Manuela Bragagnolo Working Paper the Italian Academy for Advanced
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Physiognomy in Ancient Science and Medicine
Physiognomy Mariska Leunissen The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Introduction Physiognomy(fromthelaterGreek physiognōmia ,whichisacontractionoftheclassicalform physiognōmonia )referstotheancientscienceofdeterminingsomeone’sinnatecharacteronthe basisoftheiroutward,andhenceobservable,bodilyfeatures.Forinstance,Socrates’famous snubnosewasuniversallyinterpretedbyancientphysiognomistsasaphysiognomicalsignof hisinnatelustfulness,whichheonlyovercamethroughphilosophicaltraining.Thediscipline initstechnicalformwithitsownspecializedpractitionersfirstsurfacesinGreeceinthefifth century BCE ,possiblythroughconnectionswiththeNearEast,wherebodilysignswere takenasindicatorsofsomeone’sfutureratherthanhischaracter.Theshifttocharacter perhapsarisesfromthewidespreadculturalpracticeintheancientGreekandRomanworld oftreatingsomeone’soutwardappearanceasindicativeforhispersonality,whichisalready visibleinHomer(eighthcentury BCE ).Inthe Iliad ,forinstance,adescriptionofThersites’ quarrelsomeandrepulsivecharacterisfollowedbyadescriptionofhisequallyuglybody(see Iliad 2.211–219),suggestingthatthiscorrespondencebetweenbodyandcharacterisno accident.ThersitesisthustheperfectfoilfortheGreekidealofthe kaloskagathos –theman whoisbothbeautifulandgood.Thesameholdsforthepracticeofattributingcharacter traitsassociatedwithaparticularanimalspeciestoapersonbasedonsimilaritiesintheir physique:itisfirstformalizedinphysiognomy,butwasalreadywidelyusedinanon- 1 technicalwayinancientliterature.Themostfamousexampleofthelatterisperhaps SemonidesofAmorgos’satireofwomen(fragment7 -
Pico, Plato, and Albert the Great: the Testimony and Evaluation of Agostino Nifo EDWARD P
Pico, Plato, and Albert the Great: The Testimony and Evaluation of Agostino Nifo EDWARD P. MAHONEY Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) is without doubt one of the most intriguing figures of the Italian Renaissance. It is thus no surprise that he has attracted the attention of many modern scholars. By reason of the varied interests that are reflected in his writings, contrasting interpretations of Pico have been proposed.1 Our purpose here is not to present a new and different picture of Pico but, rather, to offer a contribution to one fruitful area of research pursued by some recent historians of philosophy, namely, Pico's debt to, and 1. For general presentations of Pico's life and thought, see the classic study of Eugenio Garin, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: Vita e dottirina (Florence: F. Le Monnier, 1937); Garin's magisterial Storia della filosofia italiana, 2d ed. (Turin: G. Einaudi 1966), 1:458-495. Among more recent general accounts are Pierre-Marie Cordier, Jean Pic de la Mirandole (Paris: Debresse, 1958); Engelbert Monnerjahn, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1960); Paul Oskar Kristeller, Eight Philosophers of the Italian Renaissance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964), pp. 54-71; Giovanni di Napoli, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola e laproblemaύca dottrinale del suo tempo (Rome: Desclee, 1965); Charles Trinkaus, In Our Image and Likeness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 2:505-526; and Henri de Lubac, Pic de la Mirandole: Etudes et discussions (Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1974). 165 166 EDWARD P. MAHONEY use of, medieval philosophy in his overall philosophical enterprise.2 Of particular concern will be the influence of Albert the Great on Pico, which can be established by a connection that has apparently not been noticed by Pico's historians. -
Maria Nicolai
