<<

References

1. “Adulterated Food” (342(a)(3)), Title 21 Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. (Food and Drugs 1 to 800) U.S. Code, 1972 Congress, Washington, DC, June 21, 1994. ed. 11. Association of Natural Bio-control Produc- 2. “Agricultural Experiment Stations” (361(a) ers, letter to U.S. Department of , to 361(i)), Title 7 (Agriculture 281 to 1099) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Code, 1980 ed. Washington, DC, March 7, 1995. 3. “Agricultural Research Program” (450(i)), 12. Association of Natural Bio-control Produc- Title 7 (Agriculture: 281 to 1099) U.S. Code, ers, “Draft Policy Statement on Quality Con- 1980 ed. trol,” 1995. 4. Aldhous, P., “: Focus on Mosquito 13. Baker, B., Certified Organic ,” Science 261(121):646–648, July 30, ,CA, letter to the U.S. Department of 1993. Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health 5. Alms, M.J., National Alliance of Indepen- Inspection Service, Riverdale, MD, May dent Crop Consultants and Blue Earth Agro- 1995. nomics, Inc., Lake Crystal, MN, personal 14. Banfield, M.G., An Analysis of the Semio- communication, August 15, 1995. chemical Industry in , unpub- 6. Alms, M.J., “Challenges for IPM in the lished master’s thesis, 1991. Future: An Independent Crop Consultant’s 15. Barbosa, P., and Braxton, S., “A Proposed Perspective,” Second National Integrated Definition of Biological Control and Its Management Symposium/Workshop— Relationship to Related Control Proceedings (Raleigh, NC: University Approaches” Pest Management: Biologi- Graphics, 1994). cally Based Technologies, R.D. Lumsden 7. American Society of , National and J.L. Vaughn (eds.) (Washington, DC: Certified Crop Advisor—Performance American Chemical Society, 1993). Objectives, 1995. 16. Barnes, R., Executive Vice President, Amer- 8. Andow, D., Associate Professor, Depart- ican Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, ment of , University of Minne- personal communication, August 15, 1995. sota, St. Paul, MN, letter to the Office of 17. Bassari, J., Vice President, Rincon Vitova, Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Ventura, CA, personal communication,1995. Washington, DC, August 14, 1995. 18. Batkin, T., Manager, California Citrus 9. Andow, D., Associate Professor, Depart- Research Board, Visalia, CA, personal com- ment of Entomology, University of Minne- munication, August 16, 1995. sota, St. Paul, MN, letter to the Office of 19. Beard, A., Acting Head, Emergency Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Response and Minor Use Section, U.S. Washington, DC, March 9, 1995. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash- 10. Aplet, G., Forest Ecologist, The Wilderness ington, DC, personal communication, May Society, Washington, DC, letter to the 5, 1995. | 181 182 | Biologically Based Technologies for

20. Beard, J.D., “Bug Detectives Crack the 30. Bolkan, H.A., and Reinert, W.R., “Develop- Tough Cases,” Science 254(38):1580–1582, ing and Implementing IPM Strategies to December 13, 1991. Assist Farmers: An Industry Approach,” 21. Beasley, C., Executive Vice President, Flor- Plant Disease 78(6): 545–550, June 1994. ida Citrus Processors’ Association, Winter 31. Bonanno, A.R., “Grower Needs and Haven, FL, personal communication, Involvement in IPM,” Second National Inte- August 16, 1995. grated Pest Management Symposium/Work- 22. Becker, J.O., and Schwinn, F.J., “Control of shop Proceedings (Las Vegas, NV: ESCOP Soil-Bourne With Living Pest Management Strategies Subcommittee, and Fungi: Status and Outlook,” ES IPM Task Force, April 19–22, 1994). Science 37:355–363, 1993. 32. Bridges, D.C. (ed.), Crop Loses Due to 23. Bedoukian, R., President, American Semio- in the —1992 (Cham- chemicals Association, Danbury, CT, letter paign, IL: Society of America, 1992). to the Office of Technology Assessment, 33. Briggi, N., Director of Marketing, Novo U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, August 15, Nordisk America, Davis, CA, letter to the 1994. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, February 22, 24. Bellows, T., Professor, Department of Ento- 1994. mology, University of California, Riverside, 34. Brooks, H., et al., Acting Associate Admin- CA, personal communication, August 1, istrator, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. 1993. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 25. Benbrook, C.M., and Marquart, D.J., Chal- DC, “Biologically Based Pest Control Prod- lenge and Change: A Progressive Approach ucts,” unpublished paper prepared for H. to Pesticide Regulation in California, con- Brooks by industry representatives for a tractor report prepared for the California meeting on cooperation between ARS and Environmental Protection Agency, Depart- the pest control industry and on ARS support ment of Pesticide Regulation (Sacramento, of related APHIS activities, Washington, CA: April 1993). DC, August 8, 1994. 26. Bengston, D., Agricultural Commissioner, 35. Browning, H., State Agricultural Experi- County of Mendocino, Department of Agri- ment Station, University of , Gaines- culture, Ukiah, CA, letter to Richard ville, FL, personal communication, August Rominger, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, 1995. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washing- 36. Bunn, D., et al., “Consumer Acceptance of ton, DC, February 21, 1995. Imperfect Produce,” The Journal of Con- 27. Birdsall, S.L. and Ritter D., Imperial Valley sumer Affairs 24(2):268–279, 1990. Agricultural Commissioner and 37. Burt, M., Executive Officer, Association of Program Coordinator, unpublished report Natural Bio-control Producers, personal on the economic impact of the silverleaf communication, July 21, 1995. whitefly in Imperial Valley, Imperial Valley, 37A.California Department of Food and Agricul- CA, 1994. ture, Organic Program, “Producing, Han- 28. Blehm, J., President, Buena Biosystems, dling, and Processing Organic Products in Ventura, CA, personal communications, California,” Sacramento, CA, 1994. August 3, 1993, October 13, 1994, and May 38. Campbell Soup Company, Integrated Pest 9, 1995. Management Research and Implementation, 29. Bolkan, H.A., “Campbell Soup Company “Economic Profitability and Environmen- Integrated Pest Management,” IPM Monitor, tally Compatible Alternatives,” Products Summer 1994. and Progress Report, 1994–1995. References | 183

39. Cardé, R., Professor, Department of Ento- 48. Ciba-Geigy Corporation, “All About mology, University of Massachusetts, Agree,” advertising brochure, Greensboro, Amherst, MA, letter to the Office of Tech- NC, 1995. nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- 49. Cibulsky, R., Manager, Licensing/Business ington, DC, July 16, 1995. Development, Abbott Laboratories, North 40. Cardé, R.T., Professor, Department of Ento- Chicago, IL, fax to the Office of Technology mology, University of Massachusetts, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Amherst, MA, remarks made at the Advi- DC, August 18, 1995. sory Panel meeting on Biologically Based 50. Cofrancesco, A., Research Entomologist, Technologies for Pest Control, Office of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, MS, personal communication, May 12, Washington, DC, July 13, 1995. 1995. 41. Cardé, R., and Minks, A., “Control of 51. Cofrancesco, A., Research Entomologist, Pests By : Successes and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Constraints,” Annual Review of Entomology MS, fax to the Office of Technology Assess- 40:559–585, 1995. ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, 42. Cardineau, G.A., Director, Molecular Biol- August 1995. ogy, Mycogen Corporation, San Diego, CA, 52. Community Alliance with Family Farmers letter to the Office of Technology Assess- Foundation, “BIOS: A New Project Promot- ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, ing Biological Almond Farming,” Davis, August 7, 1995. CA, 1995. 43. Carruthers, R.I. and Onsanger, J.A., “Per- 53. “Company News,” Biotech Reporter spective on the Use of Exotic Natural Ene- 12(1):8, January 1995. mies for Biological Control of Pest 54. “Control and Eradication of Plant Pests” (Orthoptera: Acrididae),” (147), Title 7 (Agriculture: 1 to 280) U.S. Environmental Entomology 22(5): 885–903, Code, 1980 ed. October 1993. 55. Cooper, K., “Effects of on Wild- 44. Cate, J.R., and Hinkle, M.K., Integrated Pest life,” Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Management: The Path of a Paradigm, Volume I, W.J. Hayes Jr. and E.R. Laws Jr. National Audubon Society (Alexandria, VA: (eds.) (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Weadon Printing, Inc., July 1994). Inc., 1991). 45. Centre For Agriculture and Biosciences 56. Coulson, J.R., “The TAG: Development International, Using to Protect Functions, Procedures, and Problems,” Reg- Biodiversity: Biological Control, Conserva- ulation and Guidelines: Critical Issues in tion and the Biodiversity Convention (Wall- Biological Control: Proceedings of a USDA/ ingford, Oxon, UK: 1994). CSRS National Workshop, R. Charudattan 46. Charudattan, R., and Browning, H.W. (eds.), and H.W. Browning (eds.) (Gainesville, FL: Regulations and Guidelines: Critical Issues University of Florida, 1992). in Biological Control—Proceedings of a 57. Coulson, J.R., and Soper, R.S., “Protocols USDA/CSRS National Workshop (Gaines- For the Introduction of Biological Control ville, FL: University of Florida, 1992). Agents in the U.S.,” Plant Protection and 47. Chow, F., Supervisory Chemist, Biopesti- Quarantine, Volume III, R.P. Kahn (ed.) cides and Pollution Prevention Division, (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1989). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 58. Coulson, J.R., et al. (eds.), 110 Years of Bio- Washington, DC, memorandum to the logical Control Research and Development Office Technology Assessment, U.S. Con- in the United States Department of Agricul- gress, Washington, DC, May 19, 1995. ture, 1883–1993 (In press). 184 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

