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Benthic Non-Indigenous Species in Ports Of BENTHIC NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES IN PORTS OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC: IDENTIFICATION, BIODIVERSITY AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH GLOBAL WARMING AND SHIPPING ACTIVITY LES ESPECES ENVAHISSANTES AQUATIQUES DANS LES COMMUNAUTES BENTHIQUES MARINES DES PORTS DE L'ARCTIQUE CANADIEN: IDENTIFICATION, BIODIVERSITE ET LA RELATION AVEC LE RECHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE ET L'ACTIVITE MARITIME Thèse présentée dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en océanographie en vue de l’obtention du grade de philosophiae doctor, océanographie PAR © JESICA GOLDSMIT Avril 2016 ii Composition du jury : Dr Gesche Winkler, président du jury, Université du Québec à Rimouski Dr Philippe Archambault, directeur de recherche, Université du Québec à Rimouski Kimberly Howland, codirectrice de recherche, Pêches et Océans Canada Ricardo Sahade, examinateur externe, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina) Dépôt initial le 5 novembre 2015 Dépôt final le 21 avril 2016 iv UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI Service de la bibliothèque Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire « Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un rapport, un mémoire ou une thèse ». En signant ce formulaire, l’auteur concède à l’Université du Québec à Rimouski une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de son travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, l’auteur autorise l’Université du Québec à Rimouski à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de son travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de la part de l’auteur à ses droits moraux ni à ses droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, l’auteur conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont il possède un exemplaire. vi A mi querido compañero de la vida, que me enseñó a ver el mundo desde la felicidad. A mi madre, por siempre confiar en mí y apoyarme en todos mis proyectos. “La vida tiene profundidades que las palabras no alcanzan a sondar” Carlos Gonzalez viii REMERCIEMENTS Merci à Philippe Archambault de m’avoir donné la chance de changer ma vie avec ce projet. J’ai apprécié ton soutien et ta confiance. Tu m’as donné une grande liberté d’action et de créativité pour le travail et pour des activités avec le groupe du laboratoire. Merci d’avoir cru en moi. Merci pour ta joie et ton sens de l’humour. Tu le sais déjà : je vais te suivre n’importe où, même à Vancouver! Thank you Kim for your support and trust, for making me use all my neurons and always ask me questions that make me think. Thank you for opening the doors of your house for every time I went to Winnipeg. Thank you for believing in me. Merci à Chris Mckindsey et à André Rochon, membres du comité de thèse, pour votre participation, pour votre temps et vos commentaires pendant tout mon cheminement. Merci Gesche pour ton temps comme présidente du jury de thèse et pour ta bonne humeur constante. Ricardo Sahade, el Ricky… gracias infinitas por nunca dejar de creer en mí, hiciste que mi vida cambie y de un giro de 360°. Siempre con la palabra justa, aconsejandome desde el primer año de universidad. Fuiste, sos y seguirás siendo mi mentor. Qué mejor cierre de una etapa como ésta teniéndote como miembro externo de mi jurado de tesis. Un placer saberte leyendo el contenido de estas páginas y poder tener tus comentarios. Sabes que cada vez que esté ante una página en blanco, con el cursor titilando antes de comenzar un nuevo texto, una nueva etapa, siempre pensaré en tus palabras. Merci à tous les gens de l’ISMER. Merci à l’équipe du laboratoire de benthos, merci pour chaque « sugar fix », pour chaque fête de Noël. Merci infiniment à Lisa Tréau et à Laure de Montety pour votre patience et pour m’avoir appris tout le fonctionnement du labo. Merci Cindy Grant d’avoir régulièrement organisé des activités et pour tes idées originales. Merci à toutes les filles du labo, et bien sûr… merci David Beauchesne pour le x temps consacré à parler avec moi : merci pour ta patience et pour le partage fréquent de moments de réflexion. Thank you to all the people that helped in the field and in the lab. Without you, I would be still sorting samples at the lab now. Great thanks to Kristen Aider for invaluable help in the project, and especially for her friendship and her beautiful laughter. I want to acknowledge the Canadian Aquatic Invasive Species Network (CAISN) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) for every opportunity they gave me in my career. From the scholarship to do my project, to all the other opportunities that