Outer Mongolia and Sinkiang Mike Mansfield 1903-2001
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Continuing Crackdown in Inner Mongolia
CONTINUING CRACKDOWN IN INNER MONGOLIA Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) CONTINUING CRACKDOWN IN INNER MONGOLIA Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright 8 March 1992 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56432-059-6 Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) Human Rights Watch/Asia was established in 1985 to monitor and promote the observance of internationally recognized human rights in Asia. Sidney Jones is the executive director; Mike Jendrzejczyk is the Washington director; Robin Munro is the Hong Kong director; Therese Caouette, Patricia Gossman and Jeannine Guthrie are research associates; Cathy Yai-Wen Lee and Grace Oboma-Layat are associates; Mickey Spiegel is a research consultant. Jack Greenberg is the chair of the advisory committee and Orville Schell is vice chair. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. -
DOE/NREL Inner Mongolia Household PV/Wind Hybrid
February 2005 • NREL/TP-710-37678 DOE/NREL Inner Mongolia PV/Wind Hybrid Systems Pilot Project: A Post-Installation Assessment K.K. Stroup National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 February 2005 • NREL/TP-710-37678 DOE/NREL Inner Mongolia PV/Wind Hybrid Systems Pilot Project: A Post-Installation Assessment K.K. Stroup Prepared under Task No. IGIN.5300 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Inner Mongolia Information Overview Inner Mongolia Is Located in The
Inner Mongolia Information Overview Inner Mongolia is located in the northern region of China and shares an international border with Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Inner Mongolia is the third-largest subdivision of China and covers 12% of China's total land area. The main languages spoken here are Chinese and Mongolian. The province has a population of about 24 million people with the majority being the Han Chinese. The capital of Inner Mongolia is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou. The region is known as “Inner” Mongolia, to distinguish itself from “Outer Mongolia”, or the independent state of Mongolia. Geography Inner Mongolia ties the province of Shaanxi in that is has the most neighboring provinces of any other Chinese province. Inner Mongolia borders Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu. Due to the size of the province stretching from Northwest to Northeast, the region has a four-season climate to include long, cold, dry winters and very warm to hot summers. Economy Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats, sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Inner Mongolia has an abundance of natural resources such as coal, cashmere, natural gas, and rare earth elements. The region also has more deposits of naturally occurring niobium, zirconium and beryllium than any other province in China. Demographics When the region was established in 1947, Han Chinese comprised about 83% of the population, while the Mongols made up about 14% of the population. The Han Chinese live mostly in the Hetao region as well as in central and eastern Inner Mongolia. -
Realpolitik in Mongolia-US Relations
Realpolitik in Mongolia-US Relations Ron A. PORTER Ritsumeikan Asia Pacifi c University Abstract The United States has, in recent years, touted the accomplishment of Mongolian democracy as a positive example to other nations in the region. The shift from socialism to democracy on the part of the Mongolians has dominated both academic discourse and political speeches alike on the growing friendship between these two countries. This article argues, however, that the growing relationship between the United States and Mongolia is one based on practical benefi ts to both parties instead of the ideals of liberal democracy. Hence, US- Mongolia relations are based in realpolitik, not ideology. Keywords: Independence, strategic interests, liberal economy, democracy, realpolitik. Introduction Mongolia’s declaration of independence from the Qing (Manchu) dynasty of China in 1911 was founded on Mongol nationalism that, at that time, fostered dreams of a comprehensive nation made up of Mongol inhabitants of territories that stretched from Manchuria in the east, to Tuva in the west, and what is now Inner Mongolia south of the Gobi desert.1 However, this comprehensive pan-Mongolian state never materialized and only what is known as Khalkha Mongol territory (excluding Inner Mongolia) was carved out and successfully made into an independent nation-state. Nevertheless, since its initiation in 1911 and its subsequent successful independence in 1924, the Mongolian state has been founded on the principal of Mongol “national” unity. Even the socialist revolution of 1924 refl ected Mongolia’s unique situation for social reform that was aided along, but not completely in line with, the Soviets’ world social revolution scheme. -
Elites in Between Ethnic Mongolians and the Han in China 39
Elites in Between Ethnic Mongolians and the Han in China 39 Chelegeer Contents Introduction ...................................................................................... 696 MINZU in China at a Glance ................................................................ 696 Mongolian Elites Before 1949 .................................................................. 699 The Old Nobility ............................................................................. 700 From Old House to New Elite ............................................................... 702 Mongol MINZU from 1949 to 1979 ............................................................ 704 Economic and Cultural Reforming .......................................................... 705 MINZU as Social Transformation ........................................................... 707 Ongoing Generations from the 1980s ........................................................... 709 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 711 References ....................................................................................... 712 Abstract Whether an ethnicity or a nationality is a natural and historical entity with clear self-consciousness, or a constructed identity as one of the consequences of modernity, there are always academic debates in sociology. By concerning Mongolian elites, this chapter argues their essential role in interacting with Han, the dominant population of China, through history and informing their -