59. Coxwell, M., Production Manager, 68. Davies, W.P., “Prospects For Pest Resis- NTGargiulo L.P., Watsonville, CA, personal tance to Pesticides,” Pest Management and communication, August 3, 1995. the Environment in 2000, A. Aziz, S.A. 59A.Cranshaw, W., Professor and Extension Kadir and H.S. Barlow (eds.) (Wallingford, Entomologist, Department of Entomology, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1992). Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 69. Debach, P. (ed.), Biological Control of personal communication, August 1994. Pests and Weeds (, NY: 60. Cranshaw, W., Department of Entomology, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1964). Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 70. Defazio, S., Owner, Praxis Integrated Bio- “Biologically Based Technologies For Pest logical Cybernetics, Allegan, MI, personal Control: Urban and Suburban Environ- communication, December 12, 1994. ments,” unpublished contractor report pre- 71. “Definitions” (150aa et seq.), Title 7 (Agri- pared for the Office of Technology culture 281 to 1099) U.S. Code, 1980 ed. Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 72. Delfosse, E., Director, National Biological DC, 1994. Control Institute, Animal and Plant Health 61. Croft, B.A., Biological Control Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agents and Pesticides (New York, NY: John Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, letter to the Wiley and Sons, 1990). Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. 62. Croft, B.A., Professor, Department of Ento- Congress, Washington, DC, 1994. mology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 73. Delfosse, E., Director, National Biological OR, personal communication, May 1995. Control Institute, Animal and Plant Health 63. Cullen, J.M., and Bellas, T.E. Division of Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, , Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, letter to the “Australian Laws, Policies and Programs Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Related to Biologically Based Technologies Congress, Washington, DC, July 18, 1995. For Pest Control,” unpublished contractor 74. Delfosse, E., Director, National Biological report prepared for the Office of Technology Control Institute, Animal and Plant Health Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Inspection Service, U.S. Department of DC, March 1995. Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, fax to the 64. Curtis, R.K., Manager, Integrated Pest Man- Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. agement Programs, Campbell Soup Com- Congress, Washington, DC, August 3, 1995. pany, Sacramento, CA, personal 75. Delfosse, E., Director, National Biological communications, June 26, 1995; June 27, Control Institute, Animal and Plant Health 1995 and August 18, 1995. Inspection Service, U.S. Department of 65. Curtis, R.K., Campbell Soup Company, Sac- Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, personal com- ramento CA, letter to Edurdo Martinez munication, July 18, 1995 and August 3, Curiel, Consul of Mexico, February 1, 1994. 1995. 66. Dahlsten, D., Professor, Division of Biologi- 76. Delfosse, E., Director, National Biological cal Control, University of California, Berke- Control Institute, Animal and Plant Health ley, CA, personal communication, August 9, Inspection Service, U.S. Department of 1993. Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, unaddressed 67. Dapsis, L., Senior Agricultural Scientist, letter, July 11, 1995. Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Lakeville- 77. Denholm, I., and Rowland, M.W., “Tactics Middleboro, MA, speech to the Entomologi- For Managing in cal Society of America’s workshop on Natu- : Theory and Practice,” Annual ral Enemies, December 1993. Review of Entomology 37:91–112, 1992. References | 185

78. Dickerson, W., Plant Pest Administrator, Ecological Risk, unpublished contractor North Carolina Department of Agriculture, report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Raleigh, NC, personal communication, July Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1993. 1995, and August 1995. 90. Experiment Station Committee on Organiza- 79. Dumford, S.W., Director, New Technology tion and Policy, Opportunities to Meet and Basic Research, Ciba-Geigy Crop Pro- Changing Needs: Research on Food, Agri- tection, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greens- culture, and Natural Resources (Dallas, TX: boro, NC, personal communication, January 1994). February 13 and August 3, 1995. 91. Faust, R.M., National Program Leader, 80. Dumford, S.W., “IPM and the Plant Pest Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart- Control Business,” Second National Inte- ment of Agriculture, Washington, DC, letter grated Pest Management Symposium/Work- to participants in Area-Wide Pest Manage- shop Proceedings (Las Vegas, NV: ESCOP ment Systems Meeting, November 17, 1993. Pest Management Strategies Subcommittee, 92. Faxon, G.R., Manager, Processing - ES IPM Task Force, April 19–22, 1994). berry Advisory Board, personal communica- 81. Eckert, J., “Role of Chemical tion, August 16, 1995. and Biological Agents in Postharvest Dis- 93. “Federal Advisory Committee Act” (1 to ease Control,” Biological Control of Post- 15), Title 5 (Government Organizations and harvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables— Employees 8501 to end) U.S. Code Workshop Proceedings, (Shepherdstown, 94. “Fetzer Vineyards,” Tomorrow, Global WV: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agri- Environment Business, p. 12, November cultural Research Service, June 1991). 1994. 82. Ehler, L.E., “Revitalizing Biological Con- trol,” Issues in Science and Technology :91– 95. “First Engineered Microbe to Be Field 96, Fall 1990. Tested in California in 7 Years,” Biotech 83. Elkins, R., Advisor, CA, personal Reporter 11(11):3–4, November 1994. communication, August 18, 1995. 96. Fischhoff, D.A., Manager, Technology 84. Elworth, L., Special Assistant for Pesticide Assessment, Monsanto Corporation, St. Policy, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Louis, MO, letter to the Office of Technol- Washington, DC, personal communication, ogy Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- May 10, 1995. ton, DC, 1994. 85. “Engineered to Be Deadly,” Bioscience 97. Fitzner, M.S., “The Role of Education in the 43(10):674, 1995. Transfer of Biological Control Technolo- 86. Engle, T., Budget and Accounting Office, gies,” American Chemical Society 1993. Animal and Plant Health and Inspection Ser- 98. Fitzner, M.S. and Kopp, D.D., National Pro- vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, River- gram Leader for Integrated Pest Manage- dale, MD, fax to the Office of Technology ment (MF), National Program Leader Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Pesticide Impact Assessment (DK), Cooper- DC, August 21, 1995. ative State Research, Education, and Exten- 87. Entomological Society of America, Entomo- sion Service, U.S. Department of logical Society of America Newsletter, Octo- Agriculture, Washington, DC, remarks at a ber 1994. briefing for the Office of Technology 88. Environmental Section, Biotech Reporter Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 11(8):10, August 1994. DC, April 25, 1995. 89. Environmental Law Institute, Using Pollu- 99. Fleishman-Hillard, unpublished survey pre- tion Control Authorities to Protect Threat- pared for Novo Nordisk Entotech, Davis, ened and Endangered Species and Reduce CA, 1994. 186 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

100. Flint, M.L., University of California, Davis, Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, CA, “Biological Pest Control: Technology Washington, DC, July 8, 1994. and Research Needs,” unpublished contrac- 111. Gelertner, W.D., “Targeting - tor report prepared for the Office of Tech- Resistant Markets: New Developments in nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Microbial-Based Products,” Managing Washington, DC, November 1993. Resistance to Agrochemicals: From Funda- 101. Flint, M.L., et al., “Potential Pesticide mental Research to Practical Strategies, Losses in California and Identification of M.B. Green, H.M. Lebaron, and W.K. Alternative Pest Management Practices in Moberg (eds.) (Washington, DC: American Broccoli,” 38(2), Summer 1992. Chemical Society, 1990). 102. Flint, M.L., and Klonsky, K., “IPM Infor- 112. Georghiou, G., Department of Entomology, mation Delivery to Pest Control Advisors,” University of California, Riverside, CA, California Agriculture, March–April 1989. “Insecticide Resistance in the United 103. Flint, M.L., et al., Annual Report, Univer- States,” unpublished contractor report pre- sity of California Statewide IPM Project pared for the Office of Technology Assess- (Davis, CA: University of California, Sep- ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, tember 1993). 1995. 104. “Food Additives—Unsafe Food Additives; 113. Georgis, R., and Manweiler, S.A., “Ento- Exception For Conformity With Exemption mopathogenic : A Developing For Regulation” (348), Title 21 (Food and Biological Control Technology,” Agricul- Drug: 1 to 180) U.S. Code, 1972 ed. tural Zoology Review 6:63–94, 1994. 105. “Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and 114. Gibbons, D.M., The EOP Foundation, Inc., Trade Act of 1990” (136a), Title 21 (Food Washington, DC, “Report on the Role of and Drug: 1 to 180) U.S. Code. the USDA in Biologically Based Pest Con- 106. Forster, R., Biologische Bundesanstalt Fur trol Research,” unpublished contractor Land-Und Forstwirtschaft, Fachgruppe report prepared for the Office of Technol- Biologische Mittelprufung, Braunschweig, ogy Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- Germany, fax to the Office of Technology ton, DC, January 1995. Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 115. GIC Agricultural Group, BioInfo 2(16), DC, August 2, 1995. November 21, 1994. 107. Francis, E.Z., Director, Toxics/Pesticides 116. Gillespie, J.M., Vice President, Technology and Water Staff, Office of Research and Concep, Inc., Bend, OR, personal commu- Science Integration, U.S. Environmental nications, June 1 and August 8, 1995. Protection Agency, Washington, DC, letter 117. Ginsberg, H.S., “Conservation of Inverte- to the Office of Technology Assessment, brates in U.S. National Parks,” American U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, June 9, Entomologist 40(2):76–78, 1994. 1995. 118. Ginsberg, H.S., Ecology and Environmen- 108. Frank, J.H., Professor, Department of Ento- tal Management of Lyme Disease (New mology and Nematology, University of Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, Florida, Gainesville, FL, letter to the Office 1993). of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 119. Glosser, et al. U.S. Department of Agricul- Washington, DC, January 30, 1995. ture, Washington, DC, letter to J.R. Cate, 109. Friederici, P., “The Alien Saltcedar,” Amer- N. Leppla, and R. Soper establishing the ican Forests 47, January/February 1995. Interagency Biological Control Coordinat- 110. Funk, R.C., Vice President of Human and ing Committee, August 14, 1990. Technical Resources, Davey Tree Expert 120. Glynn, C.J., et al., “Integrated Pest Man- Company, Kent, OH, letter to the Office of agement and Conservation Behaviors,” References | 187