MARIA NICOLAI MAGDALENE OF CANOSSA: CATECHIST OF HER TIME Original Title: Maddalena di Canossa: Catechista del suo Tempo, Rome, 1992. Translation from Italian by: Sr Louise Giugni, F.d.C.C. Sr Marilyn Lim, F.d.C.C. Generalate 1 Index PRESENTATION INTRODUCTION PART ONE MAGDALENE: IN HER TIME AND HISTORY CHAPTER 1 Outline of the Politico-Religious Situation of the Lombard-Venetian Region In Verona In Venice In Milan A new apostolic impetus CHAPTER 2 The ecclesial context and the Congregation for the "Schools of Christian Doctrine” The Veronese Church The Venetian Church The Milanese Church PART TWO THE CHARISM OF MAGDALENE FOR THE EFFECTIVE PROCLAMATION OF THE GOSPEL CHAPTER 3 The second ministry of charity: Earliest intuitions "Docebo iniquos vias tuas" "and she started to teach Christian Doctrine" CHAPTER 4 The second ministry of charity in the "Plans" of Magdalene Plan B.6 Plan B.7 Plan B.8 CHAPTER 5 The second Ministry of Charity in the "Rules" for Christian Doctrine The Ministry of Charity "Par Excellance” That Jesus may be known and loved " from the heart and in practice" With attention to the person, "in her own ways" not to preach,"but to break the bread” in a spirit of service Most zealous in this holy exercise Adequately prepared 2 "they will shine like stars" PART THREE THE FIRST FLOWERING OF THE MINISTRY OF CATECHESIS CHAPTER 6 The second ministry of Charity in the communities founded by Magdalene The Community in Verona The Community in Venice The Community in Milan The Community in Bergamo The Community in Trent APPENDIX MAGDALENE, THE CREATIVE CATECHIST MEANS ADAPTED TO THE NEEDS OF THE BENEFICIARIES INSTRUCTION TO THE LITTLE GIRLS EXPLANATION OF THE CREED IN BRIEF GOSPEL OF THE SUNDAYS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR BIBLIOGRAPHY / ABBREVIATIONS 3 PRESENTATION The zeal of our Foundress, St. -
82 and Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte. Borromeo Would Later Open His Own Academy in Milan, in Addition to a Picture Gallery
and Cardinal Francesco Maria del Monte. 15 Borromeo would later open his own Academy in Milan, in addition to a picture gallery with works donated from the Cardinal’s own collection. 16 Del Monte (1549-1626), too, seems to have had direct contact with Neri and the Oratorians. In his seminal two-volume study on the cardinal, Zygmunt Wa źbi ński suggested that Del Monte was introduced to the Oratorian circle shortly after his arrival in Rome by Cardinal Ferdinando de’ Medici. 17 This proposal is likely, but Del Monte would have other opportunities to meet and form a relationship with the Oratorians through colleagues and associates already linked with the Oratorian founder and his brethren. Del Monte was not only closely linked to Paleotti, but also Cardinal Federico Borromeo, and the Oratorian-Cardinals Baronio and Tarugi. Cardinal Agostino Valier (1531-1606) was a close friend of both Carlo and Federico Borromeo. He was a member of Carlo’s Accademia delle Notti Vaticane in Rome, and would later write the saint’s biography, Vita e morte di S. Carlo Borromeo in 15 Alberti, Origine , dedicatory letter to Borromeo. 16 See Borromeo, Musaeum ; Quint, Cardinal Federico Borromeo as a Patron ; Jones, Federico Borromeo and the Ambrosiana . Borromeo’s Accademia del Disegno, Milan was officially founded in 1620, and the Pinacoteca two years earlier. Both institutions functioned to teach young artists how to appropriately and effectively paint sacred imagery. 17 Wa źbi ński, Il Cardinale Francesco Maria Del Monte, vol. 1, 67. Del Monte, in fact, received his ordination in the Oratorian church of Santa Maria in Vallicella. -
INTRODUCTION Anthropometry Literally Means the Measurement of Man. It Is Derived from Greek Words, Anrhropos Which Means Man
INTRODUCTION Anthropometry literally means the measurement of man. It is derived from Greek words, anrhropos which means man and metron which means measure. As an early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purpose of understanding human physical variation. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human factors (vol. I) narrated that the word Anthropometry was coined by French naturalist Georges Cuvier. In view of the fact that no two individuals are ever alike in all their measurable characters (except perhaps monozygotic twins) and that the later tend to undergo change in varying degrees, hence persons living under different conditions and members of different ethnic groups and the offspring of unions between them frequently present interesting differences in body form and proportions. It is therefore, necessary to have some means of giving quantitative expression to the variations exhibited by such traits. Anthropometry constitutes a means towards this end, The anthropologists are concemed with functional relationships among traits and between traits and the environment. Anthropometry as defined by