Histoire Les Débuts En Arkansas

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Histoire Les Débuts En Arkansas Walmart (officiellement Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) est une entreprise américaine multinationale spécialisée dans la grande distribution, fondée par Sam Walton et aujourd'hui présidée par son fils aîné, S. Robson Walton. Fondée sous ce nom en 1962, elle s'est rapidement développée en Arkansas, puis a dominé tous les États-Unis pour commencer à s'internationaliser à partir de 1991. En Europe, les magasins sont présents en Grande-Bretagne sous l'enseigne Asda. Walmart s'attaque désormais au marché asiatique. Installé en Chine depuis 1996, le groupe employait une trentaine de milliers de travailleurs dans ce pays en 2006[4]. Il est également présent au Japon sous l'enseigne Seiyu. En 2005, 20 millions de clients fréquentaient les magasins Walmart en moyenne chaque jour[4]. En 2009, avec des ventes s'élevant à 404,16 milliards de dollars américains et 14,335 milliards de dollars de bénéfices[5], Walmart a pris la place de seconde entreprise mondiale en termes de chiffre d'affaires. Avec 1,9 million de salariés travaillant dans plus de 6 100 supermarchés et hypermarchés (mais aussi dans les filiales), le groupe peut revendiquer le titre de plus grosse entreprise du monde. C'est le premier employeur privé aux États-Unis avec 1,2 million de salariés, appelés « associés », mais aussi celui du Mexique sous l'enseigne Walmex. Walmart est le premier distributeur généraliste des États-Unis avec 3500 magasins et 20 % de part de marché estimée et le premier distributeur de jouets avec 45 % de part de marché estimée, ayant dépassé Toys "R" Us à la fin des années 1990. Histoire Les débuts en Arkansas L'histoire de Walmart peut remonter jusqu'aux années 1940, quand Sam Walton débuta sa carrière dans la vente au détail. Il se vit offrir, juste avant d'être diplômé de l'Université du Missouri à Columbia, deux postes dans la grande distribution, chez Sears et J. C. Penney. Il accepta l'offre de travail du deuxième et commença à travailler dans un magasin J. C. Penney à Des Moines, dans l'Iowa, le 3 juin 1940, pour un salaire de 75 USD par mois. Durant ce travail, il put rencontrer James Cash Penney, le fondateur de cette chaine de magasins, durant une visite. Il resta chez J.C. Penney durant huit mois. En septembre 1945, Sam Walton acheta à George Scharlott la franchise et le bail d'un Ben Franklin à Newport dans l'Arkansas. Ce magasin faisait partie d'une chaîne dirigée par les Butler Brothers, un détaillant régional. Après trois années dans l'entreprise, Walton augmenta les ventes annuelles de 80 000 USD à 225 000 USD en 1948. Malgré cela, le dirigeant, P.K. Holmes, décida de ne pas renouveler le bail et Walton fut forcé de déménager avant la fin de l'année 1950. Walton souhaitait acheter un five-and-dime de Jim Dodson à Siloam Springs, en Arkansas, mais les deux n'étaient pas d'accord sur le prix d'achat (une différence de 5 000 USD). Le 9 mai 1950, Walton acheta un magasin de Luther E. Harrison à Bentonville, Arkansas, et ouvrit Walton's 5 & 10. Plus tard, le village de Ozark Moutain avec ses 2 900 habitants deviendrait le siège social de la future Walmart. Walton cherchait toujours les meilleurs accords possibles avec ses fournisseurs et il réalisa qu'il pouvait augmenter ses ventes en accordant à ses clients les rabais qu'il en obtenait. En 1962, il avait déjà neuf Walton¶s Stores. Inspiré par le succès des chaînes de distribution, Walton ouvrit le premier magasin de sa chaîne de distribution à Rogers, dans l'Arkansas, cette année-là. Responsable des achats et de la maintenance de signage, l'assistant de Sam, Bob Bogle, proposa le nom « Wal-Mart » pour la nouvelle chaîne. En 1967, l'entreprise grandit et finit par posséder 24 magasins disséminés en Arkansas, et atteignit 12,6 millions de dollars américains de ventes. En 1968, l'entreprise ouvrit son premier magasin en dehors de l'Arkansas, à Sikeston, dans le Missouri et à Claremore, en Oklahoma. Sam préférait s'installer dans des petits villages plutôt que dans des grandes villes, et possédait 78 magasins en 1974. Un service informatique inter- magasins fut créé pour améliorer la communication et les commandes, et trois années plus tard, les ventes plus que triplèrent, passant de 167,5 millions à 479 millions de dollars américains et le nombre de magasins augmenta jusqu'à 163. La chaîne continua de grossir dans les décennies suivantes. Création et expansion de l'entreprise[modifier] L'entreprise fut fondée le 31 octobre 1969 sous le nom de Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. et, en 1970, elle ouvrit son siège à Bentonville, Arkansas, ainsi que son premier centre de distribution. L'entreprise possédait alors 38 magasins