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation: Regulations and Guidelines: Critical Issues 25–29, January–February 1995. in Biological Control, R. Charudattan and 121. Goldberg, J., Congressional Science Fel- H.W. Browning (eds.) (Gainesville, FL: low, U.S. House of Representatives Com- Institute of Food and , mittee on Agriculture, personal University of Florida, 1992). communication, June 25, 1995. 131. Guither, H.D., et al., U.S. Farmers’ Prefer- 121A.Goldhammer, A., Director of Technical ences For Agricultural and Food Policy Affairs, BIO, Washington, DC, personal After 1995 (Urbana, IL: North Central communication, December 15, 1994. Regional Extension Publication, Novem- 122. Goodman, B., “Research Community ber 1994). Swats Control Trial,” Science, 132. Hall, M.J.R., and Beesley, W.N., “The New 260:887, May 14, 1993. World Screwworm in North Africa,” 123. Greathead, D.J., and Greathead, A.H., Pesticide Outlook 1(2):34–37, 1990. “Biological Control of Insect Pests By 133. Haney, P.B., et al., Reducing Insecticide Insect and Predators: The Bio- Use and Energy Costs in Citrus Pest Man- cat Database,” Biocontrol News and Infor- agement (Davis, CA: University of Califor- mation 13(4):61N–68N, 1992. nia Statewide IPM Project, Publication 15, 124. Green, M., et al., “Public Health Implica- 1992). tions of the Microbial Pesticide 134. Hansen, J.A., Superintendent, Cape May thuringiensis: An Epidemiological Study, County Mosquito Extermination Commis- Oregon, 1985–86,” American Journal of sion, Cape May, NJ, letter to the Office of Public Health 80(7): 848–852, July 1990. Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 125. Green M.B., LeBaron, H.M., and Moberg, Washington, DC, July 18, 1995. W.K. (eds.), Managing Resistance to Agro- 135. Hargett, L.T., Director, Product Develop- chemicals: From Fundamental Research to ment, Sandoz Agro, Inc., Des Plaines, IL, Practical Strategies (Washington, DC: letter to the Office of Technology Assess- American Chemical Society, 1990). ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, 126. Green Technologies For Pest Control, February 23, 1995. unpublished proceedings of the Avoidance 136. Hargett, L.T., Director, Product Develop- Technologies: Environmentally Conscious ment, Sandoz Agro, Inc., Des Plaines, IL, Engineering Conference held by the Private personal communication, May 3, 1995. Enterprise-Government Interactions Task 137. Harold, M., Plant Manager, American Force, Arlington, VA, September 7–9, Home Food Products, CA, personal com- 1994. munication, August 17, 1995. 127. Grieshop, J.I., and Pence, R.A., “Research 138. Harman, G.E., and Hayes, C.K. Depart- Results: Statewide IPM’s First 10 Years,” ments of Horticultural Sciences and Plant California Agriculture 44(5), September– Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, October 1990. “Biologically Based Technologies For Pest 128. Griffiths, H.J., Chairman, Entomological Control: Pathogens That Are Pests of Agri- Services, Inc., Corona, CA, remarks at the culture,” unpublished contractor report pre- meeting of the Office of Technology pared for the Office of Technology Assessment’s Advisory Panel, Washington, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, July 13, 1995. DC, October 1994. 129. Grisham, J., “Attack of the Fire ,” Bio- 138A.Harmen, G.E., Department of Plant Pathol- science 44(9):587–590, October 1994. ogy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, letter 130. Guest, R.T., et al., “Role of the IR-4 in the to the Office of Technology Assessment, Registration of Biological Control Agents,” U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, 1995. 188 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

139. Hasan, S., and Delfosse, E., “Host-Speci- Department of Health and Human Services, ficity of Uromyces heliotropii, a Fungal Rockville, MD, letter to the Honorable Agent For the Biological Control of Com- Peter Hoekstra, U.S. House of Representa- mon Heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum) tives, Muskegon, MI, January 5, 1995. in Australia,” Annals of Applied Biology 149. Houghton, J.M., Houghton and Associates, 121:697–705, 1992. St. Louis, MO, “Biologically Based Tech- 140. Hasan, S., and Delfosse, E., “Susceptibility nologies For Pest Control: Workshop on of Australian Native, Helioptropii crispa- the Role of the Private Sector,” unpub- tum, to the Uromyces heliotro- lished contractor report prepared for the pii, Introduced to Control Common Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Heliotrope, Heliotropium europaeum,” Congress, Washington, DC, September 20– New Phytologist, In press. 21, 1994. 141. Hawkins, L., Senior Environmental 150. Houghton, J., Houghton and Associates, St. Research Scientist, Department of Pesticide Louis, MO, “The View of Biological Pest Regulation, Environmental Monitoring Control From the Pesticide Industry,” and Pest Management, California Environ- unpublished contractor report prepared for mental Protection Agency, Elksgrove, CA, the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. personal communication, June 23, 1995. Congress, Washington, DC, 1993. 142. Hawksworth, D.L., and Ritchie, J.M., 151. Howarth, F.G., Entomologist, Bishop Biodiversity and Biosystematic Priorities: Museum, Honolulu, HI, letter to the Office and Invertebrates (Wall- of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, ingford, Oxon, UK:CAB International, Washington, DC, February 22, 1994. 1993). 152. Hoy, M.A., “Genetic Engineering of Preda- 143. Hennessey, R., Entomologist, Plant Protec- tors and Parasitoids For Pesticide Resis- tion and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Depart- tance,” Proceedings of the SCI Symposium ment of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, per- Resistance ‘91: Achievements and Devel- sonal communication, August 4, 1995. opments in Combating Pesticide Resis- tance, I. Denholm and D.W. Devonshire 144. Henstridge, A.P., Deputy Director, Legisla- tive and Public Affairs, Animal and Plant (eds.) (NY: Elsevier Applied Science, July Health Inspection Service, U.S. Depart- 15–17, 1991). ment of Agriculture, Washington, DC, per- 153. Huffaker, C.B., and Messenger, P.S. (eds.), sonal communication, May 10, 1995 and Theory and Practice of Biological Control August 3, 1995. (New York, NY: Academic Press, 1976). 145. Hileman, B., “Environmental Estrogens 154. Huffman, W.E., and Evenson, R.E., Sci- Linked to Reproductive Abnormalities, ence For Agriculture: A Long-Term Per- Cancer,” Chemical and Engineering News spective (Ames, IA: Iowa State University 75(5):19–23, July 31, 1994. Press, 1993). 146. Holmes, R., “The Perils of Planting Pesti- 155. Hunter, C.D., Suppliers of Beneficial cides,” New Scientist 34, August 28, 1993. Organisms in North America (Sacramento, 147. Hommel, C., Consumer Safety Officer, CA: California Environmental Protection Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Agency, 1994). Department of Health and Human Services, 156. Hutton, P., Biologist, and Rockville, MD, personal communication, Pollution Prevention Division, U.S. Envi- January 9, 1995. ronmental Protection Agency, Washing- 148. Hommel, C., Consumer Safety Officer, ton, DC, personal communication, July 27, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. 1995 and August 14, 1995. References | 189

