Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin

Sociolinguistic ISSN: 1750-8649 (print) Studies ISSN: 1750-8657 (online)

Review

Sociolinguistic Studies Haitian Creole: Structure,Guidelines Variation, for submission Status, Origin Albert Valdman (2015) The Editors welcome articles, reviews and research notes for publication in future issues of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. Please adhere to the guidelines below when Sheffieldpreparing submission and Bristol,s for the CT: journal. Equinox ISBN: 978-1845533885. Pp. 494 Initial submissions Submission of articles to Sociolinguistic Studies should normally be done via the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the website as an author, and follow the instructions and guidelineRevieweds relating by Philipp to submission. Krämer Authors who are unable to use this website for on-line submission should contact the editors for advice on how to submit their manuscripts. Articles are normally in English (we also accept articles in Spanish, Galician, HaitianPortuguese Creole or French)is certainly and should one of not the exceed better 8,000 documented words, inclus Creoleive of languages. endnotes and Yet, references. Appendices may be included, but are included in the total word count. also for Authors such should languages, ensure it that is necessaryall submissions, to update whether the firstexisting or re visedliterature versions, with are new insightsanonymised and to to sumfacilitate up the blind state reviewing. of the art,Authors’ especially names forand newinstitutionalcomers affiliationsto the field. Albertshould Valdman’s appear only introduction in the covering to email Haitian message. Creole is not the first book of this kind, Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously and the fairly recent volume by Spears and Berotte Joseph (2010) is anything but been published or is not being considered for publication elsewhere. If an author is outdated,publishing taking a related into article account elsewhere, that this research fact should about be sta smallerted. In general, languages authors tends are to progressasked to slowly. submit no While more thanthis onelast article volume for review is an inedited a two-ye compilatioar period. n of chapters written by experts in their respective fields of research, Valdman authored the Review process complete book all by himself, thus providing a more self-contained structure. If your submission is clearly unsuitable for publication in Sociolinguistic Studies, you will The be introduction promptly notified (chapter by the 1) Editors.starts off If, withafter thea definition review process, of Cr youreole articlelanguages is andaccepted pidgins. for publication, This subchapter you will takesbe asked a to clear submit stance the manus in thecript ongoinagain, incorporatingg debates in creolisticsany revisions about asked the for,status and of in Creolesa format readywhich for in publication. turn means that, rather than giving When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- a positive definition, it states more clearly what a Creole language is not: cation you should prepare a final version of the article in accordance with the guidelines Valdmanfor contributors dissociates available himself on the from journal’s various website. positions If your articlethat have includes been any put figures forward, or e.g.complex that Creole tables, languagesplease pay special form attentionan own toexceptional the guidelines type on preparing of languages, and submitting nativised pidginsartwork. or relexified versions of their African substrate grammars. This approach might seem odd at first sight given the fact that especially the exceptionalist view Permissions and copyright itselfIt is is your very responsibility much based to ensureupon anthat ex-negativo you have obtained definition any permissions of Creoles, to drawingreproduce on theany lack part of of structural another work. features If your as article definin containsg characteristics extracts from ofother the works, langua especiallyge group. figures, tables, poetry etc., please contact the authors and publishers before submitting the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included,

Affiliationresearch participants should have signed a consent form. All contributors whose articles are accepted for publication will be required to sign Freiea copyrightUniversität assignmentBerlin, Germany form, and to conﬁrm that their article is original, accurate email: [email protected] (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous statements.

SOLS VOL 11.1 2017 225–235 doi: 10.1558/sols.31957

However, Valdman’s perspective is coherent with his opinion that Creoles are not intrinsically different from other languages and hence cannot be defined on the basis of a simple set of characteristics. These first pages are without any doubt a challenging start for readers who are notSociolinguistic familiar with the con Studiestroversies in creolistics. Subsequently, Valdman makesGuidelines the topic more for accessi submissionble with a short sketch of Haiti’s history and the role of Creole and French in Haitian society, followedThe Editors by awelcome concise articles, overview reviews of pre-existingand research notes literature for publication on Haitian in future Creole issues like of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. grammarsPlease adhere or dictionaries, to the guidelines some below of which when preparing have to takesubmission stronglys for w theorded journal. criticism for yielding ‘unfavourable results’ (p. 16) with their systems of classification or forInitial being submissions ‘marred by serious shortcomings’ (p. 18). Submission The following of articles 35 pages to Sociolinguistic are dedicated Studies to other should French-based normally be Cre doneoles via in the the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the world.website Some as an are author, described and follow very the summarily, instructions others and guideline in mores relatingdetail. Thisto submission. subchapter helpsAuthors the reader who are situate unable Haitian to use this Creole website among for on-line similar submissi phenomena,on should but contact information the abouteditors other for advice Creole on how languages to submit is their distributed manuscripts. rather unevenly. For instance, Guadeloupean Articles are Creole normally receives in English little (weattention, also accept whereas articles the situ in Sationpanish, and Galician, history in Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and Saint-Barthélémyreferences. Appendices is described may be inc luded, extensively. but are included The chapterin the total only word spocount.radically mentions Authors structural should ensure features that of all some submissions, other Creoles whether without first or reprovvisediding versions, an explicit are linkanonymised with what to thefacilitate reader blind will reviewing. learn about Authors’ the grammarnames and ofinstitutional Haitian Creole.affiliations The literatureshould appear cited onlyin this in thepart covering could haveemail benefittedmessage. from an update for some of the Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously Creoles,been published e.g. the or rich is not resources being considered of the Atlasfor publication of Pidgin elsew andhere. Creole If an authorLanguage is Structurespublishing and a related the accompanying article elsewhere, Survey this fact (Michaelis, should be sta ted.Maurer, In general, Haspelmath authors are and Huberasked 2013a, to submit 2013b) no more are than not onetaken article into for account, review andin a two-yethe chapterar period.s on Indian Ocean

