DOCSLIB.ORG

Plasticity in the Temporal Organization of Behaviour in the Limpet Cellana Grata

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plasticity in the Temporal Organization of Behaviour in the Limpet Cellana Grata FLORE Repository istituzionale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze Plasticity in the temporal organization of behaviour in the limpet Cellana grata. Questa è la Versione finale referata (Post print/Accepted manuscript) della seguente pubblicazione: Original Citation: Plasticity in the temporal organization of behaviour in the limpet Cellana grata / G. SANTINI; A. NGAN; G.A. WILLIAMS. - In: MARINE BIOLOGY. - ISSN 0025-3162. - STAMPA. - 158(2011), pp. 1377-1386. [10.1007/s00227-011-1656-0] Availability: This version is available at: 2158/589699 since: 2018-03-01T09:59:44Z Published version: DOI: 10.1007/s00227-011-1656-0 Terms of use: Open Access La pubblicazione è resa disponibile sotto le norme e i termini della licenza di deposito, secondo quanto stabilito dalla Policy per l'accesso aperto dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze (https://www.sba.unifi.it/upload/policy-oa-2016-1.pdf) Publisher copyright claim: (Article begins on next page) 27 September 2021 Mar Biol (2011) 158:1377–1386 DOI 10.1007/s00227-011-1656-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Plasticity in the temporal organization of behaviour in the limpet Cellana grata Giacomo Santini • Avis Ngan • Gray A. Williams Received: 2 August 2010 / Accepted: 22 February 2011 / Published online: 13 March 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The behaviour of intertidal consumers is often Introduction tightly constrained to tidal movements, although activity patterns can vary within these constraints. Spatio-temporal Rocky intertidal organisms are strongly influenced by fluc- variability in behaviour of a limpet, Cellana grata, was tuations in stress levels due to natural variations in their analysed over different tidal conditions (spring and neap environment (Branch 1981; Garrity 1984; McMahon 1990; tides) and during different times of the year (one summer Denny and Wethey 2001; Helmuth 2002). These fluctua- and one winter) at sites in Hong Kong. Activity was gen- tions are usually cyclical and mobile organisms often exhibit erally dictated by tidal movements, being concentrated behavioural patterns which are consistent with stress mini- when animals were awash. Plasticity in behaviour was mizing strategies, by matching activity bouts with periods of observed, with some limpets anticipating activity during more favourable conditions (Little 1989; Chapman and the summer period and delaying activity during winter Underwood 1992). Such favourable periods may be tem- time. Limpets were active for a time equal, or slightly less, porally consistent, resulting in rhythmicity in the animals’ than time awash. As the time awash exceeded *14–16 h, activities (Della Santina and Chelazzi 1991; Della Santina however, activity duration decreased. Within this general et al. 1994; Williams and Little 2007). Such rhythmic pattern, tidal variation as well as variation among times of behaviour of many intertidal gastropod grazers is thought to the year was noted, with the lowest dependence on time be cued by zeitgebers such as daylight and/or tidal cycles awash being recorded during winter neap tides. Limpets (Hawkins and Hartnoll 1983; Little and Stirling 1985; Della showed a slight preference for being active during night- Santina and Naylor 1993; Gray and Hodgson 1999). time, which was particularly evident when animals were The temporal consistency of activity patterns has been emersed during the summer period. Although the basic used to identify a species’ Potential Activity Phase (i.e. the activity in C. grata is constrained to a specific temporal combination of diel and tidal phases where recorded window, this limpet is able to modulate its foraging strat- activity of one species is maximal), which is usually con- egies and resting height, according to local, daily changes sidered to be rigid and species specific (Burrows et al. in environmental conditions. 2000). Even strongly predictable patterns may, however, exhibit temporal and/or spatial variation from the norm, due to variable external conditions (Chapman and Under- Communicated by F. Bulleri. wood 1992; Raffaelli and Hawkins 1996; Williams and Little 2007). On a short temporal scale, for example, daily & G. Santini ( ) changes in weather conditions, such as rainfall, wave Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Florence, Via Romana 17, 50125 Florence, Italy action, wind or atmospheric pressure, are known to influ- e-mail: giacomo.santini@unifi.it ence activity in some species (Little et al. 1991; Della Santina and Chelazzi 1991). On a longer temporal scale, A. Ngan Á G. A. Williams seasonal influences are known to affect behaviour in lim- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of pets (Gray and Hodgson 1997; Santini et al. 2004) and Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China