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Vse O Računalniških Virusih vse o računalniških virusih 9/12 6,55 € september 2012 / letnik 22 www.monitor.si zabavna elektronika i računalništvo i nove tehnologije Poplava tankih Izvirni tanki prenosnik Apple MacBook Air ima v okenskem svetu že množico posnemovalcev. • Preizkusili smo jih 10. • Od 700 evrov naprej. vse v enem + Zasloni na dotik – kako delujejo + Googlova tablica Nexus 7 + Novi fotoaparati Preizkusili smo 15 novih omrežnih diskov NAS, ki so danes že pravi večopravilniki. + Nasveti za ISSN 1318-1000 ISSN Spogledujejo se celo z oblakom, eni bolje, drugi slabše. Windows in Mac Naslovka 09-2012.indd 1 21.8.2012 11:12:49 OMREŽNI DISKI NAS RAID v vsak dom! Omrežni diski NAS so bili še nedavno domena res hudih računalniških navdušencev in manjših podjetij. Tistih torej, ki jim je v krajevnem omrežju vedno primanjkovalo diskovnega prostora. Danes se stvari spreminjajo – z razmahom filmskega piratstva (da, recimo bobu bob!) je tudi v povprečnem domu vedno premalo diskovnega prostora, da o dodatnih možnostih, ki jih zmorejo današnji NASi, niti ne govorimo. 44 I Podatkovne škatle 46 I Domači oblaki 49 I Preizkušeni modeli 54 I Pogled v laboratorij in zlati Monitor 56 I Grafikoni 58 I Tabela Matjaž Klančar a, kilobajti, megabajti, giga- Poanta? En disk enostavno ni dovolj, potre- ko pri nekaterih modelih skoraj poljubno bajti, terabajti, skratka bajti bujemo vsaj dva za izdelavo varnostnih kopij. dodajamo in da zmorejo še vse kaj več, kot na sto in en način, so tisto, V računalnik namestimo dva diska (oz. si le hranijo podatke. Omogočajo postavitev kar v računalništvu že od omislimo zunanjega, priklopljenega prek spletnega strežnika, medijskega strežnika nekdaj kaže znake nenehne- USB) in nanj občasno prekopiramo vsebine, (DLNA, iTunes), poštnega strežnika, nad- ga naraščanja. Prvi računal- ki se nam zdijo pomembne. Ne, popravek zornega strežnika (nanj priklopimo kamere) Dniki so imeli le nekaj bajtov pomnilnika, prvi »občasno« ne bo dovolj, kajti ponavadi se iz- in še in še. Pravi mali švicarski nož. osebni računalniki že 1 kilobajt (Sinclair ZX kaže, da ročno kopiranje ne deluje, ker nanj Edina težava? Cena. Že sama prazna ška- 81), prve disketne enote za PCje so bile »dvoj- pozabimo. Bolje je, če si omislimo enega iz- tla stane več, kot bi si želeli za poceni linuxni ne gostote« (!) in so zmogle 360 KB. Mimo- med programov, ki to počnejo avtomatsko, re- računalnik na podlagi procesorja ARM (spo- grede, besedilo, ki ga berete, na disku zasede cimo ponoči. Če imate seveda računalnik pri- mnimo se mini računalnika Raspberry Pi, ki več. Brez fotografij. Nato smo počasi prešli na žgan 24 ur na dan, a ga najverjetneje nimate. ga dobimo za dobrih 30 evrov), ko jo napol- megabajte (prvi disk za PCje – 10 MB), nato Boljša rešitev je zrcaljenje (mirror), pri če- nimo z diski, pa cena hitro poskoči do 500 na gigabajte in, da, danes smo pri terabajtih. mer sta v računalniku dva enaka diska (no, ali celo 1000 evrov. No, za miren spanec brž- Disk zmogljivosti 2 TB stane borih 100 evrov. ni čisto nujno), njuna vsebina pa se sinhro- kone ni previsoka. Dva terabajta je izredno velika številka. Če nizira sproti, med delom. Če eden izmed di- bi hoteli tak disk napolniti prek