Multi-Destination Tourism in Greater Tumen Region
MULTI-DESTINATION TOURISM IN GREATER TUMEN REGION RESEARCH REPORT 2013 MULTI-DESTINATION TOURISM IN GREATER TUMEN REGION RESEARCH REPORT 2013 Greater Tumen Initiative Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH GTI Secretariat Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia (RCI) Tayuan Diplomatic Compound 1-1-142 Tayuan Diplomatic Office Bldg 1-14-1 No. 1 Xindong Lu, Chaoyang District No. 14 Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing, 100600, China Beijing, 100600, China www.tumenprogramme.org www.economicreform.cn Tel: +86-10-6532-5543 Tel: + 86-10-8532-5394 Fax: +86-10-6532-6465 Fax: +86-10-8532-5774 [email protected] [email protected] © 2013 by Greater Tumen Initiative The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI) or members of its Consultative Commission and Tourism Board or the governments they represent. GTI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, GTI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. “Multi-Destination Tourism in the Greater Tumen Region” is the report on respective research within the GTI Multi-Destination Tourism Project funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The report was prepared by Mr. James MacGregor, sustainable tourism consultant (ecoplan.net). -
Borders, Territory and Nationalism in Mongolia, 1943-1949
Carving up the Steppes: Borders, Territory and Nationalism in Mongolia, 1943-1949 Sergey Radchenko (U. of Nottingham, Ningbo, China) In August 2005 the Mongolian government resolved to take down the red-marble mausoleum in front of the Government Palace in Ulaanbaatar, which had since the 1950s housed the remains of the hero of Mongolia’s revolution Sukhbaatar and its long-time ruler Choibalsan, rebury both at the Altan-Ulgii cemetery on the outskirts of town, and build a massive complex in honor of Chinggis Khaan in the mausoleum’s place. The complex, complete with a larger-than-life statue of Chinggis Khaan upon a throne, was hastily built to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the Mongol Empire, becoming one of the most visible manifestations of the Chinggis craze, which has swept Mongolia in recent years. Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan, whose sour, determined appearance in a military tunic adorned with rows of medals, was once familiar to just about every man and woman within the borders of the Soviet-dominated Mongolian People’s Republic, had now been crossed out of public memory, and blotted out by the long shadow of Chinggis Khaan. Yet Choibalsan shared a trait with Chinggis: both wanted to unite the Mongol peoples. Still, Choibalsan failed where Chinggis Khaan succeeded. So Chinggis was placed on the throne in the central square, while Choibalsan’s remains were shelved away out of sight and, for most Mongols, out of mind. Choibalsan’s unrealized dream was to bring all the peoples of the Mongol stock under one roof. The tides of history had carried these peoples far, so that by the middle of the twentieth century most Mongols lived outside of what was properly Mongolia: hundreds of thousands dwelt in China, from Manchuria in the East to the Tibetan plateau and the arid deserts in the Southwest (as subjects of China), and fewer, but still thousands, in the Soviet Union. -
Chinggis Khan on Film: Globalization, Nationalism, and Historical Revisionism
Volume 16 | Issue 22 | Number 1 | Article ID 5214 | Nov 15, 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Chinggis Khan on Film: Globalization, Nationalism, and Historical Revisionism Robert Y. Eng Few personalities in world history have had a (which had been replaced by the Cyrillic more compelling personal story or a greater script), the rehabilitation of Chinggis Khan, and impact on the world than Temüjin, who rose the revival of Tibetan Buddhism. Mongols from destitute circumstances to be crowned as celebrated the rediscovery of Chinggis Khan as Chinggis Khan in 1206 and became the founder a national symbol through religious of the world’s greatest contiguous land empire. celebrations, national festivals, academic Today, eight and a half centuries after his birth, conferences, poetic renditions, art exhibitions, Chinggis Khan remains an object of personal and rock songs.3 His name and image were also and collective fascination, and his image and commodified. The international airport at life story are appropriated for the purposes of Ulaanbaatar is named after Chinggis, as are constructing national identity and commercial one of the capital’s fanciest hotels and one of profit. its most popular beers. Chinggis’ image appears on every denomination of the Vilified as a murderous tyrant outside his Mongolian currency. homeland, yet celebrated by the Mongols as a great hero and object of cultic worship for This revival of a national cult, one that had centuries,1 Chinggis Khan’s reputation been banned during the socialist era, is a underwent an eclipse even in Mongolia when it response to endemic corruption, growing fell under Soviet domination in the early economic inequalities, and a host of other twentieth century. -
Rethinking Chinese Territorial Disputes: How the Value of Contested Land Shapes Territorial Policies