157. International Organization For Biological State Pesticide Agencies, Federal Agencies and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and EPA Pesticide Regional Directors, and Plants, Symposium on Quality Control December 23, 1993. in Natural Enemy Production, Ascot Berks, 165. Jones, A.H., National Alliance of Indepen- UK (MontFavet, France: Office of the Gen- dent Crop Consultants, fax to the Office of eral Secretariat, 1992). Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 158. Isaacson, D., Program Director, Noxious Washington, DC, July 26, 1995. Section, Oregon Depart- 166. Jones, T.L., Special Assistant to the Direc- ment of Agriculture, Salem, OR, letter to tor, Department of Pesticide Regulation, the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. California Environmental Protection Congress, Washington, DC, August 17, Agency, Sacramento, CA, personal com- 1994. munication, June 23, 1995. 159. Isaacson, D., Program Director, Noxious 167. Jones, T.L., Special Assistant, Department Weed Control Section, Oregon Depart- of Pesticide Regulation, California Envi- ment of Agriculture, Salem, OR, personal ronmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, communication, July 18, 1995. CA, letter to the Office of Technology 160. Jacobsen, B., USDA IPM Coordinator, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Cooperative State Research, Education, and DC, July 19, 1995. Extension Service, U.S. Department of 168. Kareiva, P., Professor, Department of Zool- Agriculture, Washington, DC, fax to the ogy, University of Washington, Seattle, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. WA, fax to the Office of Technology Congress, Washington, DC, August 17, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 1995. DC, August 1995. 161. Janisiewiczs, J., Group Coordinator, North 169. Kareiva, P., Professor, Department of Zool- Atlantic Area Appalachian Fruit Research ogy, University of Washington, Seattle, Station, Agricultural Research Service, WA, personal communication, July 13, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kerns- 1995. ville, WV, letter to the Office of Technol- ogy Assessment, U.S. Congress, 170. Kareiva, P., Professor, Department of Zool- Washington, DC, January 9, 1995. ogy, University of Washington, Seattle, 162. Jetter, K., and Klonsky, K., Department of WA, letter to the Office of Technology Economics, University of California, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Davis, CA, “Economic Assessment of the DC, February 20, 1994. Ash Whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae) Bio- 171. Kauffman, W.C., and Nechols, J.R. (eds.) logical Control Program,” unpublished Selection Criteria and Ecological Conse- contractor report prepared for the Califor- quences of Importing Natural Enemies— nia Department of Food and Agriculture, Proceedings, 1992. Sacramento, CA, June 30, 1994. 172. Kim, J., Ginzburg, L.R., and Dykhuizen, 163. Johnson, M.W., and Tabashnik, B.E., “Lab- D.E., “Quantifying the Risks of Invasion oratory Selection For Pesticide Resistance By Genetically Engineered Organisms,” in Natural Enemies,” Applications of Assessing Ecological Risks of Biotechnol- Genetics to Arthropods of Biological Con- ogy, L.R. Ginzburg (Boston, MA: Butter- trol Significance, K. Narang (ed.) (Boca worth-Heinemann, 1991). Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993). 173. King, E.G., “Augmentation of Parasites and 164. Johnson, S.L., Acting Director, Registra- Predators For Suppression of Arthropod tion Division, U.S. Environmental Protec- Pests,” Pest Management: Biologically tion Agency, Washington, DC, letter to Based Technologies, R.D. Lumsden and 190 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

J.L. Vaughn (eds.) (Washington, 181. Koltes, K., National Biological Service, DC:American Chemical Society, 1993). U.S. Department of the Interior, personal 174. Kingsley, P.C., et al., “ communication, June 1995. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Biological 182. Kough, J., Biologist, Biopesticides and Pol- Control: Spreading the Benefits,” Environ- lution Prevention Division, U.S. Environ- mental Entomology 22:1234–1250, Decem- mental Protection Agency, Washington, ber 1993. DC, personal communication, August 8, 175. Kirsh, P. and Lingren, B., “Commercial 1995. Advancement in Pheromone Related Moni- 183. Kough, J.L., et al., Rationale For Mamma- toring Control Technology,” Proceedings lian Toxicity/Pathogenicity Data Require- of the Working Group, Use of Pheromones ments For Microbial Pesticides, 1994. and Other Semiochemicals in Integrated 184. Krafsur, E.S., Department of Entomology, Control, Chatham, UK, International Orga- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, personal nization for Biological and Integrated Con- communication, July 1995. trol of Noxious Animals and Plants 185. Krysan, J.L., National Program Leader For (Montfavet, France: General Secretariat Pest Management Systems, Agricultural IOBC/SROP, 1993). Research Service, U.S. Department of 176. Klassen, W., Center Director and Professor, Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, letter to the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Tropical Research and Education Center, Congress, Washington, DC, 1994. University of Florida, Homestead, FL, let- 186. Krysan, J.L., Former National Program ter to the Office of Technology Assess- Leader For Pest Management, Agricultural ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, Research Service, U.S. Department of February 17, 1995. Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, letter to the 177. Klingman, D., and Coulson, J., “Guidelines Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. For Introducing Foreign Organisms to the Congress, Washington, DC, February 27, United States For the Biological Control of 1995. Weeds,” Bulletin of the Entomological 187. Krysan, J.L., National Program Leader For Society of America, Fall 1983. Pest Management, Agricultural Research 178. Knipling, E.F., Former Director of Insect Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pest Management Program, Agricultural Beltsville, MD, personal communication, Research Service, U.S. Department of March 3, 1994. Agriculture, Arlington, VA, personal com- 188. Krysan, J.L., Former National Program munication, June 5, 1995. Leader, National Program Staff, Agricul- 179. Knott, D., Head, Permit Unit, Biological tural Research Service, U.S. Department of Assessment and Taxonomic Support, Plant Agriculture, fax to the Office of Technol- Protection and Quarantine, Animal and ogy Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. ton, DC, July 31, 1995. Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, 189. Kuch, P.J., Chief, Agriculture Policy personal communication, May 4, 1995 and Branch, Office of Policy, Planning and August 2, 1995. Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection 180. Knutson, A., Associate Professor and Agency, Washington, DC, letter to the Extension Entomologist, Texas Agricul- Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. tural Extension Service, Texas A&M Uni- Congress, Washington, DC, February 14, versity, Dallas, TX, letter to the Office of 1995. Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 190. Kulcher, F., “Changing Pesticide Policies,” Washington, DC, August 2, 1995. Choices 15–19, Second Quarter 1994. References | 191

191. Kuris, A., Department of Biological Sci- 199. Lee, G., “EPA Announces Plans to Review, ences and Marine Science Institute, Univer- Phase Out Use of Cancer-Causing Pesti- sity of California, Santa Barbara, CA, cides,” The Washington Post, A20, October “Biologically Based Technologies For Pest 13, 1994. Control: A Review of Biologically Based 200. Leppla, N., Associate Director, National Technologies For Pest Control in Aquatic Biological Control Institute, Animal and ,” unpublished contractor report Plant Health Inspection, U.S. Department prepared for the Office of Technology of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, letters to Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. DC, October 1994. Congress, Washington, DC, May 24 and 192. Kuris, A., Professor, Department of Biolog- August 3, 1995. ical Sciences and Marine Science Institute, 201. Leppla, N., National Biological Control University of California, Santa Barbara, Institute, Animal and Plant Health Inspec- CA, personal communication, August 29, tion Service, U.S. Department of Agricul- 1995. ture, Riverdale, MD, personal 193. Lafferty, K.D., and Kuris, A.M., “Potential communications, May 24, 1995 and August For Biological Control of Alien Marine 1995. Species,” National Oceanic and Atmo- 202. Levine, R., “Recognized and Possible spheric Administration Report on Nonin- Effects of Pesticides in Humans,” Hand- digenous Estuarine and Marine book of Pesticide Toxicology Volume I, Organisms, D. Cottingham (ed.) (Washing- W.J. Hayes Jr. and E.R. Laws Jr. (eds.) ton, DC: Department of Commerce, 1993). (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc., 194. Laird, M., et al., Safety of Microbial Insec- 1991). ticides (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 203. Levy, J., Operational Officer, Operational 1990). Support, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 195. Lake, R., Director, Policy and Public Plan- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Ser- ning, Center For Food Safety and Applied vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Riverdale, MD, personal communication, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser- April 5, 1995. vices, Washington, DC, personal communi- 203A.Lockwood, J.A., Associate Professor, cation, February 16, 1995. Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sci- 196. Lambert, W. Extension Entomologist, Uni- ence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, versity of Georgia, personal communica- WY, letter to the Office of Technology tion, August 1995. Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 197. Lanterman, W.S., Lee, B.G., G., and DC, December 19, 1994. Zuniga, M.A.C. Executive Committee, 204. Lockwood, J.A., “Environmental Issues North American Plant Protection Organiza- Involved in Biological Control of Range- tion, Orlando, FL, unaddressed letter, Octo- land Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) ber 15, 1994. with Exotic Agents,” Environmental Ento- 198. Lebaron, H.M., and McFarland, J., “Herbi- mology, 22(3):503–518, June 1993. cide Resistance in Weeds and Crops: An 205. Lugo, G., et al., “A New Risk of Occupa- Overview and Prognosis,” Managing tional Disease: Allergic Asthma and Rhi- Resistance to Agrochemicals: From Funda- noconjuntivitis in Persons Working With mental Research to Practical Strategies, Beneficial Arthropods—Preliminary Data,” M.B. Green, H.M. Lebaron, and W.K. International Archives of Occupational and Moberg (eds.) (Washington, DC: American Environmental Health 65(5):291–294, Chemical Society, 1990). 1994. 192 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