danes naj- skov odpove, drugi deluje naprej. Večinoma, hitrejše krajevne omrežne povezave (giga- včasih tudi z nekaj dodatnega dela … Pri MONITORTV bitne), bi ga morali pri polni hitrosti polniti zrcaljenju sta le dve težavi – ko tako »zrca- več kot 5 ur! Toda – ali sploh je način, da bi lo« napolnimo, je dokaj težko dodati še kaj Oglejte si tudi video tak disk s čimerkoli napolnili? Z običajnimi prostora. Najenostavneje je kar kupiti nova Tudi tokrat si lahko glavno temo številke dokumenti, besedilom, fotografijami, celo z diska in postaviti novo zrcalno polje, to pa ni ogledate tudi v našem MonitorTVju. Najde- glasbo MP3 najverjetneje ne. Toliko prostora ravno poceni. In seveda – če se računalniku te ga na priloženem DVDju in v spletu: potrebujemo bolj ali manj le za eno – za video kaj hudega zgodi (kratek stik ali celo požar), www.monitor.si/NAS_2012 datoteke. In, da, recimo bobu bob, za piratske bosta pri tem odpovedala oba diska. Potre- video/filmske datoteke. Pri čemer bo še ve- bujemo torej nekaj, kar je lahko odmaknjeno dno ostalo dovolj prostora za dokumentirano od računalnika in dovolj veliko za več diskov. otroštvo naraščaja, v slikovni in video obliki. In prav slednje marsikomu pomeni veliko Končna rešitev – omrežni disk NAS! več kot hollywoodski filmi. Kaj bi se zgodilo, NAS (Network Attached Service) je dan- če/ko bi tak disk odpovedal? Filme bi naloži- danes škatla, v katero lahko vstavimo dva li na novo, kaj pa bi z večletnimi digitalnimi ali več diskov in je nekakšen mini računal- spomini? Izgubljeni, za vedno. Kajti diski v re- nik z Linuxom. Oboje skupaj pomeni, da snici tudi odpovejo. Vedno, prej ali slej. Zgoraj so podatki v njej nadvse varni, saj so diski podpisanemu se je to nazadnje zgodilo pred lahko sestavljeni v različna polja RAID (od tednom dni – 1,5 TB je šlo »rakom žvižgat«. zrcaljenja do RAID 5 ali celo 10), da jih lah- 09.12 I I 43 FOKUS I OMREŽNI DISKI NAS Podatkovne škatle Čeprav smo strežnike NAS preizkusili pred manj kot letom dni, se je že nabralo kar nekaj novosti. Tako smo se odločili za nov veliki preizkus in se prepričali, da so te naprave že zelo izpopolnjene in nadvse uporabne. Jure Forstnerič a te naprave poznamo v grobem vsaj doma, še premalo potrudi. Pregovor pra- Podatke moramo torej imeti shranjene na dve vrsti rabe. V osnovi lahko nanje vi, da sta dve vrsti uporabnikov – tisti, ki re- več različnih napravah oziroma krajih. To, le varnostno kopiramo in jih ima- dno izdelujejo varnostne kopije, in tisti, ki se da so v nekem NAS strežniku, pa četudi je mo po možnosti kje daleč stran od jim še ni pokvaril disk. Preveč ljudi je namreč na varnem pred krajo, požarom in podob- Zračunalnika. Uporabljamo pa jih lahko tudi prepričanih, da so podatki, ki jih imajo shra- nim, nam v nekaterih primerih prav nič ne kot velik prostor za shranjevanje vsega po njene na zunanjem disku, varni. Žal ni tako. pomaga. Še vedno se lahko okužimo z viru- vrsti – prav za to so zadnje čase pri domačih Tudi če gre za kopije podatkov, ki jih ima- som in nam ta uniči tudi podatke v napravi uporabnikih vedno bolj priljubljene. Podat- mo v računalniku, je še vedno preveliko NAS (če je seveda dosegljiva iz računalnika). kov je namreč veliko in hitro se množijo. tveganje, sploh če je disk v bližini