supported me (courses, congresses, internship). I also want to acknowledge Québec-Océan for support during these four years. Merci à tous mes amis que j’ai rencontré ici à Rimouski. Merci à Sahar Mejri qui a été mon amie dès le premier jour, merci pour tes paroles et pour ton écoute. Merci « mon ange » Oscar Casas-Monroy pour ton amitié et pour ton soutien moral depuis que je suis arrivée ici. Merci à toutes les personnes du local O-262 et à toutes les personnes qui sont passées à l’ISMER et qui maintenant sont des amis de partout dans le monde : Paqui, Alejandro, Anni, Olivier, Vane, Loli, Ana, Sabri, Grisel, Adriana, Maga. Merci Amin pour ton amitié. Merci Nathalie Landreville de m’avoir aidée à parler et à écrire en français, et pour tes beaux rires contagieux! A toda mi familia, especialmente mi madre quien siempre creyó en mí y mi tía Bety por el apoyo incondicional. Gracias a la familia Vuirli por el apoyo no sólo hacia mí, sino también por el apoyo incondicional a Nacho con todas sus locuras. Gracias a mis amigas del secundario y de la facu (Roxy, Romi, Euge, Ando, Bel, Fer). Gracias a mi familia elegida de estas latitudes. Ire y Gus, no sé qué hubiera hecho sin ustedes estos años. Gracias por las clásicas pausas mañaneras de mates y por estar siempre, aun así a pesar de la “jugarreta cósmica”. Gracias Ire y Ana por su amistad y por los almuerzos semanales en español, momento único y esperado durante cada semana. Gracias Dani y Cris, por las numerosas cenas compartidas y las ayudas incondicionales y por ser xi tan buenas personas. Gracias infinitas a toda la comunidad argentina de Rimouski, no hubiera sido para nada lo mismo esta experiencia sin ustedes. Gracias Nacho, gracias por sumarte a esta locura y hacer que sea aún más loca todavía. Quién diría que nuestras vidas cambiarían tanto por haberme sentado adelante tuyo. Gracias por estos años y por el resto de los años de nuestras vidas. Rimouski (ese lugar de nombre raro) pasa a ser parte de nuestra historia de vida para siempre. Gracias por esta familia que estamos construyendo. Y Pimpollo, gracias por venir a nuestras vidas, por dejarme trabajar mientras estas creciendo adentro mío y por entender desde tan chiquito las locuras de tu madre. xii RÉSUMÉ Le changement climatique entraîne des variations dans les conditions environnementales, notamment sur le plan de la température et du couvert de glace dans les régions de hautes latitudes telles que l’Arctique canadien. Les modèles prédictifs et les évaluations de risques représentent des outils essentiels pour comprendre les changements en cours et prévus et leurs impacts sur les régions côtières. Il est primordial de prévoir comment l'introduction de nouvelles espèces va interagir avec des moteurs de perturbations tels que le changement climatique, l'activité de navigation et l'augmentation de l'exploitation des ressources, car ces espèces peuvent engendrer un coût économique et écologique élevé. Pour toutes ces raisons, il est important d'évaluer les risques actuels et futurs associés aux espèces nouvellement introduites dans une région comme l'Arctique canadien. L'objectif principal de la présente thèse est de caractériser la biodiversité indigène et non indigène des invertébrés benthiques dans des ports de l'Arctique canadien, où le risque d'introduction est le plus élevé, et d'évaluer le risque global lié à d'éventuelles espèces aquatiques envahissantes dans un scénario de réchauffement global et de navigation accrue. Le chapitre 1 fait état de la collecte, de la compilation et de la comparaison d’information historique et contemporaine sur la biodiversité côtière. Ce chapitre contribue à l’amélioration des connaissances de base sur la présence et la distribution des taxons benthiques le long des principaux ports de la côte de l'Arctique. En raison de l'effort d’échantillonnage accru dans la région, un total de 236 espèces et genres ont été identifiés, dont 7 à 15 % sont considérés comme des nouvelles mentions dans les ports et les régions environnantes. Sept taxons cryptogéniques (taxa qui pourrait être soit indigène ou non) ont été identifiés. Il a été constaté que la région étudiée devrait être considérée comme une source potentielle d'espèces non indigènes pour les ports d'autres régions, étant donné que les espèces indigènes (n = 8) sont connues pour être à leur tour des espèces non indigènes ou cryptogéniques ailleurs dans le monde. xiv Le chapitre 2 recourt à la modélisation de l'habitat pour prédire les distributions spatiales potentielles d’espèces envahissantes à haut risque compte tenu des facteurs abiotiques pour les conditions environnementales actuelles et prédites dans le cadre d'un scénario de changement climatique pour le milieu du siècle.
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