206. Lynch, S., and Jordan Lin, C.T., “Food 216. McCammon S.L., Science Advisor to the Safety: Meal Planners Express Their Con- Administrator, Animal and Plant Health cerns,” Food Review 1714-18, May– Inspection Service, U.S. Department of August 1994. Agriculture, Washington, DC, fax to the 207. Mahr, D., University of Wisconsin, Madi- Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. son, WI, “Implementing Biological Control Congress, Washington, DC, August 3, of Arthropods in the North Central States: 1995. An Extension Perspective,” unpublished 217. McClintock, J.T., Team Leader/Microbiol- report prepared for the NCA-15, 1990. ogist, Biopesticides and Pollution Preven- 207A.Mahr, D., University of Wisconsin, Madi- tion Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, son, WI, “Biological Control in the United U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, States: A Survey of the Perceptions, Washington, DC, personal communica- Resources and Needs of Extension Ento- tion, April 21, 1995. mologists,” unpublished report prepared for 218. McClintock, J.T., Kough, J.L., and Sjoblad, the National Agricultural Pesticide Impact R.D., “Regulatory Oversight of Biochemi- Assessment Program, Cooperative State cal Pesticides By the U.S. Environmental Research, Education, and Extension Ser- Protection Agency: Health Effects Consid- vice, 1995. erations,” Regulatory Toxicology and 208. Mann, C.C., “Fire Parlay Their Pharmacology 19:115–124, 1994. Queens Into a Threat to Biodiversity,” Sci- 219. McEvoy, P.B., Department of Entomology, ence, 263:1560–1561, March 18, 1994. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 209. Manweiler, S., Product Registra- “Testing Biocontrol Agents and Microbial tion, Biosys, Palo Alto, CA, personal com- Pesticides For Host Specificity,” unpub- munication, July 25, 1995. lished contractor report prepared for the 210. Marrone, P.G., Davis, CA, “Biointensive Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Integrated Pest Management For U.S. Agri- Congress, Washington, DC, March 1995; culture,” unpublished white paper prepared 220. McEvoy, P.B., Associate Professor, for the National Institute of Science and Department of Entomology, Oregon State Technology, Advanced Technology Pro- University, Corvallis, OR, fax to the Office gram, 1994. of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 211. Marrone, P.G., Former President, Novo Washington, DC, July 18, 1995. Nordisk Entotech, Davis CA, personal 221. McGaughey, W.H., and Whalon, M.E., communications, July and August 3, 1995. “Managing Insect Resistance to Bacillus 212. Marshall, E., “A Is For Apple, Alar, and thuringiensis Toxins,” Science Alarmist?,” Science 254(28):20–24, Octo- 258(87):1451–1455, November 1992. ber 4, 1991. 222. Melland, R., Administrator, Animal and 213. Matthews, C., Assistant Director, Environ- Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. mental and Pest Management Division, Department of Agriculture, Washington, Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association, DC, letter to AMT members describing the personal communication, August 16, 1995. “APHIS Biological Control Philosophy,” 214. Matten, S., Chair, Pesticide Resistance August 7, 1992. Management Workshop, U.S. Environmen- 223. Mendelsohn, M., U.S. Environmental Pro- tal Protection Agency, Environmental Fate tection Agency, Washington, DC, personal and Effects Division, personal communica- communication, May 25, 1995. tion, August 14, 1995. 224. Mendelsohn, M., et al., “Commercializa- 215. May, R.M., “Resisting Resistance,” Nature tion, Facilitation and Implementation of 361:593–594, February 18, 1993. Biological Control Agents: A Government References | 193

Perspective,” Biological Control of Post Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Harvest Diseases: Theory and Practice, Congress, Washington, DC, March 2, 1995 C.L. Wilson and M.E. Wisnieaski (eds.) and August 1995. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1994). 234. Miller, H.I., “A Need to Reinvent Biotech- 225. Mendoza, M., Staff Officer, Animal Dam- nology Regulation At the EPA,” Science age Control, Animal and Plant Health 266(192):1815–1818, December 16, 1994. Inspection Service, U.S. Department of 235. Miller, M., and Aplet, G., “Biological Con- Agriculture, personal communication, trol: A Little Knowledge Is a Dangerous April 19, 1995. Thing,” Rutgers Law Review 45(285):314, 226. Mergentime, K., and Emerich, M., 1993. “Organic Sales Jump Over $2 Billion Mark 236. Mills, N., Assistant Professor, Center For in 1994,” Natural Foods Merchandiser Biological Control, University of Califor- 16(6):74–76, June 1995. nia, Berkeley, CA, personal communica- 227. Metcalf, R.L., and Metcalf, R.A., Destruc- tion, August 22, 1995. tive and Useful : Their Habits and 237. Moffat, A.S., “New Chemicals Seek to Control 5th Ed. (New York, NY: Mcgraw- Outwit Insect Pests,” Science Hill Inc., 1993). 261(121):550–551, July 30, 1993. 228. Metterhouse, W.W., Cream Ridge, NJ, 238. Morgan, C.L., “Integrated Pest Manage- “The States’ Roles in Biologically Based ment Cuts Use of Chemicals,” Farmline, Based Technologies For Pest Control,” 13–16, April 1992. unpublished contractor report prepared for 239. Mycogen Corporation, “MVP (R) Bioin- the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. secticide: The Persistent Solution to Resis- Congress, Washington, DC, November tant Budworm and Bollworm in Cotton,” 1994. information sheet, 1993. 229. Metterhouse, W.W., Executive Director, 240. National Foundation For Integrated Pest Interstate Pest Control Compact, National Management Education, Regional Pro- Association State Departments of Agricul- ducer Workshops: Constraints to the Adop- ture, Cream Ridge, NJ, letter to the Office tion of Integrated Pest Management of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, (Austin, TX, August 1993). Washington, DC, July 31, 1995. 241. National Research Council, Pesticides in 230. Meyerdirk, D.E., Biological Control Opera- the Diets of Infants and Children (Wash- tions, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Ani- ington, DC: National Academy Press, mal Health and Inspection Service, U.S. 1993). Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, 242. National Research Council, Regulating fax to the Office of Technology Assess- Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, (Washington, DC: National Academy August 3, 1995. Press, 1987a). 231. Michigan State University, Agricultural 243. National Research Council, Report of the Experiment Station, Michigan Fruit Indus- Research Briefing on Biological Control on try Survey, Research Report 524, (East Managed Ecosystems (Washington, DC: Lansing, MI, April 1992). National Academy Press, 1987b). 232. “Milky Spore Disease May Not Be Effec- 244. Narang, S.K., National Program Leader, tive Biological Control For Grubs,” Turf Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Grass Trends 13, May 1994. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, 233. Miller, D.W., Vice President For Research MD, fax to Office of Technology Assess- and Development, EcoScience Corpora- ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, tion, Northborough, MA, letters to the August 17, 1995. 194 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

245. Nechols, J.R., Kansas State University, per- nts, R.L. Ridgway, R.M. Silverstein and sonal communications, December 21, 1993 M.N. Inscoe (eds.) (New York, NY: Marcel and August 21, 1995. Dekker, 1990). 246. Nechols, J.R., Department of Entomology, 256. Obrycki, J.J., Associate Professor, Depart- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, ment of Entomology, Iowa State Univer- fax to the Office of Technology Assess- sity, Ames, IA, fax to the Office of ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, July 19, 1995. Washington, DC, March 24, 1994. 247. Nechols, J.R., and Obrycki, J.J. Kansas 257. Oltman, D., “Ground Rules,” California State University and Iowa State University, 6–7, 28, 1995. “OTA Preliminary Assessment of Biologi- 258. Oltman, D., “A Lesson Plan,” California cal Control: Current Research,” unpub- Farmer 10–11, 31–32, January 1995. lished report prepared for the Office of 259. Oregon State University, Integrated Plant Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Protection Center, Areawide Management Washington, DC, January 1994; of the : Implementation of a 248. Neely, D., and Smith, G., “IPM Strategies Comprehensive IPM Program For Pome Used By Arborists,” Journal of Arboricul- Fruit Crops in the Western United States ture 17(1):8–12, 1991. (Corvallis, OR: July 1994). 249. Nelson, E.B., “Biological Control of Turf- 260. Research Foundation, grass Disease,” Information Bulletin 220 of 1993 National Organic Farmers’ Survey, the Cornell Cooperative Extension, Fall 1994. Geneva, NY, 1993. 261. Organic Farming Research Foundation, 250. Nishimi, R., Senior Associate, Office of “Bulletin 1,” Winter 1995. Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 262. Padgett, M., Agricultural Economist, Eco- Washington, DC, personal communica- nomic Research Service, U.S. Department tion, June 20, 1995. of Agriculture, Washington, DC, personal 251. “Nonmailable Plant Pests and Injurious communication, June 26, 1995. Animals” (3015), Title 39 (Postal Service) 263. Parella, M.P., Heinz, K.M., and Nunney, U.S. Code, 1980 ed. L., “Biological Control Through Augmen- 252. Novak, T., “Swarms of Impostor Lady - tative Releases of Natural Enemies: A tles Bug Oregon,” Statesman Journal, Strategy Whose Time Has Come,” Ameri- November 4, 1993. can Entomologist (38):172–179, Fall 1992. 253. Nowak, P.J., Department of Rural Sociol- 264. Parkwood Research Associates, Shopping ogy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, For Organic: Food Shoppers’ Views on WI, “Educating Users About Biologically Organically Grown Produce (Rodale Press, Based Methods of Pest Control,” unpub- Inc., March 1994). lished contractor report prepared for the 265. Pass, R.C., Chairman, Department of Ento- Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. mology, University of Kentucky, Lexing- Congress, Washington, DC, April 1995. ton, KY, personal communication, July 27, 254. Oack, C. et al., “Dismantling Government 1995. Policy in Science and Technology,” Jour- 266. Pearson, W., County Extension Agent, nal of Irreproducible Government Agencies Columbus, MT, letter to the Office of Tech- R(1P):1972–1995, July 20, 1995. nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- 255. O’Conner III, C.A., “Registration of Phero- ington, DC, May 27, 1994. mones in Practice,” Behavior-Modifying 267. Pedigo, L., Entomology and Pest Manage- Chemicals For Insect Management: Appli- ment (New York, NY: Macmillian Publish- cations of Pheromones and Other Attracta- ing Company, 1989). References | 195

