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Fair Housing and Equity Assessment for Metropolitan Boston Funding provided by the Metro Boston Consortium for Sustainable Communities Prepared by Metropolitan Area Planning Council 60 Temple Place, 6th Floor Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Tel (617) 451-2770 www.mapc.org Fair Housing and Equity Assessment for Metropolitan Boston 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 Project Team 6 Funding 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 12 PART ONE: OVERVIEW OF THE FAIR HOUSING EQUITY ANALYSIS 22 1. Place Matters: Opportunities that Affect Quality of Life and Fair Housing 22 2. The Obligation to Affirmatively Further Fair Housing 22 3. Furthering Fair Housing Conditions in the Public and Private Sector 25 4. The FHEA Geography and the Importance of Boundaries 25 PART TWO: WHO WE ARE & WHERE WE LIVE 28 1. Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the MetroFuture Region and its Residents 28 2. National Origin and Linguistic Isolation 29 3. People with Disabilities in the MetroFuture Region 32 4. Segregation and Integration 34 5. Segregation and Income 42 6. Immigrants, Race and Segregation 48 PART THREE: ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY AND DISPARITY: SCHOOLS, JOBS, POVERTY, NEIGHBORHOOD QUALITY, AND DISCRIMINATION 50 1. Measuring Equity and Disparity by Race and Ethnicity: Two Approaches 50 2. Opportunity, Race and Poverty 53 3. Economic Opportunity, Jobs and Transportation 55 4. Housing Location, Segregation and Schools 56 5. Neighborhood Stability 60 6. Decent and Affordable in Housing 65 7. Place and Exposure to Environmental Hazards 74 Fair Housing and Equity Assessment for Metropolitan Boston 2 8. Personal Safety and Crime 74 9. Housing and People with Significant Disabilities 76 10. Discrimination as a Barrier to Opportunity and the Fair Housing Infrastructure in the MAPC Region 79 PART FOUR: THE MEANING OF BOUNDARY: STRUCTURES FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF OPPORTUNITY 86 1. Geographies of Opportunity: Using Data to Understand Patterns of Opportunity Locally and Regionally 86 2. The Geographies of the MAPC Region and the Metropolitan Boston Region 87 3. Planning for the Use of Community Development and Housing Resources 91 4. Furthering Fair Housing and the Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing 87 5. Land use and zoning policies and practices 101 6. Investment of Public Resources & State Fair Housing Leadership 110 7. Regional Economic Development and Regional Coordination 874 8. Fair Housing Planning 117 PART FIVE: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 118 A. The Sustainable Communities Region is Deeply Segregated 118 B. Segregation and Discrimination is the Cause of Deep Disparities in Access to Quality of Life Opportunities 121 C. The Public and Private Systems and Structures Through Which Opportunities are Identified and Resources are Allocated Can Reinforce or Mitigate Inequity 124 RECOMMENDATIONS 128 A. Utilize Data Collection Methods and Adapt Training Resources to Support Integration of Fair Housing into Planning and Funding Decisions. 128 B. Allocated Resources for Coordinated Regional Enforcement of Fair Housing and Civil Rights Laws and to Further Fair Housing. 130 C. Deploy Resources Regionally in a Manner that Balances Investments in Distressed and High Opportunity Locations to Promote Opportunity and Reverse Conditions of Disparity. 132 D. Create Structural Connections Between People and Places that Achieve Equity. 133 APPENDIX 1: A FAIR HOUSING PRIMER 140 APPENDIX 2 144 APPENDIX 3 148 Fair Housing and Equity Assessment for Metropolitan Boston 3 APPENDIX 4 154 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 HOUSEHOLD GROWTH BY RACE/ETHNICITY, 1990-2010 .......................................................................... 31 FIGURE 2.2 SHARE OF LINGUISTICALLY ISOLATED FIGURE 2.3 NUMBER OF LINGUISTICALLY ISOLATED ........ 32 FIGURE 2.4 CITY OF BOSTON’S SHARE OF METROFUTURE HOUSEHOLDS BY RACE/ETHNICITY, 1990 AND 2010 ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 FIGURE 2.5 ISOLATION INDEX FOR MAJOR RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS IN METROPOLITAN BOSTON, 1980-2010 ................................................................................................................................................................. 40 FIGURE 2.6 EXPOSURE INDEX FOR MAJOR RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS IN METROPOLITAN BOSTON, 1980-2010 ................................................................................................................................................................. 41 FIGURE 2.7 PERCENT OF MAPC REGION POPULATION LIVING IN HIGH POVERTY AREAS ....................................... 48 FIGURE 3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF NON-POOR RESIDENTS BY RACE/ETHNICITY ................................................................. 54 FIGURE 3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF POOR RESIDENTS BY RACE/ETHNICITY ............................................................................ 