računal- Enako velja tudi za datoteke, ki jih sami ne- Vse več uporabnikov ima doma digitalni nika (ali pa kar priključen nanj). Ob ropu bo namerno zbrišemo – RAID nam prav nič ne fotoaparat, ti modeli pa iz leta v leto izde- storilec pograbil oboje, tako računalnik kot pomaga, če datoteko izbrišemo tudi tam. lujejo večje fotografije (gledano v smislu disk. Podobno poguben je lahko za oboje Pri datotekah lahko pride tudi do program- pomnilniškega prostora). Že telefoni so udar strele. skih težav (korupcije). sposobni zajeti fotografijo, ki tehta več me- Naprave NAS resda povečajo varnost po- V vseh teh primerih bi potrebovali kopijo gabajtov, fotoaparati pa brez težav sežejo datkov, a tudi še ne predstavljajo zadovo- podatkov na kakem oddaljenem oziroma čez deset MB – da o fotografijah RAW, ki tudi ljive stopnje varnosti. RAID polja namreč odklopljenem kraju. NAS strežnik je torej pri cenejših DSLRjih obsegajo več kot 20 niso celovita rešitev za izdelavo varnostnih nadvse učinkovita prva stopnja, še vedno MB, niti ne govorimo. Vedno več posname- kopij. Z njimi iz enačbe pravzaprav izločimo pa moramo tu in tam poskrbeti tudi za var- mo tudi video gradiva. Ta res hitro odroma le eno ranljivost – možnost, da nam crkne nostno kopijo podatkov, ki so shranjeni v na YouTube, a praviloma obdržimo tudi ori- eden izmed diskov. Še vedno pa se lahko NASu. Vse preizkušene naprave imajo zato ginalni zapis. pokvari krmilnik naprave RAID ali pa nam, kak dodaten vmesnik za prenos podatkov, Za shranjevanje teh pomembnih datotek skupaj z računalnikom, ukradejo tudi na- cenejše imajo USB 2.0, dražje pa tudi USB oziroma podatkov se večina uporabnikov, pravo RAID. 3.0 ali celo eSata. Tako lahko podatke na hi- tro prekopiramo še na zunanji disk in ga po možnosti shranimo na kakem drugem kraju. Vse bolj priljubljena je tudi raba spletnih storitev, saj nam zagotovijo še dodatno sto- pnjo varnosti podatkov. Slabost teh storitev pa je cena (gledano na prostor). Najpo- membnejše podatke resda lahko shranimo na brezplačne storitve (Dropbox, Wuala, Skydrive, Gdrive ...), za fotografije in video pa bodo te kmalu premajhne oziroma pre- drage. Tu je seveda še vprašanje zasebnosti (marsikdo raje ne bi delil slik in dokumentov z neznanimi podjetji, četudi se pridušajo, da do datotek pravzaprav nimajo dostopa). To lahko rešimo s predhodnim kriptiranjem datotek, a zahteva kar nekaj znanja in časa. Strežniki NAS so vedno bolj priljubljeni tudi kot zbirališče vseh možnih večpred- stavnih datotek, ki jih lahko dosežemo z različnih domačih naprav. V njih imamo, re- cimo, shranjene vse filme, vso glasbo in vse fotografije, kar jih premore gospodinjstvo. Vzporedno lahko s pomočjo vgrajenega večpredstavnega strežnika predvajamo film na televizorju, vrtimo glasbo na računalniku in si ogledujemo fotografije na tablici. Tako si prihranimo nadležno kopiranje po raz- Kljub temu, da gre za dve napravi, namenjeni domačim uporabnikom, ličnih ključih USB in diskih – vse je zbrano ima Synologyjev DS-212j bistveno večji ventilator kot Qnapov TS-212, na enem mestu, ki ga dosežemo z vsemi v kar se pozna pri glasnosti delovanja. omrežje povezanimi napravami. 44 I I 09.12 OMREŽNI DISKI NAS Polja RAID šnji, julijski številki).
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