DOCSLIB.ORG

Migration and Ethnicity in Coal Field History (Worldwide)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migration and Ethnicity in Coal Field History (Worldwide) Migration and ethnicity in coal field history (worldwide) A global industry Between Spitsbergen (Svalbard) Islands (Norway) in the far north,1 South Island (New Zealand) in the far south,2 Vancouver Island (Canada) in the far west,3 and Hoikkaidō Island (Japan) in the far east,4 coal mining has been (and to a certain extent still is) a truly global industry. Being place-bound by geology, often originating in isolated places, and always labour intensive, coal mining was dependent on migrant labour in almost every district.5 At the start, experienced miners were often recruited from other districts; inexperienced workers came from the surrounding countryside, and soon also from more distant places, regions and countries. Cross-border migratory labour connected coalfields, regions and countries, and mobilised new groups of workers of a variety of national and ethnic descent. Therefore, the history of labour in the coalfields is not only a global, but often a transnational history as well. Mobilisation of ethnic minorities Ethnic (minority) groups were also mobilised from within national states and empires, however, like in the nineteenth and early twentieth century Flemish workers to the Walloon coalfields in Belgium, Irish to Scotland in the UK (before Irish independence), Poles to the Ruhr area in the German empire (before Polish independence), African-Americans from the south to Virginia and Alabama in the US, migrants from the French colonies in the Maghreb (Algeria and Morocco) to France, and Koreans to the Hoikkaidō and Chikuho coalfields in Japan (Korea then being a part of the Japanese empire). It is certainly no coincidence that at that time these ethnic minorities were all considered and treated as people of a lower status 1 K.E. Catford, 'The industrial archaeology of Spitsbergen', Industrial Archaeology Review XXIV (2002) 23-36; see also: Dag Avango et al., ‘Between markets and geopolitics: natural resource exploitation on Spitsbergen from 1600 to the present day’, Polar Record 47 (2011) 29-39. 2 Len Richardson, Coal, class and community: the Únited Mineworkers of New Zealand, 1880-1960 (Auckland 1995). 3 John Douglas Belshaw, Colonization and community: The Vancouver Island coalfield and the making of the British Columbian working class (Montreal 2002). 4 Suzanne Culter, Managing Decline: Japan’s Coal Industry Restructuring and Community Response (Honolulu 1999); Ann B. Irish, Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan’s Northern Island (North Carolina 2009). 5 Cf. for the European coalfields: René Leboutte, Vie et mort des bassins industriels en Europe 1750-2000 (Paris 1997), ch. IX: ‘Croissance démographique et migrations’. 1 than the dominant ethnic groups in these countries. Their mobilisation as miners reflected the low status of work in the mines, and also the position of immigrants as secondary workers within the mines. This is perhaps less clear in the cases of English migrants to South- Wales and Russian migrants to the Ukraine (Donetsk) coal basins,6 but many of these still were of the lowest grade within their ethnic groups. Global labour history These salient features of mining labour have generated a lot of research, especially in labour history. In this research the common saying that ‘everybody was black down there’ has been increasingly provided with a question mark.7 In his overview on coal mining in global labour history in the volume Global Labour History. A State of the Art, Ian Phimister contended that ‘histories of coal mining communities and workers’ struggles have tended to cluster in recent years […] around ethnicity and culture’.8 While, according to Phimister, ‘this had never been a major concern of mainstream British mining historiography’, these issues have continued to attract historical investigation in Germany’, especially with respect to ‘the relationship between Polish-speaking labour migrants and German miners’ unions in the Ruhr coalfields’ . Without further ado, he then jumps to American labour historiography, where they ‘have, of course, remained a key area of debate’. Since Herbert Gutman wrote on the black coal miner and the United Mine Workers of America in 1968, a debate has been going on in American labour history about ‘interracial solidarity and unionism’, evolving from a ‘class over race’ perspective to the conclusion that there was a ‘complex intertwining’ of ‘race and class consciousness’ and that ‘the racial policies of organized labour were far from monolithic’.9 Phimister then proceeds to parallel research on the tense relationship between ‘the historical construction of class solidarity’ 6 Russians were by far the largest group of migrants in the Ukrain Donetsk basin, see: ibidem, 288-291. 