L-Fil-Let/14 Critica Letteraria E Letterature Comparate

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L-Fil-Let/14 Critica Letteraria E Letterature Comparate DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STUDI UMANISTICI – TRADIZIONE E CONTEMPORANEITÀ CICLO XXX S.S.D.: L-FIL-LET/14 CRITICA LETTERARIA E LETTERATURE COMPARATE IL MITO CLASSICO NELLA DRAMMATURGIA DI LINGUA PORTOGHESE: I CICLI ARGONAUTICO, TEBANO E TROIANO Coordinatore: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Cinzia Bearzot Tutor: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Maria Pia Pattoni Tesi di Dottorato di Corrado Cuccoro Matricola: 4411568 Anno Accademico 2016/2017 1 Ai miei cari assenti 2 INTRODUZIONE La drammaturgia lusofona che a vario titolo si pone in rapporto dialettico con il retaggio culturale greco-latino costituisce un campo di esperienze sorprendentemente vasto e variegato, che solo nel corrente secolo ha attratto l’attenzione degli studiosi – portoghesi, primi tra tutti1 –, ausiliati dalle nuove risorse informatiche, in una prospettiva comparatistica sistematica e virtualmente ricettiva di ogni istanza intertestuale, in senso diacronico e sincronico, intralinguistico2 e interlinguistico (afferente cioè alle fonti greche e latine come alla produzione estera omologa3). Che il quadro teoretico di tale prospettiva rimanga d’altro canto non del tutto risolto anche per aspetti fondamentali (come si vedrà qui e nelle Considerazioni finali) si deve, almeno in parte, alla fase espansiva – verrebbe da dire “eruttiva” – della ricerca e alla parcellizzazione degli approcci disciplinari concomitanti, e talvolta concorrenti, nella galassia comparatistica: si pensi agli ormai imponenti Classical Reception Studies, Traductological Studies, Post-colonial Studies4, Gender Studies. Tanto in Portogallo quanto in Brasile, inoltre, gli studi tendono a concentrarsi sulla fortuna di singole figure mitiche o di determinati motivi greco-latini entro i rispettivi confini nazionali, magari sullo sfondo dei contesti geopolitici di appartenenza (l’Europa dell’Unione, l’America latina), laddove la storia e la lingua comuni dell’ex impero consentirebbero ricognizioni impregiudicate e più ambiziose5. In qualche caso i confini vengono varcati da compendi di respiro enciclopedico e intrepida vocazione globale, come quello splendido, elaborato nel contiguo contesto ispanofono, di J. V.te Bañuls Oller – P. Crespo Alcalá, Antígona(s): mito y personaje. Un recorrido desde los orígenes, Levante, Bari 2008, o quello di R. Duroux – S. Urdician (a cura di –), Les Antigones contemporaines (de 1945 à nos jours), Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine, Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand 2010. Non è comunque ancora disponibile – per quanto mi consta – una sintesi storica unitaria della copiosa * Desidero esprimere tutta la mia gratitudine alla Prof.ssa Maria Pia Pattoni, prima lettrice di queste pagine, per il suo inestimabile supporto scientifico e morale; un sentito ringraziamento per la pazienza e l’efficienza al Personale della biblioteca dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (sede di Brescia) e a quello della biblioteca civica “Angelo Maj” di Bergamo. 1 Mi riferisco in primis agli studi di Carlos Morais dell’Università di Aveiro e di Maria do Céu Fialho e Maria de Fátima Sousa e Silva, dell’Università di Coimbra. 2 Come per es. in Silva 1998. 3 Tra i primi contributi panoramici v. Aa. Vv., Raízes Greco-Latinas da Cultura Portuguesa, Actas do I Congresso da APEC, Coimbra 1999; M. H. da Rocha Pereira, Portugal e a herança clássica e outros textos, Edições Asa, Lisboa, 2003. Il lavoro fondativo del “nuovo corso” sulla drammaturgia classicista è probabilmente C. Morais (coord.), Máscaras portuguesas de Antígona, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro 2001: cfr. Morais – Hardwick – Silva (eds.) 2017, Introduction (firmata dai curatori), p. 3. La tesi dottorale di Tatjana Manojlović, Personagens da tragédia grega no drama português contemporâneo: demanda da identidade na tríade de Hélia Correia, Tese orientada pela Professora Doutora Maria João Brilhante, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 2009 con il suo Anexo 2 (Peças portuguesas com temas e figuras de tragédias gregas nos séculos XX-XXI, pp. 98-102) ha invece il merito di offrire un primo censimento delle opere che sono oggetto del presente lavoro, sia pure limitatamente all’ambito europeo. Per i secoli XX-XXI la studiosa elenca quarantacinque opere drammatiche: tredici inerenti alla saga tebana, sedici sulla materia troiana (vicende atridiche; Odisseo); otto sul mito di Prometeo; cinque su Medea; due dedicate alle vicende di Fedra, Ippolito, Teseo; una sul mito di Psiche. 4 La contestualizzazione del mito classico nella fenomenologia coloniale e post-coloniale è cospicua nella drammaturgia brasiliana, in relazione però all’inchiesta genealogica sullo Stato attuale e non all’antico dominatore (v. Appendice I per il caso dell’African Medea di J. Magnuson). 