54 FIGURE 3.3 SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, DISSIMILARITY BY RACE/ETHNICITY ........ 56 FIGURE 3.4 MARKET SHARE BY RACE/ETHNICITY, HOME PURCHASE LOANS, 2005 (PRIME V SUBPRIME) ............. 62 FIGURE 3.5 MARKET SHARE BY RACE/ETHNICITY, REFINANCING LOANS, 2006 (PRIME V SUBPRIME) ................... 62 FIGURE 4.2 MASSACHUSETTS FAIR HOUSING MISSION STATEMENT AND PRINCIPLES ............................................ 111 FIGURE 7.1 CENSUS BUREAU MEASURES OF SEGREGATION .......................................................................................... 146 FIGURE 7.2 METROPOLITAN AREA HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME AND RACE/ETHNICITY ................... 147 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 METROFUTURE’S SHIFTING RACIAL AND ETHNIC PROFILE, 1990 - 2010 ................................................... 29 TABLE 2.2 FOREIGN BORN POPULATION BOSTON METRO AREA .................................................................................... 30 TABLE 2.3 DISABILITY STATUS OF METROPOLITAN BOSTON RESIDENTS, 2010 ........................................................... 33 TABLE 2.4 DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE REGION’S MAJORITY-MINORITY COMMUNITIES ............................................... 37 TABLE 2.5 TRENDS IN SEGREGATION DISSIMILARITY INDICES, BOSTON MSA, 1980 TO 2010 ............................... 38 TABLE 2.6 RACIALLY/ETHNICALLY CONCENTRATED AREAS OF POVERTY ...................................................................... 47 TABLE 3.1 INDICATORS USED IN THE KIRWAN INSTITUTE’S MASSACHUSETTS OPPORTUNITY MAPPING ANALYSIS 52 TABLE 3.2 KIRWAN INSTITUTE FINDINGS: WHERE HOUSEHOLDS CURRENTLY LIVE, BY RACE AND INCOME ....... 52 TABLE 3.3 EXPOSURE TO OPPORTUNITY BY RACE AND ETHNICITY ................................................................................. 53 TABLE 3.4 OPPORTUNITY INDEX BY RACE AND POVERTY .................................................................................................. 54 TABLE 3.5 SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, WHITE STUDENTS' EXPOSURE BY RACE/ETHNICITY ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 TABLE 3.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS ATTENDED BY THE MAPC REGION’S BLACK, WHITE, ASIAN, AND HISPANIC STUDENTS ........................................................................................................... 59 TABLE 3.7 MUNICIPALITIES EXPERIENCING THE HIGHEST RATES OF FORECLOSURE, 2006-2011, WITH SHARE OF BLACK AND LATINO HOMEOWNERS .................................................................................................................... 63 TABLE 3.8 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING PROBLEMS BY RACE/ETHNICITY ....................................................................... 65 TABLE 3.9 LOW INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT PROJECTS/UNITS IN MAJORITY MINORITY COMMUNITIES .... 69 TABLE 3.10 VOUCHER UTILIZATION BY SUBREGION BY RACE/ETHNICITY ....................................................................... 70 TABLE 3.11 MEDIAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLS NEAREST TO ASSISTED HOUSING AND OTHER HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN WITHIN THE BOSTON METROPOLITAN AREA.......................................... 72 TABLE 3.12 MEDIAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLS NEAREST TO HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER HOUSEHOLDS AND OTHER HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN, BY RACE .................................................................................... 73 TABLE 3.13 MEDIAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLS NEAREST TO HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER RECIPIENTS ... 73 TABLE 3.14 CRIME RATE DISPARITIES IN MINORITY MUNICIPALITIES VS MAJORITY WHITE MUNICIPALITIES ........... 75 TABLE 3.15 QUASI-INSTITUTIONAL HOUSING FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES .............................................................. 77 TABLE 3.16 COMMUNITY BASED HOUSING FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AT RISK OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION ............................................................................................................................................ 78 TABLE 3.17 BASES OF COMPLAINTS FILED WITH MCAD IN THE METROPOLITAN BOSTON REGION ....................... 82 TABLE 3.18 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLAINTS (ACTS) FILED WITH MCAD IN THE METROFUTURE REGION ....... 83 TABLE 3.19 RESOLUTION OF DISCRIMINATION COMPLAINTS ........................................................................................... 84 Fair Housing and Equity Assessment for Metropolitan Boston 4 TABLE 3.20 RESOLUTION OF DISCRIMINATION COMPLAINTS BY BASIS .......................................................................... 85 TABLE 4.2 MUNICIPALITIES WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST SHARE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN MAJOR

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