ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 260
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ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 260 Utgivna av Historiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet genom Margaret Hunt och Maria Ågren Ola Winberg Den statskloka resan Adelns peregrinationer 1610–1680 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Humanistiska teatern, Thunbergsvägen 3 A, 752 38, Uppsala, Friday, 18 May 2018 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Docent Fredrik Thisner (Försvarshögskolan i Stockholm). Abstract Winberg, O. 2018. Den statskloka resan. Adelns peregrinationer 1610–1680. Studia Historica Upsaliensia 260. 414 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0289-8. This thesis deals with foreign travel undertaken by the Swedish nobility during the 17th century. The first part contains a close examination of Swedish university orationes on the importance of foreign travel. The focal point of these speeches is prudentia, ‘prudence’, ‘practical judgement’, ‘discretion’, which is considered to be indispensably necessary for statesmen, and preferably acquired by traveling abroad. The second part of the thesis deals with traveling in practice. Journals, letters and accounts are scrutinized in order to map where the travellers went, and how much time and money they spent in various places and on different activities. The results show that the more or less compulsory studies at Dutch and German universities were combined with exercitia, i. e. physical exercises, most prominently dancing, fencing and riding. From the 1620s France became more important, and also, from the 1640s, Italy. As their British, Danish, Dutch and German peers, the Swedish noblemen after their sojourn in Paris visited the Loire valley and also made Il giro d’Italia. The growing importance of Paris became evident from the middle of the century: Although it proved extremely expensive, the noblemen spent as much time as possible in the French capital, which was by now compendium orbis, the place where everything desirable in the world was to be found, where exercitia of the best kind flourished and where exquisite manners could be acquired. The third part of the thesis studies how the travellers acted when they arrived at home. A study relating to the 1660s demonstrates that a returning grand tourist had to spend a considerable amount of money on conspicuous consumption to reinstate himself in the society and position himself as a liable state servant and marriage partner. A general result of the thesis is that traveling undertaken by the nobility formed a part of the 17th century state building process and that it was used as a means of competition both within the nobility and between the nobility and the rapidly growing class of bourgeois civil servants. Keywords: 17th century, travel, grand tour, peregrinatio academica, travel journal, state building, education, Leiden, Paris, Rome Ola Winberg, Department of History, Box 628, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Ola Winberg 2018 ISSN 0081-6531 ISBN 978-91-513-0289-8 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-347075 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-347075) Esto memor patriis cur sis demissus ab oris: Moribus ut redeas cultus et arte domum. (Varför du skickades ut från ditt land må du städse besinna: Danad i lärdom och vett må du till slut komma hem) Innehåll Författarens tack ........................................................................................ 11 Förkortningar ............................................................................................ 13 1. Inledning ............................................................................................... 15 1. Studieobjektet .................................................................................... 16 Fråga ............................................................................................................ 27 Disposition ................................................................................................... 32 Källmaterial .................................................................................................. 34 2. Tidigare forskning ............................................................................. 39 Den adliga resan ........................................................................................... 40 Grand tour .................................................................................................... 46 Ett exempel – pfalzgreve Karl Gustav ............................................................ 50 3. Sammanfattning ................................................................................ 52 2. Resan som kunskapsform ....................................................................... 53 1. Den lärda diskursen om peregrinationens betydelse ........................... 54 Om klokhetens plats och betydelse – Matthiaes tal 1618 .............................. 58 Det statskloka temat varieras – orationer 1630–1657 .................................... 64 Varför och hur peregrinera? Bröderna Rosenhane 1658 ................................ 70 Statsklokhet som kunskapsteoretiskt program ............................................... 78 2. Instruktioner till resenärer .................................................................. 82 Nytta, gudsfruktan och patriarkal kontroll .................................................... 86 Att observera och dokumentera .................................................................... 89 Studier och övningar .................................................................................... 93 Alternativa resvägar ...................................................................................... 98 3. Sammanfattning – den statskloka resan ............................................ 107 3. Förberedelser ....................................................................................... 109 1. Utbildning och erfarenhetsrön före peregrinationen ......................... 110 Adliga övningar .......................................................................................... 118 Umgängeskonst och erfarenheter ................................................................ 121 Att peregrinera eller ej ................................................................................ 123 2. Preceptorer ...................................................................................... 127 Rekrytering av preceptorer .......................................................................... 133 3. Resor i Sverige ................................................................................. 138 Bergslagen .................................................................................................. 140 Finland, Livland och Pommern .................................................................. 142 4. Finansiering ..................................................................................... 145 Exemplet Natt och Dag 1610–14 ............................................................... 146 Lön, penninggåvor, lån och stipendier ........................................................ 149 Återbäring på investeringar, räntor och donationer ..................................... 152 5. Avsked ............................................................................................. 154 6. Sammanfattning .............................................................................. 158 4. Platser och resvägar .............................................................................. 161 1. Urval ............................................................................................... 161 2. Mellan Neapel, Wien och London – det geografiska rummet ........... 168 3. Det geografiska rummets förändring ................................................ 171 4. Turer i touren ................................................................................... 180 5. Tre grupperingar resenärer ............................................................... 185 6. Sammanfattning .............................................................................. 188 5. Kostnader ............................................................................................ 191 1. Totala kostnader .............................................................................. 195 En uppåtgående spiral ................................................................................ 196 I aristokratins mittfåra ................................................................................ 200 2. Kostnaderna i kontext ...................................................................... 205 Den danska och tyska adelns peregrinationskostnader ................................. 205 Skuldsättning och kritik ............................................................................. 206 3. Dyrbara platser – utgifter i städer och på resor ................................. 211 4. Dyrbara aktiviteter – resenärerna som konsumenter ......................... 218 Fördelning av totala kostnader .................................................................... 218 5. Sammanfattning .............................................................................. 223 6. Resan på kontinenten .......................................................................... 225 1. Avresa – Köpenhamn och Hamburg ................................................ 226 2. Nederländerna – Amsterdam, Haag, Leiden ..................................... 230 I Leiden,