Southern Planter
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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/southernplanterd653sout The Southern Plaiiter. DEVOTED TO PRACTICAL AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, TRUCKING, LIVE 5T0CK AND THE FIRESIDE. Agriculture Is the nursing mother of the Arts.—-XENOPHON. Tillage and pasturage are the two breasts of the State. --SULLY. 65th Year. Richmond, March, 1904. No. 3. Farm Management. WORK FOfl THE MONTH. we.ather and that some progress might be made in The whole of the Southland is this winter passing- preparing the land for crops during the month of through abnormal weather conditions and especially February. In this we have been disappointed and is this so in this and the immediately adjoining States the work we suggested to be done in February still north and south of us. Since the middle of November remains unexecuted. We refer our readers to the (now more than three months ago) the ground has February issue for those suggestions and urge that been almost continually hard frozen and it has been at the very earliest break in the weather they may impossible to run a plow for a day and the end is not receive attention. With the use of all the diligence yet. At the time of this writing (20th February) capable of being exercised, and assuming the weather the frost is still intense and within the week just past to be fairly normal, there is going to be much diffi- the thermometer has made the lowest record of the culty in getting an average acreage of crops planted month, and of the winter in Middle Virginia. Here this year in seasonable time and in well prepared in the city of Richmond it has marked 8 degrees (24 land. The early advent of winter cut off at least a degrees of frost) and in the country within a few month of the usual fall plowing season and much miles of the city, has been down nearly, to zero. The land usually now only waiting for the drying out of winter in State has been the coldest but one since rec- the winter rains to be cultivated and prepared for ords were systematically kept. It is also exceptional seeding is yet to plow. This, added to that usually in that it has been the longest continued cold of which plowed in the spring, is going to make very heavy we have any record. Indeed this abnormal coldness work for the teams and hands, and we are afraid has continued ever since last June, January being the must necessarily result in many crops seeded in bad- eighth month in succession in which the mean average ly prepared land or a reduced area put into crops. temperature has been below the normal for the State. Notwithstanding this aspect of existing conditions In another respect also the weather has been abnor- we would still urge the point we have so often made mal. There has been a deficiency in the rainfall for at this season of the year, that greater attention be the past three months in this section, and for more paid to the preparation of the land before seeding than that period in other sections. Very similar even though the result be a reduction of the area put conditions have prevailed through all the Southern into crop. If as a consequence of this abnormal sea- States except those bordering on the Gulf, where son the result should be the doing of more intensive somewhat more normal weather has been experi- work the experience will not have been without its enced. In our last issue we ventured to hope that we advantages. As Professor Roberts in his work on were then nearly at the end of the period of abnormal the "Fertility of the land" well savs, "Since the soil 158 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. [March, and the subsoil contain such stores of potential fer- not be possible to secure maximum yields of crops tility as analysis has abundantly demonstrated, and of any kind even though fertilizer of the highest since tap-rooted leguminous plants bring to the sur- grade was poured out in tons instead of pounds to the face abundant quantities of nitrogen with some min- acre. What all the land of this country most needs eral matter, and since^pany fields receive applica- is deep plowing anj^ perfect cultivation so that all tion of farm manure from time to time, some far- the soil is broken into fine particles to the depth of reaching cause or causes must be present ever tending at least 12 to 18 inches, and that this soil so broken to seriously restrict production. It will be found shall be filled with decayed vegetable matter (hu- that in this country the principal causes of low mus). When put into this condition the soil will yields of farm crops are imperfect preparation of the hold moisture and mainly upon the moisture content land, poor Ullage, and hence a lack of available plant of the soil depends its ability to dissolve and make food and insufficient moisture during some portion available the plant food naturally contained in it, of the plants life." That this is so has been abun- and that which may be supplied in the form of ma- dantly demonstrated by numerous experiments nure or fertilizer and upon this ability depends the made in almost every State, and is further illus- crop yield, as all plant food is taken up by plants in trated by results obtained in other countries. The liquid form alone. Without an abundant supply of yield of the wheat crop in the different countries of labor and teams it is impossible to do this full jus- the world is a striking illustration of this fact. In tice to the soil over a large area of land, but a small- England, where the most intensive system of farm- er area may be so handled, and if so handled, may be ing is practised, and where the land receives more made to yield as much as the larger area would do preparation for a single crop than is here usually imperfectly prepared, and the subsequent cultivation bestowed on three or four crops, the average yield of and harvesting of the increased crop cost but little wheat per acre in 1903 was 31.76 bushels, nearly 32 if any more than a small yield on the same area. bushels per acre. In Holland, where careful and With such a backward season as the present one good preparation is made, the yield was 28.57 (28£) and with the scarcity of labor, common all over the bushels per acre; in Belgium the yield was 27.70 South, it is essential if profit is to be made, that in- (27f) bushels per acre; in New Zealand 26.93 tensive and not extensive farming should be done. (nearly 27) bushels per acre; in Germany 25.44 The first step in this system is deep and thorough (25^) bushels per acre; in Sweden 25.29 (254J preparation of the soil. Let this have attention as bushels per acre; in France 18.80 (nearly 19) bush- soon as the weather will permit. It is too late to els per acre; in Canada 16.92 (nearly 17) bushels turn more than a very little of the subsoil on to the per acre; in the United States 12.76 (12f) bushels surface now, but it is not too late to break this sub- per acre; in Spain 10.80 (nearly 11) bushels per soil with the subsoil plow or a single tooth cultivator acre; in India 9.95 (nearly 10) bushels per acre; in so that it may become a reservoir to hold moisture Russia 8.80 (nearly 9) bushels per acre; in Aus- for the use of the crop during the hot season. tralia 6.38 (nearly 6^) bushels per acre. These varying yields are almost certain evidence of the de- For the benefit of the hundreds of new subscribers gree of preparation bestowed upon the land before who have come on to our list since the February issue the seeding of the crop. We make this assertion with was mailed we repeat the suggestion as to crops personal knowledge as to the method of preparing the which should be planted at once as the weather has land in a number of the countries named and from prevented this being done in February. The first to information received from the others. What is true receive attention should be the oat crop. It is now of the wheat crop is true of all other crops. The too late to sow Virginia Grey Winter Oats. We mechanical and physical condition of the soil in would now seed Rust proof Oats for the main crop. which the seed is planted has more bearing upon the Sow not less than two bushels to the acre, better yield than any fertilizer that may be applied, yet three. A new oat, of which we hear very good re- we are daily in receipt of letters from farmers all ports, is the Burt Oat. It is claimed for it that it over the country asking us to tell them what fertil- will mature in 90 days and thus if planted now will izer to use and what quantity to apply in order to ob- escape damage from the hot weather of the early tain certain named yields of crops. Upon most of summer. It is claimed also to be largely rust proof. the lands of the parties asking these questions, and We would advise a trial of this variety.