chitons (Ng and Williams 2006), due to changes in abiotic 123 1378 Mar Biol (2011) 158:1377–1386 (e.g. temperature, wave action) factors. Furthermore, Davies et al. 2006). Three moderately exposed sites intrinsic changes in energy metabolism such as gonad (Sites 1–3, *15–25 m in length) with different features development (e.g. Blackmore 1969; Morais et al. 2003)or (orientation, slope) were chosen over an area of *90 m changes in food composition and availability (Hill and along the Cape d’Aguilar peninsula, to represent the Hawkins 1991; Nagarkar and Williams 1999) have the variable conditions which C. grata would naturally potential to affect consumer behaviour. experience (for further details see Ngan 2006). Spatial variations in species’ behavioural patterns have All limpets [20 mm at the sites were marked been documented among separate populations facing dif- (Rn = 102) using Mollusc Tags (Hallprint, Australia) and ferent sets of biotic and abiotic conditions (Hartnoll and a code written on the shell with permanent marker pens Wright 1977; Branch 1985; Della Santina et al. 1994) and (Pilot, Japan). Tagging took place 2 months before the also among individuals of the same population experienc- start of the observations, to allow for any possible dis- ing different substratum slopes (Williams et al. 1999; turbance effects. The average size of limpets (maximum Santini et al. 2004) or shore heights (Little and Stirling length, ±0.1 mm) differed among sites (F2,99 = 23.8, 1985; Little et al. 1988; Takada 2001; Ng and Williams P \ 0.0001), limpets being smaller at Site 3 (34.4 ± SE 2006). Given this variability, intertidal animals represent 0.5 mm, n = 58) than at Sites 1 and 2 (38.9 ± 1.0 mm, ideal subjects for the study of behavioural plasticity, which n = 25 and 40.7 ± 0.7 mm, n = 19, respectively; Tukey is a specific component of phenotypic plasticity, involving test: 3 \ [2 = 1]). The activity patterns of Cellana grata rapid and reversible adaptive responses to environmental at the three sites were recorded during summer (July– cues (Komers 1997; Brockmann 2001; Dingemanse et al. September 2003) and winter (December 2003–March 2010; Mery and Burns 2010). 2004, see Kaehler and Williams (1996) for a description Cellana grata is a dominant grazer found on moderately of Hong Kong climate). During each season, observations exposed to exposed rocky shores throughout south-east Asia were replicated on three randomly chosen dates during (Williams and Morritt 1995; Huang 2001). This non-homing neap and spring tides (Rn = 3 sites 9 2 seasons 9 2 limpet is active only when awash (Williams and Morritt 1995; tidal conditions 9 3 dates = 36). Predicted tidal ampli- Erlandsson et al. 1999; Davies et al. 2006) and its activity tudes during neap and spring tides were 100–200 cm and appears not to be synchronized to the light–dark cycle (Gray 50–250 cm above Chart Datum (CD), respectively. Dur- and Williams 2010). Individuals move up the shore with the ing each observation period, the activity (active or rising tide, slow their movement during the peak of the tide inactive) and physical state (emersed, awash or sub- and return to their resting height in the mid-high shore with merged) of the limpets were recorded at 60-min intervals the ebbing tide (Williams and Morritt 1995; Davies et al. for up to 25 h. In practice, each limpet was observed for 2006). Although the basic behavioural patterns of this species 15 consecutive seconds every hour. The order of sites have been previously documented (Williams and Morritt and limpets observation was randomized each day. 1995; Davies et al. 2006), comparatively little is known about Activity was defined as any observable movement within how such patterns may change over temporal scales in a 15-s time frame. Active limpets lift their shell from the response to long-term (seasonal) changes in favourable substratum, which is clearly recognizable even during conditions. Furthermore, how daily environmental variations submergence or splashing by waves. ‘‘Emersed active’’ (related to weather conditions) or local habitat features (wave described limpets found active above the wave splash splash, etc.) may influence the behaviour of this species is also zone, where wave splash did not reach the individual largely unexplored (but see Davies et al. 2006). To address within the 15-s observation period. As such, this defini- these knowledge gaps, this paper elucidates temporal and tion refers to a dry limpet, but can also include indi- spatial variabilities in the behaviour of C. grata over a com- viduals that were infrequently splashed by waves. bination of different times of the year (winter, summer) and ‘‘Awash’’ refers to limpets continuously splashed by tidal conditions (neap, spring). Investigating the behavioural waves or successively covered by seawater and exposed patterns of C. grata over these temporal and spatial scales to air within 15 s. ‘‘Submerged’’ refers to limpets con- allows an evaluation of the repertoire of behavioural strate- tinuously and completely covered by seawater during the gies available to this limpet to accommodate variation in 15-s time frame. Red light was used during nighttime environmental conditions. observations to minimize possible disturbance (see Little and Stirling 1985; Williams and Morritt 1995).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ministério Da Educação Universidade Federal Rural Da Amazônia
    MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DA AMAZÔNIA TAIANA AMANDA FONSECA DOS PASSOS Biologia reprodutiva de Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (Gastropoda: Nacellidae) do sublitoral da Ilha do Rei George, Península Antártica BELÉM 2018 TAIANA AMANDA FONSECA DOS PASSOS Biologia reprodutiva de Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (Gastropoda: Nacellidae) do sublitoral da Ilha do Rei George, Península Antártica Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) apresentado ao curso de Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA) como requisito necessário para obtenção do grau de Bacharel em Engenharia de Pesca. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aquática. Orientador: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Marko Herrmann. Coorientadora: Dra. Maria Carla de Aranzamendi. BELÉM 2018 TAIANA AMANDA FONSECA DOS PASSOS Biologia reprodutiva de Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (Gastropoda: Nacellidae) do sublitoral da Ilha do Rei George, Península Antártica Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado à Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, como parte das exigências do Curso de Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca, para a obtenção do título de bacharel. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aquática. ______________________________________ Data da aprovação Banca examinadora __________________________________________ Presidente da banca Prof. Dr. Breno Gustavo Bezerra Costa Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA __________________________________________ Membro 1 Prof. Dr. Lauro Satoru Itó Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA __________________________________________ Membro 2 Profa. Msc. Rosália Furtado Cutrim Souza Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA Aos meus sobrinhos, Tháina, Kauã e Laura. “Cabe a nós criarmos crianças que não tenham preconceitos, crianças capazes de ser solidárias e capazes de sentir compaixão! Cabe a nós sermos exemplos”. AGRADECIMENTOS Certamente algumas páginas não irão descrever os meus sinceros agradecimentos a todos aqueles que cooperaram de alguma forma, para que eu pudesse realizar este sonho.
    [Show full text]
  • ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS of TROPICAL LIMPET Cellana Testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) LIVING on the ROCKY SHORE of OHOIWAIT, SOUTHEAST MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA
    Journal of Coastal Deveolpment ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 11, Number 2, February 2008 : 89-96 ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS OF TROPICAL LIMPET Cellana testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) LIVING ON THE ROCKY SHORE OF OHOIWAIT, SOUTHEAST MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA Abraham Seumel Khouw Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon Indonesia Received : November, 2, 2007 ; Accepted :January,4, 2008 ABSTRACT Study on ecological energetics of tropical limpet C. testudinaria has been carried out at approximately one year from October 2001 to September 2002. Population energy budgets estimated on the assumption of steady state conditions for C. testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) on the rocky shore of Ohoiwait, are presented. Large difference in population structure, and hence energetics, occurred at different localities along the rocky shore. Relatively high proportions (98 %) of the assimilated energy was lost via metabolism. Assimilation efficiency is 39 %, net growth efficiency is 1.8 %, and ecological efficiency 0.3 %. Production (P), energy flow (A) and total energy consumption (C) were expressed as functions of animal size, in order to facilitate gross estimations of the energy component for which data on size frequency and density are available. Key words: ecological energetics, cellana testudinaria, energy components Correspondence: Phone : +6281343044295, e-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Cellana testudinaria is intertidal, grazing Little has been published on the gastropod abundant on medium to very ecology of C. testudinaria. Khouw (2002) exposed rocky shores of Ohoiwait. The discussed their growth pattern and shell species shows marked zonation, with only a shape variation in relation to zonal little overlap between zones. C. testudinaria distribution. Distribution, abundance, and occurs at several spatial and temporal scales biomass were investigated by Khouw from the extreme low water spring tide (2006a) and presented evidence for the (ELWST) to the extreme high water spring effects of drying.
