partial response to a Participating Agency Service Agreement between the Agency for Inter­ national Development and the USDA, Forest Service (PASA Control No. TA(AJ)2-73) and concerns a study of the factors influencing the utilization of the tropical forest resource. The purpose of this portion of the PASA obligation is to present previously published information on the tree and wood characteristics of selected secondary species growing m seven tropical countries. The format is concise and follows the outline developed for the second edition of the "Handbook of Hardwoods" published by HMSO, London. Species selected for review are well known in the source countries, but make up a very small component, if any, of their export trade. The reasons why these species play a secondary role in the timber harvest are discussed in the other accompanying PASA reports. ii INDEX Pages SURINAM 1-11 Audira spp. Eperu falcata Eschweilera spp. Micropholis guyanensis Nectandra spp. Ocotea spp. Parinari campestris Parinari excelsa Pouteria engleri Protium spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Floristic Composition of Medicinal Plants of Darbhanga, Bihar, India
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(12): 263-283 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 12 (2015) pp. 263-283 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Biodiversity and Floristic Composition of Medicinal Plants of Darbhanga, Bihar, India Jyoti Jyotsna1 and Baidyanath Kumar2* 1Research Scholar, PG. Department of Biotechnology, L. N. Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar, India 2Visiting Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Patna Science College, Patna, Patna University, Bihar, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T The biodiversity, floristic composition and structure of medicinal plants in the eighteen blocks of Darbhanga were studied. A total of 101 plant species belonging to 32 families, 71 genera and 5 life forms were recorded. Fabaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae and Apocyanaceae were the overall diverse families (in terms of species richness) of the adult species, contributing 44.5% of all the species in the study. K e y w o r d s Trees were the most dominant life form (46.5%) followed by lianas (14.8%), herbs (9.9%), epiphytes (7.9%), shrubs (2.9 %) and the others (3.7%). Species richness Biodiversity, among all life forms was highest in the DB (90.5%). Fabaceae, Moraceae and Floristic Meliaceae and Meliaceae were the most diverse families distributed in all the composition eighteen blocks of Darbhang The trees in all the forest types studied were generally and structure, tall. The difference in height of tree species could be partly explained by Medicinal degradation in the form of logging of tall and big trees which has undoubtedly plants and affected the vertical structure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Woods of Liberia
    THE WOODS OF LIBERIA October 1959 No. 2159 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY FOREST SERVICE MADISON 5, WISCONSIN In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin THE WOODS OF LIBERIA1 By JEANNETTE M. KRYN, Botanist and E. W. FOBES, Forester Forest Products Laboratory,2 Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture - - - - Introduction The forests of Liberia represent a valuable resource to that country-- especially so because they are renewable. Under good management, these forests will continue to supply mankind with products long after mined resources are exhausted. The vast treeless areas elsewhere in Africa give added emphasis to the economic significance of the forests of Liberia and its neighboring countries in West Africa. The mature forests of Liberia are composed entirely of broadleaf or hardwood tree species. These forests probably covered more than 90 percent of the country in the past, but only about one-third is now covered with them. Another one-third is covered with young forests or reproduction referred to as low bush. The mature, or "high," forests are typical of tropical evergreen or rain forests where rainfall exceeds 60 inches per year without pro­ longed dry periods. Certain species of trees in these forests, such as the cotton tree, are deciduous even when growing in the coastal area of heaviest rainfall, which averages about 190 inches per year. Deciduous species become more prevalent as the rainfall decreases in the interior, where the driest areas average about 70 inches per year. 1The information here reported was prepared in cooperation with the International Cooperation Administration. 2 Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Temperature on Seed Germination of Bombax Costatum Pellegr
    Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019, Vol. 6, No. 13, p. 439-443. ISSN 2358-2731 https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.061311 Effect of temperature on seed germination of Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuill. (Malvales: Malvaceae) from Ondo and Oyo States, Nigeria M. O. Ojo Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria. P.M.B. 5054 Ibaban. Oyo State. Nigeria. Email: [email protected]. Abstract. Effect of temperature on seed germination of Bombax costatum Pellegr & Vuill. (Malvales: Malvaceae), from four Received provenances in South Western Nigeria was investigated. A set of May 29, 2019 three replicates of 25 seeds per provenance were used for the experiment which was laid in a completely randomized block Accepted August 26, 2019 design. The seeds were exposed to fire temperature regimes for germination tests: 28 °C, 20 °C, 5 °C, 35 °C and 20 °C. Seed Released germination was recorded for 4 weeks. Data obtained were August 31, 2019 subjected to analysis of variance. Result showed that significant differences in seed germination under varying temperature Full Text Article regimes (P < 0.05). Interaction effect between temperature and provenances was not significant (P < 0.05). seeds placed in ambient temperature had the highest mean number of germination (20.75) while the least mean value (0.17) was observed for cold room (-20 °C). B. costatum seeds should be exposed to ambient temperature so as to promote seed germination. Keywords: Red-flowered silk cotton tree; Seed germination provenances; Temperature. 0000-0003-0750-4431 M. O. Ojo Introduction the largest traditional forest product imported into Nigeria. In Nigeria, a high proportion of Osadare (1995) and National forests have changed an extent reduced Agricultural Research Project (NARP, by man’s activities such as farming, 1995), investigated the suitability of overgrazing, use of fire for forest clearing some deciduous tree species as as well as over exploitation without substitute sources of raw materials and replacement.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biodiversity of Atewa Forest
    The Biodiversity of Atewa Forest Research Report The Biodiversity of Atewa Forest Research Report January 2019 Authors: Jeremy Lindsell1, Ransford Agyei2, Daryl Bosu2, Jan Decher3, William Hawthorne4, Cicely Marshall5, Caleb Ofori-Boateng6 & Mark-Oliver Rödel7 1 A Rocha International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK 2 A Rocha Ghana, P.O. Box KN 3480, Kaneshie, Accra, Ghana 3 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany 4 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK 5 Department ofPlant Sciences, University ofCambridge,Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK 6 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana and Herp Conservation Ghana, Ghana 7 Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany Cover images: Atewa Forest tree with epiphytes by Jeremy Lindsell and Blue-moustached Bee-eater Merops mentalis by David Monticelli. Contents Summary...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Recent history of Atewa Forest................................................................................................................................... 9 Current threats
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Potential of Underutilized Plants in Nigeria
    Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.6, No.6, 2016 Industrial Potential of Underutilized Plants in Nigeria Ogunwusi A. A. Ibrahim H. D. Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Abuja Abstract Nigeria is blessed with a variety of plant biodiversity. Out of more than 5,000 plant species available in the country, less than 20 are currently developed and used for food and as industrial raw materials. While some of the remaining plants are employed for various applications such as food, medicine, rope, etc., their utilisation at industrial level is presently constrained by inadequate development. In the present circumstances of the Nigerian economy occasioned by low price commanded by crude oil, it has become imperative that some of these resources be developed for various industrial applications. Available information indicated that the underutilised plants can be employed as industrial raw materials in the fats and oils, pharmaceutical, fruit juice and beverages and composite seasoning producing industries. For instance underutilised plant species such as Dacryodes edulis, Monodora myristica, Pentachletra macrophylla , have been reported to contain 66.87%, 42.0% and 58.15% oil respectively. Also, Garcinia cola, Irvingia wombolu and Zanthoxylum species have been used in disease control locally while Dalium guineense, Parkia biglobosa and Tarmarindus indice have been used locally for production or fruit juice by native communities. Species such as Piper guineense, Oscimum gratissimum and Culcuma longa have also been employed as seasoning agents. In addition, plant species such as Sterculia setigera and Sterculia oblonga have been reported to produce long fibre pulp based on their fibre characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia National Forest Inventory 2018/2019