268. Penn, S., President, Beneficial Insectary, Niles, MI, letter to the Office of Technol- Oak Run, CA, personal communications, ogy Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washing- June 23, 1993. ton, DC, August 11, 1995. 269. Penn, S., President, Beneficial Insectary, 279. Prokrym, D., Project Leader, Russian Oak Run, CA, letter to the Office of Tech- Wheat Biological Control Project, nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Ser- ington, DC, June 19, 1995. vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 270. Penn, S., and Henke, R., Beneficial Insec- Niles, MI, personal communication, tary, Oak Run, CA and Agricultural Advi- August 10, 1995. sors, Inc., CA, personal communication, 280. Quimby, P.C., Research Leader, Rangeland August 7, 1993 and June 21, 1995. Weeds Laboratory, Agricultural Research 271. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Development of Integrated Pest Manage- Bozeman, MT, personal communication, ment Certification Guidelines For Agricul- July 27, 1995. tural Crops: Results of Initial Focus Group 281. Quimby, P.C., Research Leader, Rangeland Session, February 1994. Weeds Laboratory, Agricultural Research 272. Pennsylvania State University, College of Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania Tree Bozeman, MT, letter to the Office of Tech- Fruit Production Guide, 1994–1995 (State nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- College, PA: 1995). ington, DC, January 26, 1995. 273. “’Person’ Defined” (151 et seq.), Title 7 282. Rajotte, E., Entomologist, Pennsylvania (Agriculture 281 to 1099) U.S. Code, 1980 State University Extension Service, State ed. College, PA, personal communication, 274. Peterson, C.G., Special Projects Staff, August 15, 1995. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Envi- 283. Randall, J.M., Invasive Weed Specialist, ronmental Protection Agency, Washing- The Nature Conservancy, Davis, CA, letter ton, DC, fax to the Office of Technology to the Office of Technology Assessment, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, July 24, DC, August 4, 1995. 1995. 275. “Plant and Non-Domestic Animal Quaran- 284. Randall, J., and Pitcairn, M. Exotic Species tine” Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 71 (Non- Program, The Nature Conservancy, Galt, Domestic Animal and CA, and the Biological Control Program, Import Rules) Administrative California Department of Food and Agri- Rules. culture, Sacramento, CA, “Biologically 276. Poinar, Jr., G.O., “Taxonomy and Biology Based Technologies For Pest Control in of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditi- Natural Areas and Other Wildlands,” dae,” Entomopathogenic Nematodes in unpublished contractor report prepared for Biological Control, R. Gaugler and H.K. the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Kaya (eds.) (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Congress, Washington, DC, November Inc., 1990). 1994. 277. “Policy and Purpose” (2101), Title 16 285. Ravensberg, W.J., “Biological Control of (Conservation: 1151 to 3100) U.S. Code, Pests: Current Trends and Future Pros- 1985 ed. pects,” BCPB Pest and Diseases, Proceed- 278. Prokrym, D., Project Leader, Russian ings 2:591–600, 1994. Wheat Aphid Biological Control Project, 286. Reichelderfer, K., “Economic Feasibility of Animal and Plant Health Inspection Ser- Biological Control of Crop Pests,” Biologi- vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, cal Control in Crop Production, G.C. 196 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

Papazizas (ed.) (Totowa, NJ: Allanheld, 295. Rogers, M., “What’s New: Biological Con- Osmun, 1981). trols,” Grounds Maintenance, 90–94, 287. Ridgway, R.L., and Inscoe, M.N., U.S. March 1994. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural 296. Rosen, J.D., “Much Ado About Alar,” Research Service, “Biologically Based Pest Issues in Science and Technology, 685, Fall Control: Markets, Industries, and Product,” 1990. unpublished special report, December 2, 297. Rosenblum, G., On the Way to Market: 1993. Roadblocks to Reducing Pesticide Use on 288. Riechmann, D., “Ladybugs Bedevil Md. Produce (Washington, DC: Public Voice Residents,” The Washington Post, Md. 3, For Food and Health Policy, March 1991). March 30, 1995. 298. Rosenfeld, A., Cutting to the Core: Cos- 289. Riley, R., Cooperative State Research, Edu- metic Quality and Pesticide Use on cation, and Extension Service, U.S. Depart- Apples—A Survey of U.S. Apple Growers ment of Agriculture, Washington, DC, (Washington, DC: Public Voice For Food personal communication, August 23, 1995. and Health Policy, September 1991). 290. Roberts, T.C., Range Conservationist, 299. Royer, M., Chief Operations Officer, Bio- Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Depart logical Assessment and Taxonomic Sup- of the Interior, Washington, DC, letter to port, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Riverdale, MD, personal communications, Congress, Washington, DC, May 23, 1995. April 4, 1995; April 12, 1995; April 20, 291. Rockey, S.J., Division Director, National 1995 and May 11, 1995. Research Initiative Competitive Grants 300. Ruff, M.D., Technology Transfer Coordi- Program, Cooperative State Research, Edu- nator, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. cation, and Extension Service, U.S. Depart- Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, ment of Agriculture, personal com- MD, letter to the Office of Technology munication, July 6, 1994, June 19, 1995, Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, and August 1995. DC, July 26, 1994. 292. Rockey, S.J., Division Director, National 301. “Sales of Biopesticides Expected to Rise at Research Initiative, Cooperative State the Expense of Chemically-Based Pesti- Research, Education, and Extension Ser- cides,” Pesticide Outlook, 4–5, February vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1994. Washington, DC, fax to the Office of Tech- 302. Sandoz Agro, Key Findings: The 1994 San- nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- doz National Environmental Poll (Des ington, DC, August 10, 1995. Plaines, IL: 1994). 293. Rockey, S.J., Division Director, National 303. Schneider, E., National Biological Service, Research Initiative Competitive Grants U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing- Program, Cooperative State Research, Edu- ton, DC, fax to the Office of Technology cation, and Extension Service, U.S. Depart- Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, ment of Agriculture, Washington, DC, DC, August 4, 1995. letter to the Office of Technology Assess- 304. Schneider, W., Microbiologist, Biopesti- ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, cides and Pollution Prevention Division, March 29, 1995. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Envi- 294. Rodgers, P.B., “Potential of Biopesticides ronmental Protection Agency, “158 Data in Agriculture,” Pesticide Science, Requirements For Biological Pesticides,” 39(2):117–129, 1993. SAP Presentation, November 11, 1994. References | 197

305. Schneider, W., Microbiologist, Biopesti- 314. Sjoblad, R.D., McClintock, J.T., and cides and Pollution Prevention Division, Engler, R., “Toxicological Considerations Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Envi- For Components of Biological Pes- ronmental Protection Agency, Arlington, ticide Products,” Regulatory Toxicology VA, personal communications, May 30, and Pharmacology, 15:3–9, 1991. 1995; July 27, 1995 and August 1, 1995. 315. Sjogren, R., Meridian Precision Release 306. Schrimpf, P., “The Next Seed Revolution,” Technologies, Minneapolis, MN, letter to and Landscape Maintenance 30–34, the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. June 1995. Congress, Washington, DC, 1995. 307. Schroth, M., Chairman, Department of 316. Smith, K.R., “Making Alternative Agricul- , University of California, tural Research Policy,” American Journal Berkeley, CA, personal communication, of Alternative Agriculture 10(1):10–18, August 9, 1993. 1995. 308. Schroth, M.N., Professor Emeritus, Depart- 317. Smith, K.R., Henry A. Wallace Institute for ment of Plant Pathology, University of Cal- Alternative Agriculture, Hyattsville, MD, ifornia, Berkeley, CA, letter to the Office of “Biological Pest Control: An Assessment Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, of Current Markets and Market Potential,” Washington, DC, December 11, 1994. unpublished contractor report prepared for 309. Setting, M., Association of American Pest the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Control Officials, personal communication, Congress, Washington, DC, January 1994. August 15, 1995. 318. Smith, K.R., Director, Policy Studies Pro- 310. Shani, A., “Role of Pheromones in Inte- gram, Henry A. Wallace Institute For Alter- grated Pest Management,” Proceedings of native Agriculture, Hyattsville, MD, the Working Group Use of Pheromones and personal communication, June 19, 1995. Other Semiochemicals in Integrated Con- 319. Sorensen, A.A., “The Role of IPM in trol, (International Organization for Bio- Reducing Environmental Problems,” Pro- logical and Integrated Control of Noxious ceedings of the Second National IPM Animals and Plants, 1993). Workshop/Symposium 1994). 311. Siegel, J.P., and Shadduck, J.A., “Safety of 320. St. John, J.B., Acting Associate Deputy Microbial to Vertebrates— Administrator, National Program Staff, Humans,” Safety of Microbial Insecticides, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and W. Davidson Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, (eds.) (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., MD, letter to the Office of Technology 1990). Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 312. Simberloff, D., Professor, Department of DC, August 10, 1995. Biological Sciences, Florida State Univer- 321. Stanley, D., “Whitefly Causes Bleak Times sity, Tallahassee, FL, letter to the Office of for Growers,” Agricultural Research 16:2, Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, January, 1991. Washington, DC, July 16, 1995. 322. Steiner, M.Y., and Elliott, E.P., Biological 313. Simberloff, D., and Stiling, P. Department Pest Management For Interior Plantscapes of Biological Sciences, Florida State Uni- (Vegreville, : Alberta Environmen- versity, Tallahassee, FL and University of tal Centre, March 1897). Southern Florida, Tampa, FL, “Biological 323. Stevens, W.K., “Pesticides May Leave Pest Control: Potential Hazards,” unpub- Legacy of Hormonal Chaos,” The New lished contractor report prepared for the York Times, C1, August 23, 1994. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. 324. Stewart, J.L., Director, Forest Insect and Congress, Washington, DC, January 1994. Disease Research, Forest Service, U.S. 198 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