7 Robert H. Woodrum, Everybody Was Black Down There: Race And Industrial Change in the Alabama Coalfields (Athens, Georgia 2007); Leen Beyers, Iedereen zwart: het samenleven van nieuwkomers en gevestigden in de mijncité Zwartberg, 1930-1990 (Amsterdam 2010); see also: L. Beyers, ‘Everyone black? Ethnic, class and gender identities at street level in a Belgian mining town, 1930-50’, in: Berger, et al. (eds.), Towards a comparative history of coalfield societies, 146-163; Marcel Deprez et al., ‘Siamo tutti neri!’: des hommes contre du charbon: études et témoignages sur l'immigration italienne en Wallonie (Seraing 1998); M. Cégarra et al., Tous gueules noires. Histoire de l’immigration dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Lewarde 2004). 8 Ian Phimister, ‘Global Labour History in the Twenty-First Century: Coal Mining and Its Recent Past’, in: Jan Lucassen (ed.), Global Labour History. A State of the Art (Bern etc. 2006) 573-589, cit. 579. 9 Referring to: Joe William Trotter, Coal, class, and color: blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915-32 (Urbana 1990) and Daniel Letwin, The Challenge of Interracial Unionism: Alabama Coal Miners, 1878-1921 (Chapel Hill 1998). 2 and ‘the politics of ethnic identity’ in such diverse countries as India (Chota Nagpur),10 Indonesia (Ombilin, West-Sumatra),11 Australia (Blair Athol),12 South-Africa (Hlobane Colliery, Natal),13 and Rhodesia/Zimbabwe (Wankie Colliery, his own research).14 While in the research mentioned by Phimister many comparative insights can be gained on the issues of class (solidarity), race (discrimination), and ethnicity (ethnic identity) in a number of mining districts, foremost in the American and the (former) British imperial world, his overview is far from complete, both on the variety of issues raised in research on migration and ethnicity in coalfield history and in the geographical scope of this kind of research in different parts of the world. This becomes clear, among others, in the volume edited in 2005 by Stefan Berger, Norry LaPorte, and Andy Croll, Towards A Comparative History Of Coalfield Societies, which contained several (comparative) studies on migration and ethnicity, reflecting ‘coalfield experiences across all five continents’, in, among others, the United States, South-Africa, Germany, Japan, Britain, and Belgium.15 In the United States and the (former) British Empire, where Phimister seems most at ease, more research has been done than he mentions,16 and ‘even’ in Britain, already in 1979, the impact of Irish immigration on the development of trade unionism in the Scottish 10 Referring to: Dilip Simeon, The Politics of Labour Under Late Colonialism: Workers, Unions and the State in Chota Nagpur 1928-1939 (New Delhi 1995). 11 Referring to: Erwiza Erman, Miners, managers and the state: a socio-political history of the Ombilin coal- mines, West Sumatra, 1892-1996 (Amsterdam 1999); see also: idem, ‘Generalized violence: a case study of the Ombilin coal mines, 1892-1996’, in: Freek Colombijn, Thomas J. Lindblad (eds.), Roots of violence in Indonesia: contemporary violence in historical perspective (Leiden 2002) 105-131. 12 Referring to: Diane Menghetti, Blair Athol: The Life and Death of a Town (Clermont Qld 1995). 13 Citing: Ruth Edgecombe, The Constancy of Change: A History of Hlobane Colliery, 1898-1998 (1998); see also: idem and Bill Guest, ‘The Black Heart of the Beautiful Mountain: Hlobane Colliery, 1898-1953’, South African Historical Journal 18 (1986) 191-221. 14 Citing: Ian Phimister, Wangi Kolia: Coal, Capital and Labour in Colonial Zimbabwe 1894-1954 (Harare/Johannesburg 1994). 15 S. Berger, A. Croll and N. LaPorte (eds.), Towards a comparative history of coalfield societies (Aldershot 2005), 4. 