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Discerning Early Minoan Cultic Trends: the Archeological Evidence Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 15 | 2002 Varia Discerning Early Minoan cultic trends: the archeological evidence Eleni Georgoulaki Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1359 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1359 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2002 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Eleni Georgoulaki, « Discerning Early Minoan cultic trends: the archeological evidence », Kernos [Online], 15 | 2002, Online since 21 April 2011, connection on 01 May 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/kernos/1359 ; DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1359 Kernos J(ernos 15 (2002), p. 19-29. Discerning Early Minoan cultic trends: the archeological evidence* Introduction Minoan religion remains largely obscure owing to the absence of relevant l written sources . In fact, detailed pictures of beliefs and practices in the Aegean religion are included in the relevant bibliography. 1. Goodison has made a study on the symbolism of regeneration in the 2 early Aegean . She points out the contracted position of the dead body, the possible use of pigment (?), the change from care to disregard of skeletal remains after a certain period, the tendency to keep the deceased close to the settlement, the possible recycling of bones in ritual (?) and the existence * Special abbreviations : - BRANIGAN', Politeia: K. BRANIGAN, "Social Tranformations and the Rise of the State in Crete", R. LAFFINEUR & W-D. NIEMEIER (eds), Politeia, Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. 5th International Aegean Conference (Heidelberg, 10-13 April 1994), Aegaeum 11 (1995), p. 33-42, pl. IV-V. - DICKINSON, Bronze Age: O.T.P.K. DICKINSON, The Aegean Bronze Age, Cambridge, 1994. - GESELL, Town cult: G. GESELL, Town, Palace and House Cult in Minoan Crete (SIMA 67, 1985). - MUHLY, MLT: P. METAXA-MuHLY, Minoan Libation Tables, Bryn Maur College Ph.D. 1981. - NOWICKI, Aegean Archaeology 1 (1994): K. NOWICKI, "Sorne Remarks on the Pre- and Protopalatial Peak Sanctuaries in Crete", Aegean Archae610gy 1 (1994), p. 31-48 fig. 1-8. - RUTKOWSKI, Petsofas: B. RUTKOWSKI, Petsofas, a Cretan Peak Sanctuary Warsaw (Studies and Monographs in Meditel'l'anean Archaeology and Civilization 1, 1991) - RUTKOWSKI, Cult Places: B. RUTKOWSKI, The Cult Places of the Aegean, New Haven / London, 1986. - RUTKOWSKI, Aegean Archaeology 1 (1994): B. RUTKOWSKI, "Minoan Caves: The Main Cult Area", Aegean Archaeology 1 (1994), p. 26-30. - PEATFIELD, OAth 32 (1990): A.A.D. PEATFIELD, "Minoan Peak Sanctuaries: History and Society", V 18 (1990), p. 117-131. - WATROUS, Politeia: L.W. WATROUS, "Sorne observations on Minoan Peak Sanctuaries", in R. LAFFINEUR & W-D. NIEMEIER (eds), Politeia, Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. 5th International Aegean Conference (Heidelberg, 10-13 April 1994), Aegaeum 11 (1995), p. 395-402. 1 P. Muhly argues rightly that we know neither why Minoans chose to worship in certain types of shrine nor why the diverse types of cult places followed different patterns in their geographical distribution and chronological development (MUHLY, MLT, p. 355). 2 L. GoomsoN, Death, Women, and the Sun: Symbolism of Regeneration in Barly Aegean Reh;gÎon London, 1989 (BICS 53), p. 23-38. 20 E. GEORGOULAKI at cemeteries of pavements (sites of generalised rituals [?)); according to her, these factors become coherent "if seen as reflecting a belief to the rebirth of the dead". Furthermore, on the account of the E. orientation of the Minoan circular tombs, she suggests the association of Minoan funerary beliefs with the movements of the sun. Finally, on the account of the boat represent- 3 ations , she concludes a special symbolic significance for boats on one hand, and the connection between the sun, the boat (form of transport) and the beliefs concerning the dead, on the other. With special reference to sea, C. Boulotis notes that several cuIts, handed down to us from the Homerie epies onward, sorne surviving even to the present day, presuppose a long tradition undoubtedly well rooted in Aegean prehistory4. Unfortunately, a large proportion of the above suggestions depends on accepting questionable hypotheses5. Still, the process of extrapolating earlier 6 forms of religion from later sources or other cultures can be hazardous . Since our main access to specifie cult practices depends on questionable Interpretations of fragmentary evidence, we could arrive at a few secure conclusions about the cultic aspect of Minoan religion. We could agree with O. Dickinson that the Bronze Aegean societies might share the belief, common to farming cultures, that there existed supernatural powers controlling the weather, the productivity of the soil and the fertility of living creatures. Their function would effectively be to secure the survival of the community. The methods of propitiation used would be parallel to those 3 K. DAvARAS, "MLVWLK6 KTlPLO<j>6po TTÀOLCipLO TTlS' ｾｵ￀￀ｯｹｾｓＧ MTlTŒOTâKTl", ArchEph (984), p. 55-95. Minoan and Greek Civilisation from the Mitsotakis collection, N.P. Goulandris Foundation-Museum of Cyc1adic Art, Athens, 1992, p. 107-108; E. GEORGOULAKI, ＢｋｔｅｰＨ｡