Juan Comas is a systematized body of techniques for measuring and taking observations on man, his skeleton, the skull, the limbs and trunk etc., as well as the organs, by the most reliable means and scientific methods." HISTORICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The journey of the concept of anthropometry began in the age of early man when they start to fullfill there needs in the pre-historic times. The units of measurement were probably among the earliest tools invented by humankind. It was this concept of measurement which first initiated the ways of comparison between the ecofacts and artifacts, shapes and sizes of inorganic materials like tools and organic materials like plants and animals and later on man began his/her comparison with others in view of morphology, strength of the body, behaviour,etc. -
1 Lodovico Settala's Aristotelian Problemata Commentary and Late
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università degli Studi di Venezia Ca' Foscari Lodovico Settala’s Aristotelian Problemata Commentary and Late-Renaissance Hippocratic Medicine Craig Martin Key phrases Aristotelian Problemata; Hippocratic Airs, Waters, Places; Renaissance humanism; Lodovico Settala; Girolamo Cardano Abstract Renaissance physicians, influenced by humanism and spurred by their increased knowledge of Hippocratic and Galenic writings, attempted to assimilate these medical works with Aristotelian thought. The similarities between the Aristotelian Problemata and the Hippocratic Airs, Waters, Places allowed Girolamo Cardano and Lodovico Settala, among others, to blur the distinctions between natural philosophical and medical authorities. Philological and historical considerations of these texts as well as judgments about authenticity were colored by the belief that these works were useful for humoral physiology and offered insights into the unity of ancient and modern knowledge. 1 Introduction Late-Renaissance Italian intellectual debate often involved attempts to change or defend the status of particular disciplines. The hierarchy of subjects was frequently a matter for dispute, and leading intellectual figures attempted to raise the status of their particular fields. Just as this was true for mixed mathematics, it was also true for medicine. A number of physicians attempted 1 to promote the status of medicine by defining it as part -
Galilæana Viii
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Institutional Research Information System University of Turin BIBLIOTECA DI GALILÆANA VIII COPERNICUS BANNED The Entangled Matter of the anti-Copernican Decree of 1616 edited by Natacha Fabbri and Federica Favino LEO S. OLSCHKI EDITORE MMXVIII Tutti i diritti riservati Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki Viuzzo del Pozzetto, 8 50126 Firenze www.olschki.it ISBN 978 88 222 6584 5 CONTENTS Introduction . Pag . VII Roberto Bondì, Dangerous Ideas: Telesio, Campanella and Galileo . » 1 Natacha Fabbri, Threats to the Christian Cosmos. The Reckless As- sault on the Heavens and the Debate over Hell . » 29 Franco Motta, Nature, Faith and the Judge of Faith. Some Consid- erations on the Historical-Political Context of Copernicus’ Con- demnation . » 57 Luigi Guerrini, The Archbishop and Astronomy. Alessandro Marzi- medici and the 1604 Supernova . » 101 Federica Favino, Alchemical Implication of 1616 Affaire. On the Par- ish Priest Attavanti, the Knight Ridolfi and the Cardinal Orsini . » 127 Giovanni Pizzorusso, Francesco Ingoli: Knowledge and Curial Ser- vice in 17th-century Rome . » 157 Édouard Mehl, Kepler’s second Copernican Campaign. The Search for an Annual Stellar Parallax after the Roman Decree (1616) . » 191 Rienk Vermij, Copernicanism and the Bible in the Dutch Republic around 1616: a non-debate . » 211 Steven Vanden Broecke, An Astrologer in the World-Systems Debate. Jean-Baptiste Morin on Astrology and Copernicanism (1631-1634) . » 223 Index of Names . » 243 — V — Franco Motta NATURE, FAITH AND THE JUDGE OF FAITH Some Considerations on the Historical-Political Context of Copernicus’ Condemnation 1. The denunciation of Galileo and the first examination of Coperni- canism by the Inquisition The dossier against Galileo that reached the desk of the Prefect of the Index, Cardinal Sfondrati, in February 1615 contains several interest- ing charges. -