    [Show full text]
  • JMS 70 1 031-041 Eyh003 FINAL
    PHYLOGENY AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LIMPETS OF THE ORDER PATELLOGASTROPODA BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES TOMOYUKI NAKANO AND TOMOWO OZAWA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602,Japan (Received 29 March 2003; accepted 6June 2003) ABSTRACT Using new and previously published sequences of two mitochondrial genes (fragments of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA; total 700 sites), we constructed a molecular phylogeny for 86 extant species, covering a major part of the order Patellogastropoda. There were 35 lottiid, one acmaeid, five nacellid and two patellid species from the western and northern Pacific; and 34 patellid, six nacellid and three lottiid species from the Atlantic, southern Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Emarginula foveolata fujitai (Fissurellidae) was used as the outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, the species fall into two major clades with high bootstrap support, designated here as (A) a clade of southern Tethyan origin consisting of superfamily Patelloidea and (B) a clade of tropical Tethyan origin consisting of the Acmaeoidea. Clades A and B were further divided into three and six subclades, respectively, which correspond with geographical distributions of species in the following genus or genera: (AÍ) north­ eastern Atlantic (Patella ); (A2) southern Africa and Australasia ( Scutellastra , Cymbula-and Helcion)', (A3) Antarctic, western Pacific, Australasia ( Nacella and Cellana); (BÍ) western to northwestern Pacific (.Patelloida); (B2) northern Pacific and northeastern Atlantic ( Lottia); (B3) northern Pacific (Lottia and Yayoiacmea); (B4) northwestern Pacific ( Nipponacmea); (B5) northern Pacific (Acmaea-’ânà Niveotectura) and (B6) northeastern Atlantic ( Tectura). Approximate divergence times were estimated using geo­ logical events and the fossil record to determine a reference date.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limpets of Hong Kong with Descriptions of Seven New
    60 DAVID DUDGEON Proceedings, First International Workshop Thompson, C.M. and Sparks, R.E. 1977b. Improbability of dispersal of adult Asiatic on the Malacofauna of clams, Corbicula manilensis via the intestinal tract of migratory waterfowl.American Hong Kong and Southern China, Midland Naturalist 98: 219-213. 23 March — 8 April 1977, Hong Kong Walford, P.R. 1946. A new graphic method of describing growth of animals.Biological Bulletin o f the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole 90: 141-147. Walne, P.R. 1972. The influence of current speed, body size and water temperature on the’ filtration rate o f five species o f bivalves.Journal o f the Marine Biological Asso­ THE LIMPETS OF HONG KONG WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ciation of the United Kingdom 52: 345-374. SEVEN NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES J. Christiaens 2 4 2 7 Justus Lipsiuslaan 26 B3 500, Hasselt, Belgium During the course of the malacological workshop the following stations were vistited: Wu Kwai Sha: a pebble beach, a rocky shore and a mangrove. Tolo Channel: Bluff Head (on the northern shore), Gruff Head (on the exposed southern shore) and Channel Rock, surrounded by coral, in the middle of the channel and reached by diving to a depth o f 10 m. Hong Kong Island: the exposed rocky shore at Wah Fu and the beach and bay at Stanley, the islands of Kat 0 Chau and Ping Chau, the last with a south-western shore exposed to heavy surf and sheltered to the north east. Subsequently two supplementary lots of limpets were received from Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Partitioning and Thermal Tolerance in a Tropical Limpet, Cellana Grata