ｬｬ｡ｔ｡Ｍ｡ｔｔｯｬｬｱＮｬＮｾ｡ｅｌｓＧ aVTLKELIlÉvwv TTlÇ ｋ｡･ｔｬｉｬｅｰｌｖｾｓＧ ＧｷｾｓＧ aTOUS' TIpoavaKTOpLK01JS' Km TIaÀmoavaKTopLKOUS' Tâ<j>ouS''', in ITorpaYflÉva TOU H' llLEOvovS' Kp1]TOÀOYLKOV L:vvE8ptou (BpaKÀELo, 9-14 ｾｅｔｔｔｅｉｬｐｐＨｏｕ 1996), 2000, p. 223-233. 4 c. BOULOTIS, "The Aegean Area in Prehistoric Times: Cuits and Beliefs about the Sea", in A. DELIVORRIAS (ed.), Greece and the Sea. Catalogue of the exhibition, organized by the Greek Ministry of Culture, the Benaki Museum, the national Foundation de Niewerk (Amsterdam, 29 October-10 December 1987), Amsterdam, 1987, p. 20. 5 Dickinson argues, thataccording to Evan's influential mode! of Minoan religion, the original form of religion over a wide area of the ancient world was centred on a dominant goddess of fertility, whose young consort's annual death and rebirth symbolised the decay and re-growth of vegetation (Bronze Age, p. 257). 6 Rutkowski suggests that the gods of the sky wouId be venerated on top mountains because a similar phenomenon occurs among many people of Asia, Africa and Europe (RUTKOWSKI, Cult Places, p. 91). Peatfield extrapolates certain forms of Minoan religion from ]apanese beliefs but he recognises that a "detailed theology of comparative beliefs is not recoverable within the limitations of Minoan archaeology" (PEATFIELD, OAth 32 [1990], p. 125-126, 130). On the basis of iconographic similarities between Minoan and Egyptian items, Watrous has recently proposed an Egyptian influence on the Minoan shrines (WATROUS, Politeia, p. 395-402). Discerning Barly Minoan cultic trends 21 universally recorded: at public or private ceremonies, these powers would be 7 invoked and be given gifts . We can be reasonably certain that the votive found in the Minoan sanctuaries would be personal offerings. The believer would be moved by genuine devotion and religious feeling. But there is no way of affirming whether the gift was left behind in thanks for the satisfaction of a need or in advance of a desired favour. We cqn only speculate on the reasons that prompted the dedication of sorne types of objects only in certain periods or 8 at certain places . Besides, certain interpretations proposed in the bibliography, regarding the identity of the visitors - rich town people, nomadic shepherds, pastoralists etc. -, the number or the exact time of visits - annual, seasonal, etc. -, that the Minoans made to the sanctuaries9, depend on dubious assumptions. On the basis of the available evidence it seems difficult to draw a firm conclusion on both the identity of the visitors and the frequency of their visits: whether they visited the sanctuaries informally, at any time 01', large-scale ceremonies happened at certain times. Moreover, one can imagine that as the state developed, the more important divinities might have begun to be organised to pantheons and lO would increasingly acquire individual personalities and functions . Still, it is very hard to tell if the Minoan pantheon involved one or more separate independent deities, concerned with special domains. P. Muhly points out that many studies have emphasised the differences in the nature of the finds in various sanctuaries and have considered them as implications of the different nature of the divinities worshipped there. She rightly argues that these speculations have partly arisen from an uncritical evaluation of the ll evidence . 7 DICKINSON, Bronze Age, p. 258-259. 8 MUHLY, MLT, p. 355. B. Rutkowski thinks that the worshippers might call attention to their sufferings, not only through the "votive limbs" but also, by focusing on certain parts of the body and exaggerating their size. Nevertheless, the proof of the healing properties of the divinities is provided by a figure from Tpu6oTUÀOS sanctuary with a deformed leg [RUTKOWSKI, Petsofas, p.57; on the figurine from Tpu6oTUÀOS, see K. DAVARAS, Guide to Cretan Antiquities, Park Ridge, 1976, p. 246 fig. 139], 9 For similar theories, see RUTKOWSKI, Cult Places, p. 91; id., Petsofas, p. 52-53; id., Aegean Archaeology 1 (1994), p. 29-30. 10 DICKINSON, Bronze Age, p. 259. 11 MUHLY, MLT, p.354-355. Peatfie1d thinks that peak shrines would be places to which the deity was summoned (OAth 32 [1990], p. 120). B. Rutkowski believes that the cuits of nature divinities connected with fertility rites can be traced back to the period preceding the MMI period (Petsofas, p. 52-53). With special reference to peak shrines, the same author suggests that the Minoans invested the divinity who appeared on the mountains not only with a woman's shape but also with an aniconic form (Cult Places, p. 91), whereas natural cave "architecture" would make the caves a good place for the worship of chthonic divinities CAegean Archaeology 1 [1994j, p. 29-30). Moreover he argues that, probably in MMI, another deity began to be worshipped, that is to say the 22 E. GEORGOULAKI Cult Places The main attempts to discern Early Minoan cultic trends have focused on tombs as centres of communal religious activity12.
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