    Liberia National Forest Inventory 2018/2019 Table of Contents Message from Forestry Development Authority Managing Director vi Message from the National REDD+ Coordinator vii Message from the National Forest Inventory Coordinator viii Acknowledgements ix Acronyms and abbreviations x Executive Summary xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of National Forest Inventory of Liberia 2 1.2 History of Forest Inventory in Liberia 3 1.3 National Forest Inventory of 2018 5 1.4 Limitation of estimates 6 2 Field Methodology 8 2.1 Sampling design 9 2.1.1 Inventory sampling intensity: a paneled approach 11 2.1.2 Cluster Plot Design 12 3 Data 15 3.1 Data collection 16 3.2 Data conversion and migration 20 3.3 Data cleaning 21 3.4 Data analysis 21 3.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 27 3.5.1 Quality Control (QC) 27 3.5.2 Quality Assurance (QA) 27 3.5.3 Quality Assurance (QA) Results 28 4 Results 31 4.1 Land Use 33 4.2 Forest cover 35 4.2.1 Forest cover estimates by different categories 35 4.3 Tree count 37 4.3.1 Tree count by Priority Landscapes & counties 38 4.3.2 Tree count by diameter classes 38 4.3.3 Tree count by tree genus by county 40 4.4 Basal area 42 4.4.1 Basal area by Priority Landscapes & counties 43 4.4.2 Basal area by diameter classes 44 4.4.3 Basal area by tree genus by county 45 4.5 Growing stock 47 4.5.1 Tree and bole volume by Priority Landscapes & counties 48 4.5.2 Tree and bole volume by county 48 i 4.5.3 Tree and bole volume by diameter classes 49 4.5.4 Tree and bole volume by tree genus and county 50 4.6 Biomass and Carbon Stocks 53
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Impacts of Silvicultural Treatment Systems on Ecosystem Services: a Case of Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation
    Assessing the impacts of Silvicultural treatment systems on Ecosystem services: a case of Carbon sequestration and Biodiversity conservation Evelyn Asante-Yeboah March, 2010 Assessing the impacts of Silvicultural treatment systems on Ecosystem services: a case of Carbon sequestration and Biodiversity conservation By Evelyn Asante-Yeboah Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Specialization: Geo-information for Natural Resource Management Thesis Assessment Board Prof. Dr. Ir. Eric Smaling, Chairman, Degree Assessment Board, ITC (Chair) Prof. A. A. Adimaddo, KNUST (Co-Chairman) Dr. B. E. Prah, (External Examiner) Prof. S. K Oppong, Internal Examiner, KNUST Dr. E. M. Osei. Jnr, Internal Examiner, KNUST Ir. Louise van Leeuwen, Course Co-ordinator, ITC Supervisors: Ir. Louise van Leeuwen. (ITC), Prof. S.K. Oppong (KNUST) KNUST FACULTY OF GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION,OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS AND KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI, GHANA Disclaimer This document describes the work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science And Technology. All views and opinions expressed in this work remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessary represent those of the two institutions. iii Assessing the impacts of Silvicultural treatment systems on Ecosystem services: a case of Carbon sequestration and Biodiversity conservation Abstract Forest management practices in Ghana for many years have been based on timber production for economic benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • EYONG Page 1Of 4
    EYONG Page 1of 4 Family: MALVACEAE (angiosperm) Scientific name(s): Eribroma oblonga Sterculia oblonga (synonymous) Commercial restriction: no commercial restriction WOOD DESCRIPTION LOG DESCRIPTION Color: light yellow Diameter: from 60 to 120 cm Sapwood: not clearly demarcated Thickness of sapwood: from 10 to 20 cm Texture: medium Floats: no Grain: straight or interlocked Log durability: low (must be treated) Interlocked grain: slight Note: Wood cream white to light yellow brown with white veins. Large silver figure. Oily to the touch. Unpleasant odour when green. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL AND ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES Physical and mechanical properties are based on mature heartwood specimens. These properties can vary greatly depending on origin and growth conditions. Mean Std dev. Mean Std dev. Specific gravity *: 0,74 0,04 Crushing strength *: 56 MPa 8 MPa Monnin hardness *: 3,7 0,8 Static bending strength *: 100 MPa 15 MPa Coeff. of volumetric shrinkage: 0,48 % 0,06 % Modulus of elasticity *: 17110 MPa 1910 MPa Total tangential shrinkage (TS): 10,6 % 0,4 % Total radial shrinkage (RS): 4,6 % 0,2 % (*: at 12% moisture content, with 1 MPa = 1 N/mm²) TS/RS ratio: 2,3 Fiber saturation point: 34 % Stability: moderately stable to poorly stable NATURAL DURABILITY AND TREATABILITY Fungi and termite resistance refers to end-uses under temperate climate. Except for special comments on sapwood, natural durability is based on mature heartwood. Sapwood must always be considered as non-durable against wood degrading agents. E.N. = Euro Norm Funghi (according to E.N. standards): class 4 - poorly durable Dry wood borers: susceptible - sapwood not or slightly demarcated (risk in all the wood) Termites (according to E.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Timbers of the World Reprint 2007
    United States Department of Tropical Timbers Agriculture Forest of the World Service Martin Chudnoff Agriculture Forest Products Technologist (retired) Handbook 607 Forest Products Laboratory September 1984 Madison, Wis. Reprint 2007 The photo on the cover was obtained from the tropical rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most canopy trees are dipterocarp species for producing nice timber. We have been monitoring their dynamics from the view point of forest conservation and canopy biology. From Dr. Tomoaki Iche of Kochi University, Japan. All rights reserved. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Impressum Verlag Kessel Eifelweg 37 53424 Remagen-Oberwinter Germany Homepage: www.VerlagKessel.de www.forestrybooks.com www.forstbuch.de Tel.: 0049-2228-493 Fax: 0049-1212-512382426 E-Mail: [email protected] ISBN: 3-935638-82-5 Acknowledgment Sincere thanks to Dr. Robert C. Koeppen of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products and Engineering Research Staff, for review of the technical data and nomenclature in this work. Requests for copies of illustrations contained in this handbook should be directed to the Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, P.0. Box 5130, Madison, WI 53705. iv Foreword Few days go by at the Forest Products Laboratory without questions from around the world about properties and uses of tropical woods. Interspersed with the queries about such U.S. species as Douglas-fir and white oak are requests about arariba from Brazil, sipo from Ivory Coast, or kapur from Malaya. Such questions come logically to the Forest Products Laboratory, because it is the official wood identification arm of the Federal government. In the more than 70 years the laboratory has been answering such questions, research concentration has been primarily on determining properties and uses for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodological Priorities in Assessing Wild Edible Plant Knowledge and Use – a Case Study Among the Baka in Cameroon
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.106427; this version posted May 22, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Methodological priorities in assessing wild edible plant knowledge and use – a case study among the Baka in Cameroon. 1 Sandrine Gallois1*, Thomas Heger2, Amanda G. Henry1, and Tinde van Andel2,3 2 Running title: Assessing wild edible plants knowledge 3 1Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, the Netherlands 4 2 Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The 5 Netherland 6 3 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands 7 8 Keywords: Ethnobotany, Hunter-gatherers, Freelisting, Dietary Recall, Walk-in-the-woods, Wild 9 food plants. 10 Abstract 11 Freelisting and dietary recalls are frequently used methods in ethnobotany to assess wild edible plant 12 (WEP) knowledge and use. Though these ex-situ interviewing methods are practical to perform and 13 may yield large datasets in a short time, they are known to be limited by the informant’s memory and 14 cognitive bias. Alternatively, the much more laborious walk-in-the-woods method may be used, in 15 which informants point out edible plants in-situ. Few studies, however, examine quantitatively how 16 these different methods influence results. In this study, we assessed how these methods capture the 17 diversity of wild edible plant knowledge and use among the Baka, a group of forager-horticulturalists 18 from southeastern Cameroon. We show that within a single population, and when data on 19 consumption frequency are collected simultaneously, the walk-in-the-woods method results in more 20 detailed information of WEP knowledge and use than do freelisting or dietary recalls.
    [Show full text]