16 On the American coalfields: Ronald L. Lewis, Black Coal Miners in America. Race, Class, and Community Conflict 1780-1980 (Lexington 1987); Brian Kelly, Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908-21 (Urbana 2001); on Nigeria: Carolyn A. Brown, ‘We were all slaves’: African miners, culture and resistance at the Enugu Government Colliery (Portsmouth 2003); see also: idem, 'Nigerian Coal Miners, Protest and Gender, 1914-49: the Iva Valley Mining Community’, in: Berger et al. (eds.), Towards a comparative history of coalfield societies, 127-144; on South-Africa see the (comparative) work by Peter Aexander: ‘A Moral Ecopnomy, an Isolated Mass, and Paternalized Migrants: Transvaal Collery Strikes, 1925-49’, in: ibidem, 238-252; idem, ‘Race, class loyalty, and the structure of capitalism: coal miners in Alabama and the Transvaal, 1918-1922’, Journal of Southern African Studies 30 (2004) 115-153; idem, ‘Challenging cheap-labour theory: Natal and Transvaal coal miners, ca. 1890-1950’, Labor History 49 (2008) 47-70; on Australia the work of Alan Murray deserves to be mentioned:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NMAP Background 2021-0601
    NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE Bringing All Americans Together Background Proposal for a Bipartisan Presidential Commission To Study National Museum of the American People VISION The National Museum of the American People will present the dramatic story about the making of the American People. Our compelling history, about peoples crossing oceans and continents to come to this land and nation, begins with the first humans in the Western Hemisphere and continues through today. It will celebrate all who became Americans, whether from Europe, Africa, Asia and Pacific Islands or the Americas. It is the greatest epic saga in human history and the museum will endeavor to be one of the most powerful story-telling museums anywhere. It will take visitors along an absorbing, dynamic pathway that becomes rooted in our Constitution. Scholarly based, the museum will help unify the American People and foster civics education. For all Americans, the NMAP will tell their story about becoming an American and the stories of their family, friends, neighbors and coworkers; their tribe; their city, state and region. It will encompass their ethnic, nationality, and minority histories. PLAN The plan calls for a Presidential Commission to study the feasibility of the museum. We are approaching both the White House and Congress to support the study. Following the final feasibility study report, we would seek legislation to create an entity to plan and build the museum and to raise the funds necessary to plan and build it. If the feasibility study is established in 2021 and the museum entity is created soon thereafter, ground could be broken in 2022 and the museum could open in 2028.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychology of Puerto Rican Migration. PUB DATE Jan 94 NOTE 117P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 387 583 UD 030 649 AUTHOR Prewitt Diaz, Joseph O. TITLE The Psychology of Puerto Rican Migration. PUB DATE Jan 94 NOTE 117p. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Ad:ustm2nt (to Environment); Cultural Background; Cultural Differences; Elementary Secondary Education; Hispanic Americans; *Immigrants; *Migration; Migration Patterns; Personality Traits; *Psychology; Puerto Rican Culture; *puerto Ricans; United States History ABSTRACT 'The psychology of the Puerto Rican migrant to the United States mainland is explored. Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the U.S. mainland and returning to Puerto Rico for more than 125 years, and, in fact, approximately 57% of all Puerto Ricans have migrated at one time or another. The migrant experience, including the circular migration experienced by many Puerto Ricans, has been recorded in popular Puerto Rican literature. "Impressionistic" data from informal interviews has confirmed the patterns of migration depicted in literature. Five stages of migration are identified as: (1) the anticipation before migration; (2)tile act of migration; (3) overcompensation in the early period following migration;(4) decompensation after the initial period of euphoria; and (5) eventual adaptation. The transgenerational impacts of migration are traced. Few,if any, Puerto Rican migrants have migrated alone; all exist in the context of Puerto Rican culture. An understanding of the psychology of migration and Puerto Rican culture is essential for the professional working with the Puerto Rican child. (Contains 33 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PUERTO CAN MIGRATION twes, < , zi ;: ilkpot' " Nr\ t, S DEPATTflFFDJCATIO N REPRODUCE F )UCATIMAt PERMISSION TO BY ,,t)(jf4(:F S Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Groups and Library of Congress Subject Headings