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2014 Rethinking Chinese Territorial Disputes: How the Value of Contested Land Shapes Territorial Policies Ke Wang University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Ke, "Rethinking Chinese Territorial Disputes: How the Value of Contested Land Shapes Territorial Policies" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1491. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1491 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1491 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rethinking Chinese Territorial Disputes: How the Value of Contested Land Shapes Territorial Policies Abstract What explains the timing of when states abandon a delaying strategy to change the status quo of one territorial dispute? And when this does happen, why do states ultimately use military force rather than concessions, or vice versa? This dissertation answers these questions by examining four major Chinese territorial disputes - Chinese-Russian and Chinese-Indian frontier disputes and Chinese-Vietnamese and Chinese-Japanese offshore island disputes. I propose a new theory which focuses on the changeability of territorial values and its effects on territorial policies. I argue that territories have particular meaning and value for particular state in particular historical and international settings. The value of a territory may look very different to different state actors at one point in time, or to the same state actor at different points in time. This difference in perspectives may largely help explain not only why, but when state actors choose to suddenly abandon the status quo. -
Ethnic Nationalist Challenge to Multi-Ethnic State: Inner Mongolia and China
ETHNIC NATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO MULTI-ETHNIC STATE: INNER MONGOLIA AND CHINA Temtsel Hao 12.2000 Thesis submitted to the University of London in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London. UMI Number: U159292 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U159292 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T h c~5 F . 7^37 ( Potmc^ ^ Lo « D ^(c st' ’’Tnrtrr*' ABSTRACT This thesis examines the resurgence of Mongolian nationalism since the onset of the reforms in China in 1979 and the impact of this resurgence on the legitimacy of the Chinese state. The period of reform has witnessed the revival of nationalist sentiments not only of the Mongols, but also of the Han Chinese (and other national minorities). This development has given rise to two related issues: first, what accounts for the resurgence itself; and second, does it challenge the basis of China’s national identity and of the legitimacy of the state as these concepts have previously been understood. -
Soviet Russia and the Mongolian Revolution of 1921
First published in Past and Present, No. 83 (1979), pp. 116–140 41 SOVIET RUSSIA AND THE MONGOLIAN REVOLUTION OF 1921 Fujiko Isono I INTRODUCTION n 27 June 1921 the Soviet Army crossed the border into Outer Mongolia, bringing Othe Mongolian revolution to rapid victory. This has led to the widely accepted theory that Soviet intervention was a straightforward invasion of Outer Mongolia in the course of Soviet expansionism. According to this view the request of the Mongolian People’s Party for Soviet support was made at Russian instigation, and the capture of Urga (now Ulan Bator) by Ungern-Sternberg is interpreted as a mere pretext for the Russian invasion, as Ungern posed no real or substantial threat to the Soviet regime.1 As George Murphy has written: the Soviet authorities ‘were at the end of a victorious struggle and both their morale and their confidence were high’, and ‘the goal of Urga, and of acquisition of influence over the vast region of Outer Mongolia, seems to have been irresistible to the Soviet government’.2 There is no doubt that the propagation of revolutionary ideas was a fundamental objective of the Bolsheviks, but when we look more carefully at both the internal and international situation of Soviet Russia in 1921, such a motive, even when linked to the supposed desire of Russia to secure and exploit the abundant natural resources of her neighbour, does not appear sufficient to account for an invasion of Outer Mongolia at this particular point in time. In this paper, discussion will be focused on the reasons for the Soviet intervention of 1921, leaving the various ideological and political aspects of Soviet influence to be treated elsewhere. -
Vegetation Ecological Features of Dry Inner and Outer Mongolia 117-128 ©Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft (
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Berichte der Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 18 Autor(en)/Author(s): Staalduinen M. A. van, Werger Marinus J. A. Artikel/Article: Vegetation ecological features of dry Inner and Outer Mongolia 117-128 ©Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft (http://www.reinhold-tuexen-gesellschaft.de/) Ber. d. Reinh.-Tüxen-Ges. 18, 117-128. Hannover 2006 Vegetation ecological features of dry Inner and Outer Mongolia - M.A. van Staalduinen & Marinus J.A. Werger, Utrecht - Zusammenfassung Der Vortrag befasst sich mit Wüsten, Halbwüsten und Trockensteppen im Gobi- Bereich im Süden der Republik Mongolien und im angrenzenden Norden von China, von der Provinz Inner Mongolia bis Gansu. Die natürlichen Bedingungen dieser Gebiete werden erläutert und ihre großräumigen Vegetationstypen kurz in ihrem Zusammenhang dargestellt. Der Bevölkerungsdruck und vor allem die Viehbestände haben in dieser Region in den letzten Jahrzehnten sehr stark zugenommen. Dies hat zu einer sehr verstärkten Desertifikation der Gebiete geführt. Ausgedehnte, heutzutage von Flugsand bedeckte Gebiete trugen bis vor wenigen Jahrzehnten unter viel gerin- gerem Überbeweidungsdruck noch halboffene Vegetationen auf stabilisierten Boden- oberflächen. Der Effekt der Überbeweidung auf die halboffene Vegetation zeigt sich zunächst in einer Änderung des Vegetationsdeckungsgrades und geht dann auch bald mit einer Verschiebung der Artenzusammensetzung einher. Eine der auffälligsten Änderungen in diesem Stadium der Überbeweidung ist die Ersetzung von büschelför- migen Stipa-Arten durch das Gras Leymus chinensis, das mittels Rhizomen wächst. Auch andere Rhizomgewächse breiten sich unter Überbeweidung aus. Dies hängt damit zusammen, dass Leymus im Vergleich zu Stipa ein bedeutend höheres kompen- satorisches Wachstum in Reaktion auf Abschneiden (Abfressen) hat.