5 Forse non sono ancora sufficientemente esplorate le valenze classiciste delle letterature di Angola e Mozambico, magari organizzate rispetto alle tre fasi tipiche ravvisate dagli studiosi nell’evoluzione dei rapporti letterari tra colonia e madrepatria: copiativa, meramente derivativa; di rigetto; assimilatoria / rielaborativa (v. Albertazzi 2013, p. 48; quanto al Brasile, cfr. l’estetica del celeberrimo Movimento Antropofágico del Brasile degli anni Venti). Del resto, la questione dell’internazionalità, cioè dell’interpenetrabilità delle letterature nella critica, è ancora dibattuta in ambito comparatista. Circa i volumi della Storia comparata delle letterature delle lingue europee editi a partire dal 1973 dall’Akademiai Kiado di Budapest e poi dalla casa John Benjamins ad Amsterdam e Philadelphia (ventisette fino al 2016), Franco 2016 scrive: “De fait, l’empreinte de l’histoire des littératures nationales demeure malgré tout relativement profonde dans la réalisation de ces volumes et certaines progressions n’évitent pas la juxtaposition des histoires nationales des littératures (…) ce type de travail ne peut empêcher des classements qui suivent parfois des rubriques nationales” (p. 57). 3 “mitografia” in lingua portoghese (non solo drammatica), che definisca la natura estetica, i luoghi, i tempi e i modi di produzione delle ricreazioni classiciste secondo la loro tipologia e su scala sovranazionale (il portoghese è lingua attualmente ufficiale in quattro continenti). Solo in una dimensione globale è possibile chiedersi, per es., se il mito nella letteratura lusofona costituisca sistemi simbolici condivisi in uno spazio dialettico inter-autoriale. Al termine di un rapidissimo ma illuminante profilo comparativo tra il teatro portoghese e quello brasiliano, Cruz 2004 si riallaccia all’asserto incipitario, che recitava (p. 3): “Existe uma convergência e interligação entre o teatro português e o teatro brasileiro, que obviamente nasce com as primeiras expressões de colonização, mas resiste ao processo político da independência do Brasil em 1822 e perdura pelo menos até às duas grandes rupturas do Modernismo num e noutro país – o Orpheu, em Portugal (1915), e a Semana de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, no Brasil (1922)”6, con uno stimolante – e problematico – aggiustamento: se il Modernismo sancisce definitivamente la reciproca autonomia del teatro dell’ex madrepatria e dell’ex colonia, l’autonomia è da intendersi in senso relativo, “in quanto definita in un quadro perenne di lingua e cultura comuni” (p. 89)7. Tuttavia, rispetto alle rivisitazioni del mito classico la porosità delle due sponde atlantiche si dimostra assai scarsa (casi come quello di Nória e Prometeu del portoghese Armando Nascimento Rosa che evoca in esergo il brasiliano Machado de Assis si possono considerare eccezionali8); sul piano produttivo, le due tradizioni dimorano stabilmente nei loro cronotopi nazionali, a dispetto della lingua e del passato comuni (a provvedere un mastice culturale tra i teatri lusofoni è semmai, per propria vocazione, la ricerca accademica). Ebbene, il presente lavoro poggia sul postulato che solo la comparazione sistematica di tutte le opere omogenee permetta di rispondere adeguatamente a interrogativi come i seguenti: esiste un’intertestualità specifica delle riscritture lusofone, legata o meno a un singolo soggetto mitico? Gli autori classicisti dialogano in qualche modo tra loro? In che misura e con quali proiezioni interne ed esterne il teatro classicista investe la dimensione politica, per es. in regime di dittatura? Quali estetiche presiedono alle varie riscritture e come si distribuiscono storicamente9? La penuria di studi italiani sull’argomento in questione si spiega con la marginalità o addirittura l’isolamento a cui è relegata la lingua portoghese, compresa la sua voce americana, nel contesto 6 “Esiste una convergenza e interconnessione tra il teatro portoghese e il teatro brasiliano, che ovviamente nasce con le prime espressioni di colonializzazione, ma resiste al processo politico dell’indipendenza del Brasile nel 1822 e perdura almeno fino ai due grandi strappi del Modernismo nell’uno e nell’altro Paese – l’Orfeo in Portogallo (1915) e la Settimana di Arte Moderna di San Paolo in Brasile (1922)”. 7 “Mas atenção: autonomia relativa, pois definida num quadro perene de língua e cultura comuns”. 8 Armando Nascimento Rosa, Nória e Prometeu. Palavras do Fogo (mitodrama paródico em sete cenas), edizione elettronica www.triplov.com, 2004. 9 Per es., la pertinenza della categoria di postmoderno in relazione alle riscritture classiciste è assai problematica per la sua indiscriminata estensione, soprattutto se combinata con giudizi di valore aprioristici. Data come standard una caratterizzazione come la seguente: “Caratteristiche della condizione postmoderna sono, fra le varie: il trionfo dell’immagine
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