Creoles largely rely on a 1978 PhD thesis while newer publications like Review process Staudacher-ValliaméeIf your submission is clearly (2004) unsuitable or, given for publicationthe particular in Sociolinguistic attention to Studies dictionaries,, you Baggioniwill be promptly(1997), arenotified not mentioned.by the Editors. If, after the review process, your article is accepted Chapter for 2 ispublication, dedicated you to willHaitian be asked Creole to submit phonology the manus withcript a again,threefold incorporating objective. It anygives revisions a thorough asked for, description and in a format of the ready sound for publication. system as such, provides some When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- comparativecation you should information prepare a final with version English of the and article French, in acco rdance and with discusses the guidelines selected phenomenafor contributors like availablethe status on of the the journal’s velar nasal website. consonant If your article [ŋ] or includes that of any the figures high nasal or vowelscomplex [ı]̃ tables,and [u pleasẽ]. The pay chapter special introduces attention to thevery guidelines elementary on preparing concepts and like submitting minimal artwork. pairs or free variation and links them to phenomena in the sound system of HaitianPermissions Creole andso that copyright the descr iption is also comprehensible to beginners in linguisticsIt is your responsibilityor non-linguists. to ensure Comprehension that you have obtained and readability any permissions increase to reproduce with the decisionany part to of useanother standard work. Iforthography your article contains rather thanextracts IPA fro wheneverm other works, possible, especially even thoughfigures, this tables, can poetrylead to etc., minor please con contactfusions the atauthors times, and e.g. pub whenlishers Va beforeldman submitting prefers to the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, introduceresearch hisparticipant own spellings should haveconvention signed a forconsent [ø], form.[y] or [ɶ] instead of the phonetic alphabet All contributors since the whoestablishedse articles standardare accepte orthographyd for publication doesn’t will be tak requirede into toaccount sign fronta copyright rounded assignment vowels anyway. form, and to confirm that their article is original, accurate (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous statements.

REVIEW: KRÄMER 227

Variation in the realisation of /R/ is particularly interesting so that the short subchapter about this subject (pp. 65–66) would have been an ideal occasion to contrast Haitian Creole with other Creoles in more detail. The same is true for the role of front rounded vowels (pp. 72–76)Sociolinguistic which can be used to m Studiesark acrolectal speech with a ‘French-like’ feature oftenGuidelines absent from basilecta for submissionl varieties. It would be fascinating to compare Valdman’s extensive research into this matter with findingsThe Editors about welcome the function articles, re ofviews front and research rounded notes vowels for pu blication in other in Frefuturench-based issues of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. Creoles.Please adhere to the guidelines below when preparing submissions for the journal. Chapter 3 expands on the information about phonology by introducing morphophonologicalInitial submissions processes that are frequently encountered in Haitian Creole suchSubmission as assimilation of articles or tovowel Sociolinguistic truncation. Studies As the should basics normally of morp be hology done via will the be journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the introducedwebsite as much an author, later and in thefollow book, the instructionsit is difficult and to guideline explains th relatinge fundamental to submission. idea of morphophonology,Authors who are unable which to leadsuse this to website the somewhat for on-line vague submissi chapteron should title ‘Variationcontact the in theeditors Forms for advice of Words’. on how Suchto submit an their approach manuscripts. which breaks with long-standing conventions Articles arein most normally structuralist in English descriptions (we also accept seems articles unfamiliar in Spanish, at first, Galician, but it Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and savesreferences. the book Appendices from blindly may be adop included,ting Eurocentric but are included categories in the total and word boundaries count. that are transferred Authors should into ensuregrammatical that all submissions,description of whether extra-European first or revised languages versions, all are too often.anonymised This way,to facilitate the book’sblind reviewing. organisation Authors’ helps names overcomeand institutional some affiliations profound misconceptionsshould appear only perpetuated in the covering since email colonial message. times when concepts of classical Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously grammarbeen published were applied or is not uncritically being considered to Creoles for publication or other ‘unfamili elsewhere.ar’ If languages. an author isThe pricepublishing to pay fora related this progress,article elsewhere, however, this isfact the should fact thatbe sta someted. In terms general, need authors to be are used earlyasked in to the submit book no evenmore than though one article they for cannot review be in explaineda two-year period. until mu ch later in connection with the description of a different grammatical level. For instance, Review process morphophonologicalIf your submission is clearlyprocesses unsuitable affecting for publication the omnipresent in Sociolinguistic introducer Studies ‘se’, youaren’t easywill to be understand promptly notified if you byare the confronted Editors. If, with after thethe veryreview idea process, of an your introducer article is for theaccepted very first for publication,time at this you point will bewhile asked the to submitdiscussion the manus of thecript (n again,on-)existence incorporating of a copulaany revisions will follow asked much for, and later. in a format ready for publication. When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publication Again, you this should chapter prepare would a final lend version itself of to the a articlemore incomparative accordance with perspective, the guidelines e.g. in thefor discussion contributors about available vowel on truncationthe journal’s of website. verbs If(pp. your 84–85), article includes taken up any again figures later or in thecomplex context tables, of short please forms pay special as auxiliaries attention (229sqq).to the guidelines It could on preparing have been and enlightening submitting artwork. to see in what way the rules behind long and short verb forms in Haiti differ from thosePermissions in the Creole and languages copyright of Louisiana or Réunion. The chapter also features a sampleIt is your of responsibility transcriptions to ensure from thata recent you have data obtained collection any inpermissions which the to phenomenareproduce discussedany part ofbefore another are work. marked. If your The article text contains is not only extracts an excellentfrom other illustrationworks, especially for the differentfigures, morphophonologicaltables, poetry etc., please processes, contact the but authors it can and also pub belishers expl beforeoited assubmitting a basis for the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, exercisesresearch inparticipant a linguisticss should class. have signed a consent form. The All fourth contributors chapter who dealsse articles with arespelling accepte andd for norms publication and is wguidedill be required by a descriptive to sign approach,a copyright at the assignment same time form, attem andpting to confirm to evaluate that their different article sys is original,tems for accurate practical (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous applicability. Valdman makes a compelling argument for a bi-unique (phonemic) statements.