Department of Agriculture, Washington, 335. U.S. Congress, Congressional Research DC, personal communication, April 6, Service, CRS Issue Brief: Pesticide Policy 1995 and June 22, 1995. Issues in the 103rd Congress, prepared by 325. “Summary of State Training Programs For J. Womach, IB93082 (Washington, DC: Pesticide Users,” North Carolina Insight February 1, 1994). September 1994. 336. U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, 326. Tabashnik, B.E., “Evolution of Resistance Pesticides: Pesticide Reregistration May to ,” Annual Review Not Be Completed Until 2006, RCED-93- of Entomology, 39:47–79, 1994. 94 (Washington, DC: May 1993). 327. Takahashi, G., Maritime Supervisor, Plant 337. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Quarantine, Department of Agriculture, Assessment, A New Technological Era For Hawaii, letter to the Office of Technology American Agriculture, OTA-F-474 (Wash- Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing DC, May 26, 1995. Office, August 1992). 327A.TeBeest, D.O., Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, 338. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Fayetteville, AK, personal communication, Assessment, Harmful Non-Indigenous Spe- July 13, 1995. cies in the United States, OTA-F-565 328. TeBeest, D.O., Professor, Department of (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print- Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, ing Office, September 1993). Fayetteville, AK, letter to the Office of 338A.U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Assessment, unpublished proceedings of Washington, DC, May 18, 1995. the advisory panel meeting, July 13, 1995. 329. Tichenor, R., Maryland Department of 339. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Biologi- Agriculture, Annapolis, MD, personal com- cal Agents for Pest Control: Status and munication, June 20, 1995. Prospects (Washington, DC:U.S. Govern- 330. Toscano, N., Department of Entomology, ment Printing Office, February 1978). University of California, Riverside, CA, 340. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- personal communication, August, 1995. tural Resources and Environmental Indica- 331. Trinka, David, Manager, tors Update: Crop Consultants MBG Marketing, MI (formerly Michigan (Washington, DC, 1995). Blueberry Growers’ Association), personal 341. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1994 Spe- communication, August 17, 1995 cial Projects, Integrated Pest Management 332. Turner, C., Agricultural Research Service, Program, Extension Service (Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, letter to the Office of Technology DC: 1994). Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 342. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Strategic DC, 1994. Directions of the Cooperative Extension 333. Tyree, S., Biotechnology Industry Organi- System,” as of May 5, 1995. URL=http:// zation, personal communication, 1995. www.esusda.gov/mission/commit/ces.htm. 334. U.S. Congress, Congressional Research 343. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Pest Risk Service, Federal Land and Resource Man- Assessment of Biological Control Organ- agement: A Primer, 93-787 ENR (Wash- isms,” unpublished report prepared by P. ington, DC: 1993). Lima, no date. References | 199

344. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- 7 CFR Part 335, Federal Register tural Research Service, Stored-Product 60(17):5288–5307, January 26, 1995. Insects Workshop: Final Report, May 4–6, 353. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal (Washington, DC:1992). and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Intro- 345. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- duction of Nonindigenous Organisms,” tural Research Service, Principles of Insect proposed rule; withdrawal, 7 CFR Part 335, Analyzed From New Perspec- Federal Register 60(116):31647, June 16, tives, E.F. Knipling (author), AHN 693 1995. (Washington, DC: 1992). 354. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 346. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- and Plant Health Inspection Service, Safe- tural Research Service, Biological Control guard Guidelines For Containment of Plant of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vege- Pests Under Permit, June 1983. tables, Workshop Proceedings, C.L. Wil- 355. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal son and E. Chalutz (eds.), ARS-92 (June and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Char- 1991). ter for the Technical Advisory Group on the 347. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- Introduction of Biological Control Agents tural Research Service, ARS National Bio- of Weeds,” unpublished draft guidelines, logical Control Program, Proceedings of 1990. Workshop on Research Priorities, 1988- 356. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 203-044 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Bio- ment Printing Office, August 1988). logical Control of Leafy Spurge,” PAN 1435, August 1992. 348. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- 357. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal tural Research Service, “Biological Weed and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Bio- Control, Rangeland Weeds, and Their Bio- logical Control of Spotted and Diffuse logical Control Agents,” unpublished Knapweeds,” PAN 1529, December 1994. report provided by McNeel, H., Weed 358. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Management Specialist, Bureau of Land and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Management, U.S. Department of the Inte- Protection Act, proposed bill, August 1995. rior, Billings, MT, July 13, 1993. 359. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 349. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- and Plant Health Inspection Service, tural Research Service, briefing for the Release of Nonindigenous Organisms: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Information Requested From Applicants in Congress, Washington, DC, June 23, 1995. Support of Permit Applications, September 350. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 9, 1994. and Plant Health Inspection Service, 360. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Explanatory Notes: Fiscal Year 1996 and Plant Health Inspection Service, Bio- (Washington DC, 1995). logical Assessment and Taxonomic Sup- 351. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal port, Riverdale, MD, fax to the Office of Plant Health Inspection Service, “Biologi- Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, cal Control of the Russian Wheat Aphid, Washington, DC, August 3, 1995. 1993,” APHIS Pub. No. 1507 (Washington 361. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal D.C.: December 1993). and Plant Health Inspection Service, 352. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal National Biological Control Institute, Ani- and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Intro- mal and Plant Health Inspection Service, duction of Nonindigenous Organisms,” Riverdale, MD, unaddressed letter, July 11, proposed rule and notice of public hearings 1995. 200 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

362. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal sion Service, “Request for Proposals, and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Integrated Pest Management National Biological Control Institute, Implementation Program, Fiscal Year Riverdale, MD, letter to the Office of Tech- 1995,” special projects guidelines, 1995. nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- 370. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Coopera- ington, DC, July 13, 1994. tive State Research, Education, and Exten- 363. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal sion Service, “Summary Report: and Plant Health Inspection Service, Cooperative Extension System Educa- National Biological Control Institute, tional Programs on Pesticides,” unpub- “Draft Program Logic Model,” Riverdale, lished report prepared by J.W. Impson, MD, October 13, 1994. March 1995. 364. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 371. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Coopera- and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant tive State Research Service, National Protection and Quarantine, Riverdale, MD, Research Initiative Competitive Grants unpublished proceedings of a briefing for Program, The National Research Initiative the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. on Agriculture, Food and Environment: Congress, Washington, DC, 1995. Annual Report Fiscal Year 1993, (Wash- 365. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal ington, DC: 1994). and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 372. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Coopera- Protection and Quarantine, Biological Con- tive State Research, Education, and Exten- trol Operations, Riverdale, MD, unpub- sion Service, Strategic Directions of the lished briefing report prepared for the Cooperative Extension System, (Washing- Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. ton, DC: 1995). Congress, Washington, DC, 1995. 373. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Coopera- 366. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal tive State Research Service, Experiment and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Station Committee on Organization and Protection and Quarantine, Biological Policy, Pest Management Strategies Sub- Assessment and Taxonomic Support, committee, “Integrated Pest Management Riverdale, MD, fax to the Office of Tech- For the 21st Century: A Blue Print For Sus- nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Wash- tainable Pest Management,” (Washington, ington, DC, August 3, 1995. DC, 1991). 367. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 374. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Coopera- and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant tive State Research Service National Protection and Quarantine, Biological Con- Research Initiative Competitive Grants trol Operations, unpublished 1994 data pro- Program, National Research Initiative vided by D.E. Meyerdirk, Senior Staff Competitive Grants Program: Program Officer, April 1995. Description, (Washington, DC: 1994). 368. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal 375. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Research Service, Agricultural Resources Protection and Quarantine, National Bio- and Environmental Indicators, (Washing- logical Control Laboratory, Russian Wheat ton, DC: December 1994). Aphid Biological Control Project—FY 376. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic 1993 Project Report, prepared by D.R. Research Service, Agricultural Resources Prokrym, et al., (Niles, MI: 1993) and Environmental Indicators Updates: 369. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Coopera- Crop Consultants, No. 3 (Washington, tive State Research, Education, and Exten- DC:1995). References | 201

377. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Assessment of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon Research Service, Adoption of Integrated in Ornamentals and Sod Production Pest Management in U.S. Agriculture, pre- (Washington, DC: 1994). pared by A. Vandeman, et al., Bulletin No. 387. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of 707 (Washington, DC: 1994). Communications, “USDA’s Integrated Pest 378. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Management,” Release No, 0942.94, Research Service, Agricultural Pesticide December 14, 1994. Use Trends and Policy Issues, prepared by 388. U.S. Department of the Interior, “Strategy C.D. Osteen and P.I. Szmerda, AER-622 For the Containment of Proliferation of (Washington, DC: September 1989). Non-Indigenous Plant Species on Public 379. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Lands,” unpublished white paper, Wash- Research Service, Agricultural Resources ington, DC, 1993. and Environmental Indicators, AH-705 389. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (Washington, DC: December 1994). “Biochemical Pesticides Data Require- 380. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic ments,” Code of Federal Regulations, Title Research Service, Federal Grade Stan- 40, Sec. 158.690, 1994. dards For Fresh Produce: Linkages to Pes- 390. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ticide Use, prepared by N. Powers and R.G. “Microbial Pesticides; Experimental Use Heifner, Agriculture Information Bulletin Permits and Notifications,” final rule, Fed- 275 (Washington, DC: August 1993). eral Register, 59(169):45612, September 1, 381. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic 1994. Research Service, Economic Returns to 391. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boll Weevil Eradication, prepared by G.A. “Plant-Pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Carlson, G. Sappie and M. Hammig, AER III(A) Delta Endotoxin and the Genetic Pub. No. 621 (Washington DC: September, Material Necessary for its Production in 1989). Potato,” conditional registration, May 382. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 1995. Service, Gypsy Moth News (35): September 392. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994. “Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA(b) Delta 383. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Endotoxin and the Genetic Material Neces- Service, unpublished data on the Forest sary for its Production (Plasmid Vector Service’s use of chemical pesticides for pCIB4431) in Corn, Significant New Use,” 1994, Washington, DC, 1995. August 10, 1995. 384. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 393. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Service, unpublished briefing report pre- Pesticide Testing Guidelines Subdivision pared for the Office of Technology Assess- M: Biorational Pesticides, EPA 540/9-92- ment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, 028 (Washington, DC: November 1982). May 9, 1995. 394. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 385. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Pesticide Testing Guidelines Subdivision M Service and Animal and Plant Health of the: Microbial and Biochemical Pest Inspection Service, Gypsy Moth Manage- Control Agents, H-7501C (Washington, ment in the United States: A Cooperative DC: July 1989). Approach, (Washington, DC: April 1995). 395. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 386. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Urban Integrated Pest Management, EPA Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment 735-B-92-001 (Washington, DC: July Program, The Biologic and Economic 1992). 202 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

396. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State Univer- briefing package prepared for the Office of sity Extension, December 1993). Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 407. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Washington, DC, April 1995. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Extension 397. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Service, Applying Pesticides Correctly: A Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 1992 Guide For Private and Commercial Appli- and 1993 Market Estimates, prepared by cators, (Washington, DC: 1991). A.L. Aspelin 733-K-94-001 (Washington, 408. United Nations, Environment Programme, DC: June 1994). Convention on Biological Diversity June 5, 398. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 (As of July 20, 1995: URL=gopher:// Biotechnology Research Program Over- Gopher.UNDP.Org:70/00/Unconfs/Unced/ view, EPA 600/K-93/007 January 1994). English/Biodiv.Txt, no date. 399. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 409. United Nations Food Agriculture Organiza- Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 1992 tion, Draft Code of Conduct For the Import and 1993 Market Estimates, prepared by and Release of Biological Control Agents A.L. Aspelin 733-K-94-001 (Washington, (Rome, Italy: November 1994). DC: June 1994). 410. University of California, Division of Agri- 400. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, culture and Natural Resources, Beyond Office of Communications and Public Pesticides: Biological Approaches to Pest Affairs, EPA Journal: Pesticides and Food Management in California (Oakland, CA: Safety 16(3):May/June 1990. ANR Publications, 1992). 401. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 410A.Van Driesche, R., Department of Entomol- Office of Pesticide Programs, Annual ogy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Report For 1994, 735-R-95-001 (Washing- ton, DC: January 1995). MA, letter to the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 402. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, DC, 1995. Office of Pesticide Programs, remarks at a briefing for the Office of Technology 411. Van Driesche, R., Bellows, T.S., Miken- Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, burg, O., Adang, M., Federici, B., McCoy, DC, Alexandria, VA, April, 27, 1995. C., Maddox, J., Kaya, H., Lewis, J., Cardé, 403. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R., and Krafsur, E.S., Department of Ento- Office of Pesticide Programs, remarks at a mology, University of Massachusetts, briefing for the Office of Technology Amherst, MA (Van Driesche only), Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, “Report on Biological Control of Inverte- DC, Alexandria, VA, 1994. brate Pests of Forestry and Agriculture,” 404. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, unpublished contractor report prepared for Office of Pesticide Programs, Fee Authori- the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. ties, May 1995). Congress, Washington, DC, December 405. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic 412. Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, et Substances, Analysis of FY 1993 Emer- al., The National Evaluation of Extension’s gency Exemption Program, (Washington, Integrated Pest Management Programs, DC: December 22, 1992). VCES Publication 491-010 (February 406. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and 1987). U.S. Department of Agricultural, Extension 413. Voss, G., and Miflin, B., “Biocontrol in Service, Applying Pesticides Correctly: Plant Protection: CIBA’s Approach,” Pesti- Private Applicator Supplement, E-2472 cide Outlook 29–34, April 1994. References | 203

414. Waage, J.K., Director, International Insti- 423. Whitacre, D.M., Vice President, Develop- tute of Biological Control, Ascot Berks, ment, Sandoz Agro, Inc., Des Plaines, IL, UK, letter to the Office of Technology personal communication, March 1994. Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, 424. Whitmore, R.W., et al., “National Home DC, 1994. and Garden Pesticide Use Survey,” Pesti- 415. Waage, J.K., Director, International Insti- cides in Urban Environments, K.D. Racke tute For Biological Control, Ascot Berks, and A.R. Leslie (eds.) (Washington, DC: UK, personal communication, July 13, American Chemical Society, 1993). 1995. 425. Whitson, T.D., et al., Weeds of the West (Jackson, WY: Pioneer of Jackson Hole, 416. Waage, J.K., Director, International Insti- 1992). tute of Biological Control, Ascot Berks, 426. Wilson, C., Fruit Pathology Unit, Appala- UK, fax to the Office of Technology chian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Research Service, U.S. Department of DC, July 13, 1995. Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, personal 417. Waage, J.K., Director, International Insti- communication, August 8, 1995. tute of Biological Control, Ascot Berks, 427. Winfree, R.A., National Biological Service, UK, letter to the Office of Technology U.S. Department of the Interior, unpub- Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, lished NBS briefing sheet prepared for the DC, July 14, 1995. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. 417A.Walters, T.L., President, American Com- Congress, Washington, DC, 1995. petitiveness Enterprise, Altadena, CA, per- 428. Witt, I., Animal and Plant Health Inspec- sonal communication, May 2, 1995. tion Service, U.S. Department of Agricul- 418. Wapshere, A.J., Delfosse, E.S., and Cullen, ture, Riverdale, MD, fax to the Office of J.M., “Recent Developments in Biological Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Control of Weeds,” Crop Protection 8227– Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. 250, 1989. 429. Wood, H.A., and Hughes, P.R., “Biopesti- 419. Warner, D., “The Food Industry Takes the cides,” Science 261(119):227, July 16, Offensive,” Nation’s Business 79(7):42–45, 1993. July 1991. 430. Wood, M., “Weed- Insects Take the Starthistle Challenge,” Agricultural 420. Watson, A.K., Department of Plant Sci- Research, 11, July 1993. ence, McGill University, Quebec, Canada, 431. Wright, R., U.S. Environmental Protection “Biologically Based Technologies For Pest Agency, Washington, DC, personal com- Control: Agricultural Weeds,” unpublished munication, August 15, 1995. contractor report prepared for the Office of 432. Young, F.E., “Weighing Food Safety Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Risks,” FDA Consumer 23(7):8–14, Sep- Washington, DC, November 1994. tember 1989. 421. Weaver, R.D., Evans, D.J., and Luloff, 433. Zalom, F.G., and Fry, W.E. (eds.) Food, A.E., “Pesticide Use in Tomato Production: Crop Pests, and the Environment (St. Paul, Consumer Concerns and Willingness-to- MN: APS Press, 1992). Pay,” 8(2):131–142, 1992. 434. Zilberman, D., Sunding, D., Dobler, M., 422. Whalon, M.E., and McGaughey, W.H., Campbell, M. and Manale, A., “Who “Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringien- Makes Pesticide Use Decisions: Implica- sis,” Advanced Engineered Pesticides, L. tions For Policy Makers,” Pesticide Use Kim (New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., and Product Quality, W. Armbruster (ed.) 1993). (Glenbrook, CA: Farm Foundation, 1994). 204 | Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control

435. Zilberman, D., and Yarkin, C., Department Emphasis on Biologically Based Controls,” of Agricultural and Resource Economics, unpublished contractor report prepared for University of California, Berkeley, CA, the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. “The Economics of Development and Congress, Washington, DC, December Adoption of Pest Control Products With 1994.