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 124: 89-103, I995 Published August 10 Mar Ecol Prog Ser l Habitat partitioning and thermal tolerance in a tropical limpet, Cellana grata Gray A. Williams*,David Morritt" The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong ABSTRACT: Populations of the tropical limpet Cellana grata Gould were studied on exposed shores around Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong. C. grata is a high shore species, the zonation pattern of which varies seasonally, shifting downwards in association with increasing summer temperatures. C. grata is a non-homing species and was active (foraging) whilst awash by the tide, moving up and down the shore with the flood and ebb tides, respectively. Limpets moved up to 1 m in the vertical plane over a tidal cycle. When not foraging limpets took refuge in habitats that reduced the effects of high temper- ature and desiccation stress. Temperature measurements of individuals and their physical environment showed that the quality of these refuges varied both spatially and temporally. Horizontal rock surfaces were hotter than vertical surfaces; limpet body temperatures and habitat temperatures in refuges (crevices,pool interfaces and east-facing vertical surfaces) were consistantly cooler than adjacent habi- tats by 3 to 8°C and limpet body temperatures were usually 2°C warmer than the rock they rested on. Experimental manipulations with specimens restrained 0.5 m above their normal resting height or on horizontal rock surfaces and prevented from returning to refuges caused desiccation, osmotic stress and, in many cases, death as a consequence of prolonged emersion In these sub-optimal habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasticity in the Temporal Organization of Behaviour in the Limpet Cellana Grata
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Florence Research Mar Biol (2011) 158:1377–1386 DOI 10.1007/s00227-011-1656-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Plasticity in the temporal organization of behaviour in the limpet Cellana grata Giacomo Santini • Avis Ngan • Gray A. Williams Received: 2 August 2010 / Accepted: 22 February 2011 / Published online: 13 March 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The behaviour of intertidal consumers is often Introduction tightly constrained to tidal movements, although activity patterns can vary within these constraints. Spatio-temporal Rocky intertidal organisms are strongly influenced by fluc- variability in behaviour of a limpet, Cellana grata, was tuations in stress levels due to natural variations in their analysed over different tidal conditions (spring and neap environment (Branch 1981; Garrity 1984; McMahon 1990; tides) and during different times of the year (one summer Denny and Wethey 2001; Helmuth 2002). These fluctua- and one winter) at sites in Hong Kong. Activity was gen- tions are usually cyclical and mobile organisms often exhibit erally dictated by tidal movements, being concentrated behavioural patterns which are consistent with stress mini- when animals were awash. Plasticity in behaviour was mizing strategies, by matching activity bouts with periods of observed, with some limpets anticipating activity during more favourable conditions (Little 1989; Chapman and the summer period and delaying activity during winter Underwood 1992). Such favourable periods may be tem- time. Limpets were active for a time equal, or slightly less, porally consistent, resulting in rhythmicity in the animals’ than time awash. As the time awash exceeded *14–16 h, activities (Della Santina and Chelazzi 1991; Della Santina however, activity duration decreased.