Physiognomy and Nineteenth-Century Iconography
High-Art Music and Low-Brow Types: Physiognomy and Nineteenth-Century Music Iconography Alan Davison The relationship between cultural practices and their particular visual manifestations in art raises innumerable complexities for the art historian; so when a clear connection can be ascertained between the cultural and visual, it reveals much of the artist's intentional, and no doubt unintentional, use of visual cues. In the case of visual art from the nineteenth century, a strong link can be found between artistic conventions in depicting character type and the widespread belief in physiognomy. Physiognomy was a pseudo-science of interpreting faces that imbued many levels of culture in the late eighteenth and most of the nineteenth century. Its most tangible manifestation was in literature, both fiction and nonfiction. Musicologists who have read nineteenth-century letters, reviews or memoirs have most probably encountered descriptions of people made under the influence of physiognomic precepts. These descriptions are notable today only because they tend to be strangely detailed, or even rather tiresome in nature; they can also lead directly to bold character judgments. A typical example, regarding Franz Liszt, dates from 28 November 1840 in the Birmingham Journal: He is a very good-lookingyoung man, pale, thin, and intellectual; with a fine forehead, good nose, and well cut mouth; not a little resembling the portraits of Bonaparte, when a captain of artillery. He is plainly, in his department, a man of great genius and originality.' Underlying much of this fastidious attention to physical appearance and brazen confidence in assessing personality was the widespread belief in physiognomy. -
The Maze of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Discovery
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Anatomy Research International Volume 2013, Article ID 596027, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/596027 Review Article The Maze of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Discovery Leszek Herbowski Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology Department, District Hospital, Arkonska´ 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Leszek Herbowski; [email protected] Received 13 August 2013; Revised 13 November 2013; Accepted 18 November 2013 Academic Editor: Feng C. Zhou Copyright © 2013 Leszek Herbowski. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author analyzes a historical, long, and tortuous way to discover the cerebrospinal fluid. At least 35 physicians and anatomists described in the text have laid the fundamentals of recognition of this biological fluid’s presence. On the basis of crucial anatomical, experimental, and clinical works there are four greatest physicians who should be considered as equal cerebrospinal fluid’s discoverers: Egyptian Imhotep, Venetian Nicolo Massa, Italian Domenico Felice Cotugno, and French Franc¸ois Magendie. 1. Introduction As far as Galen’s role in the history of medicine is undoubted, not necessarily all the scientists analyzed his Cerebrospinal fluid (Latin: liquor cerebrospinalis)isaliquid texts literally. It was Irani who referring to the research of occupying subarachnoid space (cavum subarachnoideale)and Torack ascribed the description of the cerebrospinal fluid to brain ventricles (ventricules cerebri)(seeFigure 1). Cere- Galen [8]. Torack, in turn, gave full credit to Galen for the brospinalfluidwasnotreallydiscoveredintermsofits discovery of the choroid plexus as a site of production of liquid state of matter until the early 16th century A.D. -
The Physiognomy of Monarch in Italian and Chinese Literary Description