disséminés en Arkansas et employait 1 500 personnes pour 44,2 millions de dollars de ventes. L'entreprise entra en Bourse en 1972 et figura la même année sur le New York Stock Exchange. À cet instant, Wal-Mart opérait dans cinq états : Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiane, Missouri et Oklahoma et arriva dans le Tennessee en 1973, le Kentucky et le Mississippi en 1974. Quand l'entreprise ouvrit au Texas en 1975, elle possédait 125 magasins et 7 500 employées, pour un chiffre d'affaires de 340,3 millions de dollars. Wal-Mart continua de grossir rapidement durant les années 1980, et lors de son vingt-cinquième anniversaire en 1987, l'entreprise comptait 1 198 magasins et des ventes atteignant les 15,9 milliards de dollars pour 200 000 employés. Cette année fut aussi marquée par le lancement de satellites destiné à l'usage interne (un investissement chiffré à 24 millions de dollars de l'époque), permettant de relier tous les points de vente de l'entreprise au siège social de Bentonville. À l'époque, c'était le plus grand réseau de satellites privé, et il permettait à l'entreprise de transmettre l'inventaire, les ventes, et de communiquer instantanément avec les différents magasins. L'année suivante, Sam Walton laissa sa place de PDG à David Glass. Cependant, Walton resta dans l'entreprise sous le titre de "Chairman of the Corporate Board of Directors", et l'entreprise restructura également les managers "seniors", et donna des promotions à des cadres leur permettant d'acquérir une plus grande responsabilité. Également en 1988, le premier Wal-Mart Supercenter ouvrit à Washington, Missouri. Wal-Mart étendit son concept de superstore durant les années 1990 et, peu de temps après, l'entreprise surpassa Toys "R" Us pour la vente de jouets. Les années 1990[modifier] Les années 1990 furent une période de croissance sans précédent et d'innovations diverses dans la gestion de l'entreprise. En 1990, les revenus de la société ont quadruplé pour atteindre 32 milliards de plus que les années précédentes et Wal-Mart racheta The McLane Company, ensuite vendu à Berkshire Hathaway en 2003. En 1991, l'entreprise se déplaça au Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey et New York. Cette même année, Wal-Mart se lança dans l'international en ouvrant son premier magasin à Mexico. L'entreprise racheta aussi Western Merchandisers, Inc. à Amarillo, au Texas. En 1991 fut aussi lancé la marque "Sam's American Choice". Sam Walton se retira le 5 avril 1992 et son fils ainé, S. Robson Walton, lui succéda comme Président du Conseil d'Administration le 7 avril 1992. Cette année, Wal-Mart était présent dans 45 États américains avec en plus l'Idaho, le Montana, l'Oregon, et Porto Rico. En 1993, la division internationale de Wal-Mart promut Bobby Martin président. L'entreprise compléta son expansion aux États-Unis avec l'entrée en Alaska, Hawaii, Rhode Island et Washington. En décembre 1993, les magasins Wal-Mart atteignirent pour la première fois la somme de 1 milliard de dollars de chiffre d'affaires en une seule semaine. Wal-Mart acheta 91 PACE Membership Warehouse à Kmart et 122 magasins Woolco au Canada en 1994. La même année, Wal-Mart ouvrit trois clubs à Hong-Kong, atteignant un total de 123 magasins au Canada et 96 au Mexique. Plus tard dans l'année, le programme appelé "Code Adam" fut lancé pour les enfants disparus. Le projet fut intitulé ainsi à cause de l'histoire de Adam Walsh, un enfant de 6 ans disparu dans un magasin en Floride et retrouvé mort en 1981. Toutes les autres chaines de distribution ont adopté des programmes similaires depuis. En 1995, Wal-Mart possédait 1995 Discount Stores, 239 Supercenters, 433 Sam's club et 276 International Stores, cumulant des ventes à 93,6 milliards de dollars et employant 675 000 personnes. Wal-Mart entra dans le cinquantième État américain, le Vermont et continua son expansion internationale avec le marché de l'Amérique du Sud : trois unités en Argentine et cinq au Brésil. L'entreprise se lança sur le marché chinois en 1996 dans le cadre d'une coentreprise. En 1997, Wal-Mart remplaça Woolworth's sur le Dow Jones Industrial Average. L'entreprise dépassait pour la première fois la barre symbolique des 100 milliards de dollars de ventes sur l'année avec 118,1 milliards. Cette même année, Wal-Mart acheta 21 magasins Wertkauf en Allemagne et lança son centre de nutrition OneSource. En 1998, Wal-Mart créa un nouveau concept avec 3 magasins en Arkansas : les Neighborhood Market (« commerces de proximité », ou « dépanneurs » au Québec). Ils permettent principalement d'acheter de la nourriture et sont conçus dans l'optique d'attirer le consommateur grâce un stationnement aisé et un gain de temps sur les files d'attente.
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