ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 266
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ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 266 Utgivna av Historiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet genom Margaret Hunt och Maria Ågren Omslagsbild: Utsmyckning av Riddarholmskyrkan vid Ulrika Eleonora begravning 1693. Laverad pennteckning av Nicodemus Tessin d.y. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, inv. nr NMH THC 5650. Foto: Cecilia Heisser, Nationalmuseum. Bilden är beskuren med tillstånd från Nationalmuseum. Omslagslayout: Kerri Näslund Alexander Engström Olikhetens praktiker Adlig begravningskultur i Sverige c:a 1630–1680 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Sal IV, Universitetshuset, Biskopsgatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, 27 September 2019 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Professor Svante Norrhem (Lunds Universitet, Historiska institutionen, Department of History). Abstract Engström, A. 2019. Olikhetens praktiker. Adlig begravningskultur i Sverige c:a 1630-1680. Studia Historica Upsaliensia 266. 347 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0712-1. This thesis examines how the nobility created status and disparity through funeral culture in 17th century Sweden. There were significant societal changes throughout the century that made it problematic to reach consensus on status. This makes the funeral culture a fitting lens to study noble practices. By emphasizing the importance of practice this study moves the perspective from a generally applied view where the subject is considered the master of its surroundings, to one where the subject is dependent on a certain set of material cultures, participants, spaces and sounds in order to create status and difference. This study argues that hierarchies like gender, age, noble rank, merit, pedigree and marital status made certain practices available to just some of the nobility. Noble funeral culture was therefore not uniform, meaning that some engaged with prominent funeral practices while some were left with practices that were not dissimilar to those practiced by people lower on the social hierarchy. Men of the higher elite were generally those which received the most spectacular funerals. Societal changes saw that certain values were changing all across the nobility, where merits for instance rose above noble titles in significance. The increasing need of specific spaces and participants in the funeral culture saw a growing number of urban funerals, particularly in the capital Stockholm. The increasing participants, territorializations and paraphernalia resulted in increasingly articulated social differences, causing discord within the noble community as with the clergy, congregations and urban inhabitants. Through a broad and diverse empirical body and a novel theoretical approach around how status was generated, this thesis argues that noble status was not uniform, static nor self- evident, but rather cumulatively created. Practices and the creation of status and disparity were dependent on several mutually corresponding and sometimes shifting hierarchies, as well as a corresponding relationship between materiality, participants, space and sound. Keywords: Nobility, funeral culture, Sweden, 17th century, practice, status, disparity, material culture, participants, space, sound, hierarchies Alexander Engström, Department of History, Box 628, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Alexander Engström 2019 ISSN 0081-6531 ISBN 978-91-513-0712-1 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390185 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390185) Innehållsförteckning Förord ................................................................................................... 9 Förkortningar ...................................................................................... 11 Kapitel 1 Att skapa olikhet ................................................................ 13 Adelns 1600-tal ................................................................................ 15 Tidigare forskning ............................................................................ 23 Praktiker och social hierarki ............................................................. 30 Metod .............................................................................................. 36 Källmaterialet ................................................................................... 38 Primära källor .......................................................................... 42 Sekundära källor ...................................................................... 43 Frågeställningar ................................................................................ 45 Avgränsningar .................................................................................. 46 Disposition ...................................................................................... 47 Kapitel 2 Den förberedande fasen ..................................................... 49 Själaringning .................................................................................... 49 Svepning, kista och balsamering ....................................................... 51 Likvaka och likskådning ................................................................... 59 Likets förflyttning ............................................................................ 64 Bisättning ........................................................................................ 71 Förberedelser ................................................................................... 78 Deltagargruppens sammansättning ................................................... 87 Platsens inverkan...................................................................... 91 Sammanfattning .............................................................................. 93 Kapitel 3 Den verkställande fasen: Färden mot kyrkporten ................ 97 Begravningsdag och processionstid ................................................... 97 Processionsrummet Stockholm ...................................................... 101 Publiken ........................................................................................ 110 Processionens övergripande sammansättning .................................. 112 Skillnader mellan processioner ....................................................... 117 Processioner för barn .............................................................. 117 Processioner för kvinnor ......................................................... 119 Processioner för män .............................................................. 123 Ceremonielets ljud ......................................................................... 137 Begravningsringning............................................................... 137 Begravningssalut ..................................................................... 147 Begravningsprocession ............................................................ 158 Begravningssång ..................................................................... 159 Begravning för arma, vantrogna och missdådare ............................. 162 Kritik mot föremålen...................................................................... 170 Sammanfattning ............................................................................. 176 Kapitel 4 Den verkställande fasen: Från kyrkosång till fylleslag ........ 181 Föremål och deltagare i kyrkorummet ............................................ 181 Sorgemusik .................................................................................... 186 Gravtalets sammansättning ............................................................. 189 Gravsättning .................................................................................. 198 Huvudbanérs splittrande ................................................................ 200 Begravningsbanketten .................................................................... 203 Sammanfattning ............................................................................. 216 Kapitel 5 Den åminnelsegörande fasen: Ben, jord och konflikt ........ 219 Familjens gravrum .......................................................................... 219 Kistans sammansättning ................................................................. 227 Kyrkorummets territorialisering ..................................................... 237 Gravminnets sammansättning ........................................................ 252 Konflikt i kyrkorummet ................................................................. 266 Åminnelse bortom graven............................................................... 273 Sammanfattning ............................................................................. 278 Kapitel 6 Slutsatser: Olikhetens föränderliga och konfliktfyllda praktiker .......................................................................... 282 Olikheter ........................................................................................ 283 Förändringar .................................................................................. 287 Konflikter ...................................................................................... 289 Summary. Practices of disparity: The funeral culture of the nobility in Sweden circa 1630–1680 .................................................. 292 Practices and social hierarchy.......................................................... 293 Constructing status and disparity ..................................................