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Sterol Composition of Gonads of the Lottiid Limpets
    Journal of Oleo Science Copyright ©2011 by Japan Oil Chemists’ Society J. Oleo Sci. 60, (10) 501-504 (2011) NOTE Differences in Sterol Composition of Gonads of the Lottiid Limpets Nipponacmea concinna and Nipponacmea fuscoviridis from Northeastern Japan Hideki Kawashima1＊ , Masao Ohnishi2 and Satoshi Ogawa3 1 Bioscience Laboratory, Miyako College, Iwate Prefectural University (1-5-1 Kanan, Miyako, Iwate 027-0039, JAPAN) 2 Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (2-11 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, JAPAN) 3 Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University (4-3-5 Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, JAPAN) Abstract: This is the first report on the sterol composition in Nipponacmea concinna and Nipponacmea fuscoviridis, 2 dominant species of lottiid limpets. There were signifi cant differences in sterol composition between male and female gonads of the limpets. Previous studies have shown that zymostenol and zymosterol are major lipid components of male gonads of the nacellid limpets Cellana grata and Cellana toreuma. In contrast, in this study, only trace amounts of zymosterol were detected in male gonads of N. fuscoviridis. Key words: gastropod, limpet, Nipponacmea concinna, Nipponacmea fuscoviridis, sterol composition 1 INTRODUCTION gonads（the oocytes and sperm）of N. fuscoviridis13）are Limpets, which are among the most common mollusks of currently being used in a developmental study on fertiliza- the class Gastropoda living in most intertidal rock shores tion in invertebrate marine organisms, very little is known worldwide, are model invertebrate animals for ecological about the composition and distribution of sterols in these 2 and physiological research1, 2）as well as for environmental limpet species.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding Reveal Patterns of Species Diversity Among
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN DNA barcoding reveal patterns of species diversity among northwestern Pacific molluscs Received: 04 April 2016 Shao’e Sun, Qi Li, Lingfeng Kong, Hong Yu, Xiaodong Zheng, Ruihai Yu, Lina Dai, Yan Sun, Accepted: 25 August 2016 Jun Chen, Jun Liu, Lehai Ni, Yanwei Feng, Zhenzhen Yu, Shanmei Zou & Jiping Lin Published: 19 September 2016 This study represents the first comprehensive molecular assessment of northwestern Pacific molluscs. In total, 2801 DNA barcodes belonging to 569 species from China, Japan and Korea were analyzed. An overlap between intra- and interspecific genetic distances was present in 71 species. We tested the efficacy of this library by simulating a sequence-based specimen identification scenario using Best Match (BM), Best Close Match (BCM) and All Species Barcode (ASB) criteria with three threshold values. BM approach returned 89.15% true identifications (95.27% when excluding singletons). The highest success rate of congruent identifications was obtained with BCM at 0.053 threshold. The analysis of our barcode library together with public data resulted in 582 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), 72.2% of which was found to be concordantly with morphology-based identifications. The discrepancies were divided in two groups: sequences from different species clustered in a single BIN and conspecific sequences divided in one more BINs. In Neighbour-Joining phenogram, 2,320 (83.0%) queries fromed 355 (62.4%) species-specific barcode clusters allowing their successful identification. 33 species showed paraphyletic and haplotype sharing. 62 cases are represented by deeply diverged lineages. This study suggest an increased species diversity in this region, highlighting taxonomic revision and conservation strategy for the cryptic complexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipids and Fatty Acids of Nudibranch Mollusks: Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds
    Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 4578-4592; doi:10.3390/md12084578 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Lipids and Fatty Acids of Nudibranch Mollusks: Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds Natalia V. Zhukova 1,2 1 Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-423-231-0937; Fax: +7-423-231-0900 2 School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia Received: 31 March 2014; in revised form: 7 July 2014 / Accepted: 9 July 2014 / Published: 19 August 2014 Abstract: The molecular diversity of chemical compounds found in marine animals offers a good chance for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds of unique structures and diverse biological activities. Nudibranch mollusks, which are not protected by a shell and produce chemicals for various ecological uses, including defense against predators, have attracted great interest for their lipid composition. Lipid analysis of eight nudibranch species revealed dominant phospholipids, sterols and monoalkyldiacylglycerols. Among polar lipids, 1-alkenyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids (plasmalogens) and ceramide-aminoethyl phosphonates were found in the mollusks. The fatty acid compositions of the nudibranchs differed greatly from those of other marine gastropods and exhibited a wide diversity: very long chain fatty acids known as demospongic acids, a series of non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids, including unusual 21:2∆7,13, and an abundance of various odd and branched fatty acids typical of bacteria. Symbiotic bacteria revealed in some species of nudibranchs participate presumably in the production of some compounds serving as a chemical defense for the mollusks.