228 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES spelling system as it provides better access to alphabetisation for illiterate monolingual speakers – abecedarians included – while transition towards French as an important educative resource can build on the spelling skills in Creole once they have been consolidated. The author pleadsSociolinguistic for a certain level ofStudies variability in the norm, taking issue with the widespreadGuidelines ideological for idea submission that any standard language must allow as little deviation as possible even though ‘there is no inherentThe Editors value welcome in highly articles, standardised reviews and spellings’ research notes (p. 96).for pu Afterblication a thorough in future issues survey of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. of Pleasedifferent adhere spelling to the guidelinessystems inbelow both when colonial preparing and submissionpost-colonias forl thetimes, journal. Valdman discusses the wider domain of normalisation, i.e. rules for a written standard that goInitial beyond submissions the mere attribution of graphemes and phonemes. He shows how HaitianSubmission Creole of can articles combine to Sociolinguistic concrete rulesStudies that should render normally actual befo rms done including via the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the nasalwebsite harmony as an author, or elisions and follow with the more instructions abstract and norms guideline thats leave relating the to realisationsubmission. of e.g.Authors morphophonological who are unable to variants use this upwebsite to the for reader’s on-line imaginationsubmission should or pronunciation. contact the Theeditors discussion for advice of onthese how two to submit strategies their manuscripts.can prove insightful for similar debates in other Articles Creole-speaking are normally societies in English where (we standardisation also accept articles processes in Spanish, are on Galician, their way. Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and references. Chapter 5 Appendices describes themay ‘Structure be included, of but the are Haitian included Creole in the totalLexic wordon’ count. which does not imply Authors its shouldhistorical ensure composition that all submissions, but its current whether state first and, or re mostvised importantly, versions, are its ongoinganonymised changes. to facilitate Due toblind the reviewing. rather analytic Authors’ structure names and of in stitutionalHaitian Creole,affiliations it is logicalshould that appear Valdman only in thecombines covering the email description message. of both lexical and morphologi- Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously calbeen structures published in or oneis not chapter being considered instead offor writingpublication an elsew independenthere. If an chapterauthor is on morphologypublishing a justrelated to article show, elsewhere, like many this fact creolists should didbe sta inted. the In general, past, h owauthors most are of Europeanasked to submitlanguages’ no more categories than one article don’t for apply. review This in a two-yeway, thear period. book also helps to overcome established lexicocentric views of Creoles that try to define them via Review process theirIf your ‘lexifier submission languages’ is clearly as historicallyunsuitable for determining publication in entities. Sociolinguistic Most ofStudies the chapter, you dealswill with be promptly strategies notified of word-forming, by the Editors. especially If, after the derivation, review process, and ityour starts article off withis theaccepted process for that publication, is most you difficult will be askedto systematise: to submit the manusconversioncript again, or, incorporatingin a different perspective,any revisions derivation asked for, and with in a aformat zero ready morpheme. for publication. The following mention of When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- reduplicationcation you should in only prepare a few a final sentences version of seems the article very in shortaccordance and itwith would the guidelines have been instructivefor contributors to see available in more on detail the journal’s which website.semantic If your and articlesyntactic includes possibilities any figures these or processescomplex entail,tables, please especially pay special since attention Valdman to the states guidelines very generall on preparingy that and ‘the submitting meaning artwork. of reduplicated forms varies widely’ (p. 160). Permissions Chapter 6 about and the copyright ‘Origin of the Haitian Creole Lexicon’, then, begins with a thought-outIt is your responsibility sensitisation to ensurefor the that risks you and have traps obtained of etymologic any permissionsal work to reproduce which, as farany as Creolepart of another languages work. are If your concerned, article contains all too extracts often resultsfrom other in speculationworks, especially on the basisfigures, of present-day tables, poetry standard etc., please forms contact of the authorsbase languages and publishers rathe beforer than submitting taking into the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, accountresearch the participant sociallys and should regionally have signed marked a consent variants form. of e.g. French or English that were All in contributorsuse during whocolonialse articles times. are A accepte considerabled for publication part of w theill bechapter required consists to sign of an aoverview copyright of assignment phonological form, correspondences and to confirm that that their link article French is et original,ymological accurate roots (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous to present-day Creole forms. While this information is definitely important to statements.

