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Environmental Information Report Appendix B: Documentation for Stressors Note to readers: This appendix and others refer to reports and documents indicated as clickable internet links, which were live when the report was drafted. It is likely that some of these links are no longer live and current, as the MPCA cannot maintain those belonging to other organizations. If you are interested in a particular reference and cannot access it, please contact Michael Trojan at 651/297-5219. Information in this Appendix was collected by the EIR Team with assistance from MPCA technical staff. Information was provided to the expert panels that scored stressors for each impact category. Table 1 summarizes the 56 stressor-impact combinations. The table indicates the page where the support documentation can be found. We do not discuss Quality of Life- Aesthetics because there was no scoring for these stressors. The Quality of Life- Aesthetic stressors include Odorous Chemicals from Biological Processes, Habitat Modification, Phosphorus, Transported Sediment, Noise, Particles in Air, Ground-level Ozone, and Oxygen-demanding Pollutants. Information is provided for the following four questions for the Ecosystem Impact categories. 1. What are the primary chemicals of concern for this stressor? 2. What concentrations of these chemicals and health benchmark exceedances are we seeing? 3. What effects on aquatic organisms are associated with excess exposure to these chemicals? 4. How persistent/reversible is this stressor? Information is provided for the following questions for the Human Health Impact categories. 1. What health effects are associated with excess exposure to these chemicals? 2. How many people are exposed to concentrations exceeding health benchmarks? 3. How many incidences of the diseases/ailments of concern result from exposures above criteria? 4. How persistent/reversible is this stressor? Section Impact Stressor Page 1.1 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Habitat modification 25 1.2 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Transported sediment 27 1.3 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Phosphorus 28 1.4 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Temperature increase/climate change 29 1.5 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Nitrogen 30 1.6 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Oxygen-demanding pollutants 31 1.7 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Toxic organic chemicals 33 1.8 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Toxic metals 34 1.9 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Ammonia 35 1.10 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Dissolved solids 36 1.11 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms Acid deposition 37 Excess UV radiation from stratospheric 1.12 Ecosystem impacts-aquatic organisms 39 ozone depletion Appendix B: Documentation for Stressors 24 Section Impact Stressor Page 2.1 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Habitat modification 40 2.2 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Temperature increase/climate change 42 2.3 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Toxic organic chemicals 43 2.4 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Nitrogen 43 2.5 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Ground-level ozone 44 2.6 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Toxic metals 46 2.7 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms Acid deposition 47 Excess UV radiation from stratospheric 2.8 Ecosystem impacts-terrestrial organisms 49 ozone depletion 3.1 Human health impacts-cancer Particles in air 50 3.2 Human health impacts-cancer Toxic volatile organic chemicals in air 51 3.3 Human health impacts-cancer Toxic chemicals in food 54 Excess UV radiation from stratospheric 3.4 Human health impacts-cancer 55 ozone depletion 3.5 Human health impacts-cancer Toxic chemicals in water 57 3.6 Human health impacts-cancer Toxic chemicals in soil 60 4.1 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Particles in air 62 4.2 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Temperature increase/climate change 63 4.3 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Ground-level ozone 64 4.4 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Pathogens in water 64 Odorous chemicals from biological 4.5 Human health impacts-noncancer acute 66 processes 4.6 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Toxic chemicals in water 67 Explosive/flammable materials - high 4.7 Human health impacts-noncancer acute 68 level accidental releases 4.8 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Noise 68 Toxic chemicals – high level accidental 4.9 Human health impacts-noncancer acute 69 releases 4.10 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Toxic volatile organic chemicals in air 70 4.11 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Other criteria pollutants in air 72 4.12 Human health impacts-noncancer acute Toxic chemicals in soil 76 5.1 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Particles in air 77 5.2 