    [Show full text]
  • GROWTH DETERMINATION of TROPICAL LIMPET Cellana Testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) LIVING on the ROCKY SHORE of OHOIWAIT, SOUTHEAST MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA
    Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410 - 5217 Volume 10, Number 2, February 2007 : 89 - 103 Accredited : 23a / Dikti/Kep/ 2004 GROWTH DETERMINATION OF TROPICAL LIMPET Cellana testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) LIVING ON THE ROCKY SHORE OF OHOIWAIT, SOUTHEAST MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA Abraham S Khow*) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon 97123 Indonesia Received : June, 21, 2006 ; Accepted : December, 12 , 2006 ABSTRACT Monthly shell-length frequency distributions were used to analyse the size and age structure of the limpet population inhabiting the rocky shore of Ohoiwait, Southeast Moluccas. The lengths of the collected specimens ranged from 8.0 to 31.8 mm. The analysis of the successive frequency distributions suggested that the population consisted of 4 to 5 distinct age groups (cohorts) at any given time, and that two new cohorts recruited during the one-year investigation period. An analysis to determine growth pattern using FiSAT software showed that the longevity of C. testudinaria extended up to 2 years. The values of von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞, K and t0), estimated from size-frequency distributions, were 33.1 mm, 1.4 yr-1, and 0.09, respectively. The highest growth increments were 25% and 18% of the asymptotic length during the first 3 and 6 months, respectively. The effects of environmental variables on the growth rates showed important seasonal variations, with the highest increment of 2.6 mm/month during dry season. Here, growth parameter of C. testudinaria limpet shows the same value as other tropical limpets and depends on environmental variables. Key Words: Shell-length frequency distributions, Growth determination, Cellana testudinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional Agenda
    CBD Distr. GENERAL UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/20/INF/24* 11 April 2016 ENGLISH ONLY SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE Twentieth meeting Montreal, Canada, 25-30 April 2016 Item 4.1 of the provisional agenda** REPORT OF THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP TO FACILITATE THE DESCRIPTION OF ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS IN THE SEAS OF EAST ASIA1 INTRODUCTION 1. At its tenth meeting, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity requested the Executive Secretary to work with Parties and other Governments as well as competent organizations and regional initiatives, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), regional seas conventions and action plans, and, where appropriate, regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) to organize, including the setting of terms of reference, a series of regional workshops, with a primary objective to facilitate the description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas through the application of scientific criteria in annex I of decision IX/20 as well as other relevant compatible and complementary nationally and intergovernmentally agreed scientific criteria, as well as the scientific guidance on the identification of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, which meet the scientific criteria in annex I to decision IX/20 (paragraph 36 of decision X/29). 2. In the same decision, the Conference of the Parties requested that the Executive Secretary make available the scientific and technical data, and information and results collated through the workshops referred to above to participating Parties, other Governments, intergovernmental agencies and the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) for their use according to their competencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Development of Algal Assemblages Under Different Regimes of Physical and Biotic Factors on a Seasonal Tropical Rocky Shore
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published October 22 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Early development of algal assemblages under different regimes of physical and biotic factors on a seasonal tropical rocky shore S. Kaehler*,Gray A. Williams The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong ABSTRACT. The roles of physical factors and herbivory in structuring the early development of algal assemblages were investigated on a seasonal, tropical rocky shore in Hong Kong. Physical stress was manipulated by irrigating areas with filtered seawater, whilst herbivore access was controlled using fences. Algal colonisation was monitored at 2 tidal heights (high- and lowshore), once in the cool and dry season and once in the hot and wet season. Dry areas were only colonised in the lowshore and, even when herbivores were excluded, dry highshore areas never developed a macroalgal cover. Algal assemblages did, however, develop in highshore irrigated areas, where, in the presence of herbivores, encrusting algae (e.g.Hapalospongidion gel~tinosumand coralline crusts) developed. In areas exclud- ing herbivores, ephemeral erect algae (e.g. Ulva spp.) developed. All lowshore treatments developed algal assemblages. In the hot season, after an initial phase of erect algae, encrusting algae developed where herbivores had access, whereas, in the cool season, erect Corallina spp. dominated these treat- ments In herbivore exclusions, erect ephemeral algae developed in the hot season with a sparse cover of encrusting algae (Ralfsia expansa and coralline crusts) whilst, in the cool season, a cover of Corallina spp. and erect ephemeral algae became abundant.
    [Show full text]