REVIEW: KRÄMER 229 readers who might want to try and discover Haitian Creole on their own on the basis of some knowledge of regular phonological change, they might be more likely to look for this type of information in the chapters about phonology or about the structure of the lexicon. This isSociolinguistic one of the instances where Studies the rather general titles of some chapters obscureGuidelines the otherwise well-orgafor submissionnised structure of the book. Especially the paragraph about the modification of syllable structure towardsThe Editors regular welcome CVCV articles, sequences reviews and (p. research 175) notes would for pu haveblication deserved in future issues further of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. discussionPlease adhere in the to the phonology guidelines sectionbelow when which preparing does submissionnot pay particuls for thear journal. attention to suprasegmental structures. Initial The sections submissions on the part of the vocabulary that is derived from other languages thanSubmission French is of well articles balanced to Sociolinguistic and shows Studies the wide should range normally of lexica be donel fields via the and journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the linguisticwebsite asinfluences an author, throughout and follow the the instructions history of and Ha guidelineitian Creole.s relating The to summary submission. table (p.Authors 187) which who are lists unable the percentageto use this website of the for respective on-line submissi languageson should gives contact an impres- the sioneditors of the for overwhelming advice on how to share submit of their French. manuscripts. Since the list is based on the entries under Articles the letter are K normally in one indictionary, English (we the also result accept may articles be less in reliable Spanish, than Galician, a mere Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and tablereferences. suggests. Appendices Valdman may does be inc makeluded, but this are fact included transparent in the total without word count., however, explicitly Authors drawing should conclusions ensure that all from submissions, this important whether reservation. first or revised More versions, reliable are data willanonymised be available to facilitate as the blindproject reviewing. of the Authors’Dictionnaire names andétymologique institutional desaffiliations Créoles Françaisshould appear d’Amérique only in the (DECA) covering email progresses message. (see Bollée, 2015 for research Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously perspectivesbeen published and or methodological is not being considered considerations for publication of the elsew project).here. If an author is publishing Chapters a 7 related to 10 article all deal elsewhere, with this different fact should aspects be sta ofted. Haitian In general, Cr eoleauthors syntax, are startingasked towith submit a chapter no more on than the one basic article structure for review of in simple a two-ye sentenar period.ces. Once again,

Valdman demonstrates the complex interplay between undetermined or changing Review process wordIf your classes submission and the is syntactic clearly unsuitable role a particular for publication word in can Sociolinguistic have. Another Studies core, you topic of willthis bechapter promptly is the notified systematic by the useEditors. – or If,non-use after the – ofreview a copul process,a. As yoursentences article withis zeroaccepted copula for arepublication, one of you the will most be asked prominent to submit differences the manuscript between again, incorporating most Creole languagesany revisions and asked their for, European and in a formatbase languages,ready for publication. it is unfortunate that this sub- When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- chaptercation isyou very should dense prepare and aprobably final version not of exactly the article transparent in accordance for withbeginners the guidelines as it uses a largefor contributors number of available concepts on the that journal’s will only website. be explained If your article later includes in the any book figures such or as stativescomplex or tables, actualisation please pay. special attention to the guidelines on preparing and submitting artwork. It is only in the following chapter (chapter 8) about the TMA system that the readerPermissions gets to knowand copyright the basic principles of Haitian Creole (and most other Creoles’)It is your verbal responsibility grammar, to ensure i.e., thethat strategy you have toobtained express any tense, permissions mood toand reproduce aspect by meansany part of of particles another work. before If your the article predicate. contains It extracts would fro havem other been works, helpful especially for the understandingfigures, tables, of poetry the preceding etc., please chaptercontact the to authorsget familiar and pub withlishers thi sbefore particularity submitting first the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, in researchorder to participant grasp fullys should the meaninghave signed of a e.g.consent zero form. copula constructions that have predicative All contributors markers who evense articles though are thereaccepte isd forno publication verb in the will classic be requiredal sense. to sign The followinga copyright pages assignment document form, in andgreat to detail confirm the that wide their range article of i sposs original,ibilities accurate for the (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous use of predicative markers in Haitian Creole as well as the variety of auxiliary statements.