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Toxic chemicals in food 78 5.3 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Toxic chemicals in water 80 5.4 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Noise 81 Odorous chemicals from biological 5.5 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic 82 processes 5.6 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Toxic volatile organic chemicals in air 83 5.7 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Ground-level ozone 85 Excess UV radiation from stratospheric 5.8 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic 85 ozone depletion 5.9 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Toxic chemicals in soil 87 5.10 Human health impacts-noncancer chronic Other criteria pollutants in air 87 1. Ecosystem Impacts-Aquatic Organisms 1.1. Habitat Modification Appendix B: Documentation for Stressors 25 What are the primary chemicals of concern for this stressor? There are no chemicals associated with habitat modification. Activities that result in habitat modification and that can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems include drainage, channelization, development (urban, suburban, and lake-shore), crop production, and dredging (http://www.fisheries.org/Public_Affairs/Policy_Statements/ps_10.shtml; http://www.adem.state.al.us/EnviroProtect/WatershedMan/watman/mgtplan/pdf/partIIhy. pdf; http://www.wri.org/wri/biodiv/b03-gbs.html). What concentrations of these chemicals and health benchmark exceedances are we seeing? Benchmarks do not exist for habitat modification. Defining critical habitat requirements is also difficult, primarily due to inadequate data for many important species. This data includes characterization of many habitat-species interactions that are necessary for successful growth, reproduction, and survival of rare and endangered organisms (http://www.nps.gov/noca/Ltem/AH_Text.htm; http://www.fisheries.org/Public_Affairs/Policy_Statements/ps_10.shtml). Extent and rates of modification are perhaps the best way to evaluate the occurrence of this stressor. Minnesota has about 5 million acres of drained land and 27,000 miles of constructed ditches (http://www.extension.umn.edu/extensionnews/1998/JO1207.html). About half of Minnesota’s 18.6 million wetland acres have been drained http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/nonpoint/nsmpp-ch4-4.pdf). Drainage activity has tapered off in the last two decades, although some drainage activity is taking place in the state’s growing urbanization areas, including preparing for streets, roads, airports, and residential and industrial development (http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/drainage.pdf). In addition to ditching, extensive channelization of streams has occurred in western and southern Minnesota (http://news.mpr.org/features/200204/01_losurem_drainage/). The population of Minnesota expanded by 406,599 people between 1990 and 1998. Suburban and outlying communities of Minnesota’s metropolitan areas sustained the most rapid population growth (http://www.mnplan.state.mn.us/pdf/2000/demog/estimate.pdf). There are nearly 150,000 highway miles in Minnesota, and the number of vehicle miles driven per person has increased from 6992 in 1980 to more than 10,000 in 2000 (http://projects.dot.state.mn.us/seh/212/back.html; http://www.mnplan.state.mn.us/mm/indicator.html?Id=57&G=39). Further increases are likely over the next 20 years, leading to additional construction of highways. Highways result in drainage of wetlands, habitat fragmentation, and transport of chemicals and exotic species (http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/new/ecology.html; http://www.wildlandscpr.org/resourcelibrary/reports/wade_report2.html). What effects on aquatic organisms are associated with excess exposure to these chemicals? Habitat modification typically leads to decreases or elimination in populations or species. This may occur directly through loss of habitat or by changes in ecosystem functioning. These changes lead to a gradual decrease in ecosystem health (Kaiser et al.; http://www.fisheries.org/Public_Affairs/Policy_Statements/ps_10.shtml; Appendix B: Documentation for Stressors 26 http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/watershed/causetbl.htm; http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/nonpoint/nsmpp-ch4-4.pdf; http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/nonpoint/nsmpp-ch4-4.pdf). There are few long-term studies that show impacts of habitat modification on aquatic organisms, although decreases in waterfowl populations over the last half to quarter century are one example (http://midwest.fws.gov/NAWMP/minnesota.html; http://www.ducks.org/conservation/greatplains.asp). How persistent/reversible is this stressor? There is general agreement that impacts from habitat modification are slowly reversible or irreversible. Reestablishment of habitat is difficult and may take considerable time, if it can be done at all. Since the primary effect of habitat modification is reduction of or elimination of species or populations, even restoration
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