QI CHEN Monarchial Body and Body Monarch: The Physiognomy of Monarch in Italian and Chinese literary description In the images of monarchy there are both the deliberate construction and promotion by central governmental authority and the creation by a public projecting their own desires and anxieties on to a prominent figure. (Hackett 2001: 814) In many cases, especially for portraits of ruler in literature, one can see the iconographic tradition. It was the result of “reconstructions" or “inventions". (Casini 2000: 75–88) Many studies have made important contributions to it, yet there still seems to be more things to do. The notion that inner excellence is reflected in superficial beauty–as well as the reverse of that notion–was unquestionably a deep-seated habit of Greek thought, reflected in the perfection of Homer’s gods and heroes–and the inferiority of Thersites–and the ubiquitous expression. Furthermore, the idea that physical appearance signified certain aspects of nature and character suffused Greek culture, though in various ways and with varying degrees of sophisticated reflection, from the vulgar popularity of the handsome to the rather distasteful Greek disapproval of Oriental and barbarian physical traits to the philosophical efforts in the Hippocratic corpus to explain the relationship between climate, physique and disposition. It is the role that physiognomy plays. (Jouanna 1989: 172) As a mechanism to make communication between body and the exterior world, physiognomy is one of the most vivid perspectives to examine the relationship between the individual and the world. Just as G. B. Della Porta said, the physiognomy costume is correspondent the worldly custom. -
Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (1825-1909) Marvin E
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 52 Article 1 Issue 4 November-December Winter 1961 Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (1825-1909) Marvin E. Wolfgang Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Marvin E. Wolfgang, Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (1825-1909), 52 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 361 (1961) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. The Journal of CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY, AND POLICE SCIENCE Vol. 52 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1961 No. 4 PIONEERS IN CRIMINOLOGY: CESARE LOMBROSO (1835-1909) MARVIN E. WOLFGANG The author is Associate Professor of Sociology in the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He is the author of Patterns in Criminal Homicide, for which he received the August Vollmer Research Award last year, and is president of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. As a former Guggenheim Fellow in Italy, Dr. Wolfgang collected material for an historical analysis of crime and punishment in the Renaissance. Presently he is engaged in a basic research project entitled, "The Measurement of De- linquency." Some fifty years have passed since the death of Cesare Lombroso, and there are several important reasons why a reexamination and evaluation of Lombroso's life and contributions to criminology are now propitious. Lombroso's influence upon continental criminology, which still lays significant em- phasis upon biological influences, is marked. -
Face Value - the Long and Short
Face value - The Long and Short https://thelongandshort.org/society/is-there-such-thing-as-a-criminal-face A magazine of innovation, new ideas and how the world is changing Face value Long Face value Researchers recently claimed to be able to use AI to infer the inherent 'criminality' of faces. It's an idea with a long, dubious and dangerous history 26th January 2017 By Rhodri Marsden Illustration by Luke Best When the BBC broadcast the recent documentary by Louis Theroux that looked back at the time he spent in the company of Jimmy Savile, there was disbelief across social media that no one had stepped in to stop Savile from committing his crimes. Some blamed the BBC, some blamed those in Savile's immediate circle, but others blamed a simple error of human judgment. "He literally couldn't look more like a paedophile," read one post – one of many to state a supposedly incontrovertible truth: that Savile's criminal tendencies could have been detected from the shape of his features, his eyes, his hair. Moreover, this has nothing to do with the benefit of hindsight and should have been picked up at the time. His looks, they suggested, were a moral indicator, with a wealth of compelling visual 1 of 13 9/29/19, 5:05 PM Face value - The Long and Short https://thelongandshort.org/society/is-there-such-thing-as-a-criminal-face evidence to support the claim. We know that paedophiles, murderers and other violent criminals come in many shapes and sizes. If we knew nothing about their criminal history, some of their photos might even appear attractive.