230 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES verbs that add to strategies of expressing aspectual or modal categories. The chapter on verbal grammar concludes with an analysis of serial verbs, another phenomenon frequently encountered in Creole languages. Chapter 9 describes the structure of nounSociolinguistic phrases with i.a. the particularities Studies of Haitian Creole determiners, possessivesGuidelines and demonstratives. for submission With this chapter and the previous ones in mind, the reader is ready to move on to the structures of complexThe Editors sentences welcome explained articles, re inviews chapter and research 10. This notes chapter for pu blicationgives a incomprehensive future issues of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. listPlease of all adhere possible to the embedded guidelines clauses below when with preparing a large number submission of sexamples for the journal. and shows how complex sentence structures can be used for focalisation and topicalisation. ThisInitial last submissionspart of the chapter is an important completion of the existing literature aboutSubmission Creoles of that articles so far to has Sociolinguistic not dealt extensively Studies should with normally questions be of done information via the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the structure.website as an author, and follow the instructions and guidelines relating to submission. Authors The three who remainingare unable to chapters use this website will probably for on-line be submissi most interestingon should contact for socio- the linguists.editors for They advice deal on with how variationto submit their (chapter manuscripts. 11), language planning and education (chapter Articles 12), are and normally theories in of English creolisation (we also (chapter accept articles13). Among in Spanish, the established Galician, Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and levelsreferences. of language Appendices variation, may be social included, differences but are included are probably in the total more word important count. than the geographical Authors should dimension ensure that as all previous submissions, dialectological whether first works or revised showed versions, ‘few areclear majoranonymised isoglosses’ to facilitate (p. 320) blind so reviewing. that it is Authors’ difficult names to distinguis and institutionalh clear-cut affiliations dialect zones.should However, appear only based in the upon covering a set email of particularly message. salient features that the speakers Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously themselvesbeen published are oftenor is notaware being of, considered Valdman for identifies publication a Northernelsewhere. andIf an aauthor Southern is varietypublishing that differa related from article each elsewhere, other and this from fact should Standard be sta Haitianted. In general, Creole, authors commonly are associatedasked to submit with the no morevariety than spoken one article in the for reviewcapital in Port-au-Princ a two-year period.e. The lexical and phonological differences in the discussion are amply illustrated with word lists, Review process interviewIf your submission transcripts is clearly and maps unsuitable adapted for publication from the in AtlasSociolinguistic Linguistique Studies d’Haïti, you (Fattier,will be 1998). promptly Unfortunately, notified by the theEditors. maps If, only after indicate the review the process, data-collection your article points is whichaccepted do for not publication, coincide you with will the be asked country’s to submit major the manus cities.cript Readers again, incorporating who are not familiarany revisions with Haiti’s asked for, geography and in a format might readybenefit for from publication. more extensiv e labelling and a When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- distancecation you scale. should The prepare only general a final version map inof the article volume in acco (p. rdance6) is a with very the sketchy guidelines chart fromfor contributorsWikicommons available which on the does journal’s not show website. the If position your article of includes the smalle any figuresr locations or documentedcomplex tables, in the please Atlas, pay specialnor any attention topological to the guidelines information on preparing or the andcountry’s submitting road artwork. network and administrative structure, all of which can have a bearing on internal communicationPermissions andand copyrighthence on language change and variation. It Probably is your responsibility the most important to ensure that social you variablehave obtained is the any command permissions or to contact reproduce with French,any part significantly of another work. coinciding If your article with contains socioeconomic extracts from status,other works, whic especiallyh triggers changesfigures, on tables, all structural poetry etc., levels please fromcontact phonology the authors viaand syntaxpublishers to beforethe lexicon submitting due to the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, theresearch persistently participant highs prestigeshould have of thesigned former a consent colonial form. language. Nevertheless, other sociolinguistic All contributors factors who suchse articles as age are or accepte genderd forplay publication a role as wewillll. be This required dimension to sign of variationa copyright remains assignment seriously form, understudied and to confirm for that Haitian their articleCreole is and original, it is one accurate of the (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous

statements.

REVIEW: KRÄMER 231 most preeminent merits of the book that it provides as complete a picture as possible of the fieldwork and data available in this area. It is particularly fascinating to see transcripts from data that Valdman collected with a team in Northern Haiti in 2007 and 2008 which reveal notSociolinguistic only geographical andStudies sociolectal variation as compared to the capital, Guidelinesbut also very pronounced for submission language attitudes. Speakers associated particular grammatical features with more ‘correct’ or ‘elegant’The Editors speech welcome – features articles, which reviews were and researchnot necessarily notes for pudueblication to French in future influence issues – of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. andPlease thereby adhere applied to the guidelinesconcepts belowof standardisation when preparing and submission normativitys for the to journal. intra-Creole variation. This reveals the far-reaching influence of hierarchic thinking trans- portedInitial by submissions standard language ideology, but also a growing acceptance of the newly establishedSubmission norms of articles in the to communitySociolinguistic throughout Studies should the country. normally beThis done observation via the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the constituteswebsite as an an importantauthor, and shiftfollow towards the instructions a differentiated and guideline views relating of Creole to submission. varieties as theAuthors difference who betweenare unable overt to use and this covert website prestige for on-line used submissi to be onatt shouldached contactto the use the of Frencheditors vs. for Creole advice onas howa whole. to submit their manuscripts. A Articles short subchapter are normally of in the English part (weon variation also accept is articlesdedicated in S panish, to the continuum Galician, Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and situationreferences. which Appendices characterises may be inc Haluded,iti as but much are included as many in the other total word Creol count.e-speaking societies: Authors The should Creole ensure language that all submissions, continues to whether coexist first with or re vised its mo versions,st important are historicalanonymised base to language, facilitate blind so that reviewing. bilingual Authors’ speakers names have and the in stitutionalpossibility affiliations to flexibly situateshould their appear speech only inanywhere the covering betw emaileen message. the most formal French standard and the Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously mostbeen informal published Creole. or is not Valdman being considered stresses for the publication fact that elsewthe continhere. Ifuum an author is not, is as oftenpublishing claimed a related in creolistics, article elsewhere, the result this offact a shoulddecreolisation be stated. Inpr general,ocess which authors would are graduallyasked to havesubmit the no Creolemore than evolve one article towards for review the European in a two-ye languagear period. it is in contact with. Valdman chooses not to discuss this question any further and rather Review process concentratesIf your submission on the isillustration clearly unsuitable of intermediate for publication forms in Sociolinguisticinfluenced by Studies French, you with thewill help be of promptly transcripts. notified The by equally the Editors. brief If, subchapter after the review with theprocess, title ‘Haitianyour article Creole is andaccepted French for in publication, Haiti’ in youthe will introduction be asked to submit(pp. 13–15) the manus mentionscript again, t incorporatinghe concept of diglossia,any revisions but the asked basic for, implications and in a format of ready this modelfor publication. are not ext ensively discussed in When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- anycation of the you two should subchapters. prepare a final An version attentive of the reader article might in acco considerrdance with the the two guidelines notions, diglossiafor contributors and continuum available on, as the conflicting journal’s website. and would If your not article find includes any solution any figures for or this conceptualcomplex tables, dilemma please pay in special the book. attention It to does the guidelines not become on preparing quite and clear submitting that the artwork. continuum as such is only available to the small number of bilinguals since ‘for a largePermissions proportion and of the copyright Haitian population, French – despite its socially dominant statusIt is your– plays responsibility no major to ro ensurele in daily that you lif e’have (p. obtained 367). any permissions to reproduce any Chapter part of 12another starts work. off If with your aarticle concise contains overview extracts of fro Haiti’sm other works,offici alespecially language policiesfigures, since tables, independence, poetry etc., please especially contact thethe authors status thatand pubwaslishers given before to Haitian submitting Creole the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, in researchthe consecutive participant constitutions.s should have signed The achapter consent alsoform. provides an overview of the roles All that contributors Creole, French whose andarticles English are accepte play din for Haitian publication society will i nbe different required todomains sign sucha copyright as administration, assignment education form, and or to the confirm media. that With their the article help is o original,f numerical accurate values (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous

statements.

232 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES attributed to each language in each domain according to its relative importance, it becomes apparent that French is still largely dominant in most formal domains. There is no explanation, however, how these values were established or measured. Sociolinguistic Studies It is in the following subchaptersGuidelines that we are surprisingly for submission confronted with a more detailed account of Haitian diglossia and several quantitative studies that showThe Editors which welcome languages articles, bilingual reviews speakers and research prefer notes infor differentpublication sit inuations. future issues Even of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. thoughPlease the adhere ‘Linguistic to the guidelines Ecology below of Haitian when preparing Creole’ submission (as the titles for of the the journal. subchapter states) and language attitudes certainly are decisive factors for language planning andInitial the submissions position of Creole in education, such fundamental sociolinguistic informationSubmission should of articles not be to hiddenSociolinguistic away atStudies the end should of the normally book as be if it done were via related the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the to website education as an author, alone, and especially follow the sinceinstructions two and previous guideline chapterss relating to draw submission. on this knowledgeAuthors who and are leave unable the to reader use this without website furtherfor on-line explanations. submission should contact the editors The subchapter for advice on about how tothe submit various their initiatives manuscripts. to introduce Creole in education and to Articles increase are the normally quality in of English the education (we also acceptsystem articles is very in ric Spanish,h and instructive, Galician, Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and stretchingreferences. from Appendices the colonial may be inc eraluded, to the but are present. included Regrettably, in the total word the count. subsequent programmes Authors should have ensure not yet that been all submissions, particularly whether fruitful first as or more revised than versions, half of are the populationanonymised remains to facilitate illiterate blind reviewing. today (p. Authors’ 374). Valdman names and isin stitutionalright to criticiseaffiliations the Haitianshould government appear only in for the their covering lack email of effort message. and control which would be necessary Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously to been boost published alphabetisation or is not being through considered the use for ofpublication Creole elsew as thehere. first If anlanguage author is of instruction.publishing a related article elsewhere, this fact should be stated. In general, authors are asked The last to submit chapter no more(chapter than 13)one dealsarticle withfor review the historical in a two-ye develoar period.pment of Haitian

Creole and general theories of creolisation as well as their applicability to the Review process particularIf your submission case of Haiti. is clearly The unsuitableaccount of for the publication different in approach Sociolinguistices to theStudies genesis, you of Creolewill be languages promptly beginsnotified with by the short Editors. reminiscences If, after the of review nineteenth- process,century your article creolists. is In acceptedthe context for publication, of the subchapter you will be on asked so-called to submit Creole the manus exceptionacript again,lism, incorporating the some- whatany unfortunate revisions asked wording for, and that in a theformat most ready eminent for publication. early creolists ‘all observed that When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- Creolecation languages you should differedprepare a infinal some version manner of the fromarticle other in acco naturalrdance lanwithguages’ the guidelines (p. 396) makesfor contributors it seem as available though on these the journal’s influential website. precursors If your article of present- includes dayany figurescreolistics or sharedcomplex the tables,idea that please Creoles pay special are attentiona class of to thelanguages guidelines completel on preparingy distinct and submitting from all artwork. other languages. This strand of creolistics certainly has roots in colonial logics of thePermissions nineteenth centuryand copyright (DeGraff, 2001; Krämer, 2013), but with their clearly universalistIt is your responsibility stance, scholars to ensure like that you Hugo have Schuchardt obtained any orpermissions Adolpho to Creproduceoelho are anythingany part but of another early ‘exceptionalists’. work. If your article Aside contains from extracts this aspect, from other the works,chapter especially maintains a perfectfigures, tables,balance poetry between etc., pl introducingease contact the the authors central and concepts publishers and before points submitting of view the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, presentresearch in creolisticsparticipants andshould a cr haveitical signed review a consent of their form. terminolo gy and epistemology. Valdman All contributors is right towho pointse articles to the are problematicaccepted for publication use of the w ill terms be required substrate to sign and superstratea copyright languages assignment in form, creolistics and to confirm or the that crucial their articleimportance is original, of theories accurate of (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous language acquisition for a better understanding of creolisation. He stresses the statements.

REVIEW: KRÄMER 233 fact that the history of Haitian Creole is widely incompatible with the exceptionalist approach which revolves around the idea that Creoles developed from previous Pidgins – a fact that has been shown to be untrue in the develop- ment of many French-based Creoles whichSociolinguistic gradually evolved Studies from Colonial French (i.e. non-standard forms of FrenchGuidelines as spoken infor the submissioncolonies) without an intermediary Pidgin stage. In describing the social foundations of these develop- ments,The Editors Valdman welcome very articles, much reliesreviews on and the research demographics notes for pu ofblication the colo in nialfuture societies, issues of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. especiallyPlease adhere the numericalto the guidelines ratio below between when slaves preparing and submission free colonials forists. the journal. The qualita- tive, rather than quantitative, aspects of the interaction between these social groupsInitial is submissions equally important to study and it will be a future task of historical sociolinguisticsSubmission of to articles research to Sociolinguistic these aspects Studies of colonial should societie normallys in be greater done via depth. the journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the website The very as an last author, subchapter and follow underpins the instructions the basic and guidelineassumptions relating that toH aitiansubmission. Creole directlyAuthors derived who are from unable Colonial to use this French website by for way on-line of submissicomparisonon should with contact other thepost- colonialeditors for varieties advice on of how French to submit whic theirh did manuscripts. not creolise, e.g. French in Québec, Louisiana, Articles or are Saint normally Barthélémy. in English This (we part also is very accept detailed articles and in addresses Spanish, Galician, a number Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and of references.shared structural Appendices features may be which included, convincingly but are included show in the the linktotal betweenword count. Colonial French Authors and Haitian should ensureCreole. that To all the submissions, reader’s surprise, whether however, first or re Vvisedaldman versions, concludes are onanonymised the basis of to similar facilitate verb blind forms, reviewing. that ‘theAuthors’ widespread names and presen institutionalce in French-based affiliations Creolesshould ofappear forms only derived in the covering from Frenchemail message. infinitives does constitute a trace of a Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously pidginisedbeen published interlanguage or is not beingstage’ considered (p. 415). for The publication text then elsew moveshere. o nIf to an other author struc- is turespublishing and leaves a related the article question elsewhere, wide thisopen fact as should to what be sta thisted. Inobserva general,tion authors means are in relationasked toto submitthe fundamental no more than hypothesis one article forof creolisationreview in a two-ye withoutar period. prior pidginisation.

The comparison with other overseas varieties of French is insightful and neces- Review process sary,If your but submissionit makes it is all clearly the more unsuitable apparent for publication that an equally in Sociolinguistic systematic Studies comparison, you withwill other be promptly French-based notified Creolesby the Editors. is not If,included after the in review the book. process, your article is accepted After this for chapter,publication, the you book will ends be asked quite to submitabruptly. the manus It wouldcript havagain,e beenincorporating desirable to anyhave revisions a short asked summary for, and of inthe a formatmain pointsready for of publication. the book or a few words on future When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- researchcation you perspectives. should prepare One a final key version aspect of thethat article will inprobably accordance become with the increasingly guidelines importantfor contributors in the futureavailable is onthe the position journal’s of website. Haitian If Creoleyour article in th includese diaspora, any figures mainly or in Northcomplex America tables, andplease in pay Europe, special and attention its importance to the guidelines in the on preparingcontext andof migration submitting or artwork. the specific structures that arise in such settings. Permissions The generally and very copyright complete and detailed description of Haitian Creole will makeIt is thisyour book responsibility a reference to ensure work that in whichyou have one obtained is likely any to permissions find information to reproduce also on phenomenaany part of thatanother other work. publications If your article exclude contains for extracts being fro peripheral.m other works, Most especially linguistic conceptsfigures, tables, are introduced poetry etc., pl withease contact examples the authors from bothand pub Englishlishers before and submitting French and the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, subsequentlyresearch participant transferreds should to have Haitian signed Creolea consent with form. additional examples so that readers All contributors who don’t who havese articles a good are accepte commandd for publication of Creole w ill can be required ease into to sign new terminology,a copyright moving assignment from form, more and familiar to confirm languages that their to articlenew phenome is original,na. accurateHowever, (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous the book is somewhat unbalanced in the way it introduces very basic notions statements.

234 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES

(such as phoneme, mood, composition) while more specialised concepts are used without explanation or introduced much later as if their knowledge was pre- supposed (e.g. deontic modality, sandhi phenomena, clefting or the difference between hypothetical and non-factual moods).Sociolinguistic Definitions of some Studies very crucial terms such as basilect (p. 56) or MaroonsGuidelines (p. 58) are hiddenfor submission in end notes which are difficult to find since they are listed at the end of each individual chapter. The At Editors the end welcome of each articles, chapter, reviews a conciseand research summary notes for providespublication thein future reader issues with of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. essentialPlease adhere information, to the guidelines which is below very usefulwhen preparing for looking submission up thes most for the basic journal. concepts. Additionally, the well-organised structure of the book is explained at the very beginningInitial submissions with short summaries of the topic of each chapter. The elaborate subjectSubmission and author of articles indexes to Sociolinguistic add to the usabilityStudies should of the normally book. Ab be breviations done via the are journal’s website at www.equinoxjournals.com. You will need to register with the explainedwebsite as in an the author, main and text follow or in the end instructions notes when and guidelinethey ares usedrelating for to thesubmission. first time, butAuthors readers who who are dounable not toread use thethis bookwebsite from for on-linecover submissito coveron will should have contact difficulty the findingeditors thefor advice exact on passages. how to submit An abbreviationtheir manuscripts. index would have avoided this problem, Articles especially are normally for less in tr Englishansparent (we abbreviations also accept articles like CF in for Spanish, Colonial Galician, French Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and as references.opposed toAppendices SF (Standard may be French included,), butor SDCare included for Saint-Domingue in the total word count.Creole (i.e. early Authors Haitian should Creole ensure of the that period all submissions, when the French whether colony first or wasrevised still versions, called Saint- are Domingueanonymised). to facilitate blind reviewing. Authors’ names and institutional affiliations should As another appear useful only in memory the covering aid, email one couldmessage. have included a spelling table at the Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously beginning.been published Even or though is not beingthe spelling considered rules for publicationare explained elsew inhere. the If chapteran author about is standardisation,publishing a related readers article who elsewhere, only read this fact selected should partsbe sta ted.would In general, be able authors to consult are suchasked a to table submit more no more quickly than one whenever article for theyreview are in a uncertain two-year period. about a particular example’s pronunciation. Review process If For your future submission research, is clearly the unsuitableenormous for number publication of examplesin Sociolinguistic is one Studies of the, you most importantwill be promptly assets of notified the book by sincethe Editors. it will If, be after possible the review to find process, excellent your illustrations article is andaccepted an in-depth for publication, description you will for be almost asked to any submit structural the manus phenomenocript again, incorporatingn of Haitian Creole.any revisions The book asked willfor, and be in helpful a format for ready researchers for publication. and students alike, and the When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publi- affordablecation you price should of prepare the paperback a final version makes of the it articleavailable in acco alsordance for withprivate the guidelinespurchase. for contributors available on the journal’s website. If your article includes any figures or complex tables, please pay special attention to the guidelines on preparing and submitting References artwork. Baggioni, D. (1997) Petit Dictionnaire Créole réunionnais / Français. Saint-Denis de la PermissionsRéunion: Université and copyright de la Réunion. It is your responsibility to ensure that you have obtained any permissions to reproduce Bollée,any part A. (2015)of another Le Dictionnaire work. If your étymologique article contains des extracts créoles fro françaism other d’Amérique works, especially (DECA) figures,et le tables, ‘langage poetry des etc., îles’. please Études contact Créoles the authors 1. Retrievedand publishers on 5before June submitting 2016 from: the http://www.lpl-aix.fr/~fulltexfinal version to seek permissiont/Etudes_Creole to use their work.s/bollee.pdf. If primary data is to be included, DeGraff,research M. participant (2001) Lis nguists’should have most signed dangerous a consent myth: form. The fallacy of Creole exceptional- Allism. contributors Language whoin Societyse articles 34: are533–591. accepte d for publication will be required to sign a copyright assignment form, and to confirm that their article is original, accurate (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous statements.

REVIEW: KRÄMER 235

Fattier, D. (1998) Contribution à l’étude de la genèse d’un créole: l’Atlas Linguistique d’Haïti, cartes et commentaires. 6 vols. Villeneuve d’Ascq: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. Retrieved from: https://www.u-cergy.fr/fr/laboratoires/labo-ldi/ publications/these-creole.html. Krämer, P. (2013) Creole exceptionalism in aSociolinguistic historical perspective: From Studies 19th century reflection to a self-conscious discipline.Guidelines Language forSciences submission 38: 99–109. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.02.003. The Editors welcome articles, reviews and research notes for publication in future issues Michaelis, S. M., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M. and Huber, M. (eds) (2013a) The Atlas of of Sociolinguistic Studies. Submitted articles are subject to a blind, peer review process. Pidgin and Creole Language Structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Please adhere to the guidelines below when preparing submissions for the journal. Michaelis, S. M., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M. and Huber, M. (eds) (2013b) The Survey of InitialPidgin submissions and Creole Languages. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Spears,Submission A. K. and of articles Berotte to Joseph, Sociolinguistic C. M. (eds) Studies (2010) should The normally Haitian beCreole done Language via the . journal’sLanham: website Lexington at www.equinoxjournals.com. University Press. You will need to register with the website as an author, and follow the instructions and guidelines relating to submission. Staudacher-Valliamée,Authors who are unable G. (2004)to use this Grammaire website for du on-linecréole réunionnaissubmission should. Paris: contact Sedes. the editors for advice on how to submit their manuscripts. Articles are normally in English (we also accept articles in Spanish, Galician, Portuguese or French) and should not exceed 8,000 words, inclusive of endnotes and references. Appendices (Receivedmay be included, 8th June but are2016; included accepted in the 14totalth Septemberword count. 2016) Authors should ensure that all submissions, whether first or revised versions, are anonymised to facilitate blind reviewing. Authors’ names and institutional affiliations should appear only in the covering email message. Submission of an article or book review is taken to imply that it has not previously been published or is not being considered for publication elsewhere. If an author is publishing a related article elsewhere, this fact should be stated. In general, authors are asked to submit no more than one article for review in a two-year period.

Review process If your submission is clearly unsuitable for publication in Sociolinguistic Studies, you will be promptly notified by the Editors. If, after the review process, your article is accepted for publication, you will be asked to submit the manuscript again, incorporating any revisions asked for, and in a format ready for publication. When the Editors confirm to you that your submission has been accepted for publication you should prepare a final version of the article in accordance with the guidelines for contributors available on the journal’s website. If your article includes any figures or complex tables, please pay special attention to the guidelines on preparing and submitting artwork.

Permissions and copyright It is your responsibility to ensure that you have obtained any permissions to reproduce any part of another work. If your article contains extracts from other works, especially figures, tables, poetry etc., please contact the authors and publishers before submitting the final version to seek permission to use their work. If primary data is to be included, research participants should have signed a consent form. All contributors whose articles are accepted for publication will be required to sign a copyright assignment form, and to confirm that their article is original, accurate (inasmuch as can be ascertained in research), and does not include any libellous statements.