    Ethnic Groups and Library of Congress Subject Headings Jeffre INTRODUCTION tricks for success in doing African studies research3. One of the challenges of studying ethnic Several sections of the article touch on subject head- groups is the abundant and changing terminology as- ings related to African studies. sociated with these groups and their study. This arti- Sanford Berman authored at least two works cle explains the Library of Congress subject headings about Library of Congress subject headings for ethnic (LCSH) that relate to ethnic groups, ethnology, and groups. His contentious 1991 article Things are ethnic diversity and how they are used in libraries. A seldom what they seem: Finding multicultural materi- database that uses a controlled vocabulary, such as als in library catalogs4 describes what he viewed as LCSH, can be invaluable when doing research on LCSH shortcomings at that time that related to ethnic ethnic groups, because it can help searchers conduct groups and to other aspects of multiculturalism. searches that are precise and comprehensive. Interestingly, this article notes an inequity in the use Keyword searching is an ineffective way of of the term God in subject headings. When referring conducting ethnic studies research because so many to the Christian God, there was no qualification by individual ethnic groups are known by so many differ- religion after the term. but for other religions there ent names. Take the Mohawk lndians for example. was. For example the heading God-History of They are also known as the Canienga Indians, the doctrines is a heading for Christian works, and God Caughnawaga Indians, the Kaniakehaka Indians, (Judaism)-History of doctrines for works on Juda- the Mohaqu Indians, the Saint Regis Indians, and ism.
    [Show full text]
  • Intergroup Relations Between Blacks and Latinos in Philadelphia, 1950S to 1980S
    “THE BATTLE FOR HARMONY”: INTERGROUP RELATIONS BETWEEN BLACKS AND LATINOS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1950S TO 1980S by Alyssa M. Ribeiro BS, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Alyssa M. Ribeiro It was defended on March 18, 2013 and approved by Laurence Glasco, Associate Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Associate Professor, Department of History Rob Ruck, Professor, Department of History Joe W. Trotter, Professor, Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University Dissertation Advisor: Edward K. Muller, Professor, Department of History ii Copyright © by Alyssa M. Ribeiro 2013 iii “THE BATTLE FOR HARMONY”: INTERGROUP RELATIONS BETWEEN BLACKS AND LATINOS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1950S TO 1980S Alyssa M. Ribeiro, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 This dissertation is a case study that explores black and Latino relations in North Philadelphia neighborhoods from the 1950s through the 1980s. It draws upon community organization records, local government documents, newspapers, and oral histories. In the fifties and sixties, scarce housing, language barriers, Puerto Ricans’ ambiguous racial identity, and slow adaptation by local institutions contributed to racial tension and social segregation. But from the late sixties through the late seventies, black-Latino relationships markedly improved. During this crucial decade, blacks and Latinos increasingly drew upon their shared circumstances to form strategic alliances. They used grassroots organizing to pressure existing institutions, focusing on basic issues like schools, housing, and police.
    [Show full text]
  • The Best of the West
    THE quarto No. 52 THE CLEMENTS LIBRARY ASSOCIATES Winter-Spring 2020 The Best of the West or nearly a century the Clements tory, African American history, travel, considerable strength here, has been Library has been mounting exhi- caricature, Detroit’s tercentenary – while western Americana. Looking back bitions and issuing publications continuing to showcase our printed and through my files on our exhibitions, based on our collections. In the 1920s manuscript American Revolution trea- issues of The Quarto, and our Fand ’30s, under first director Randolph sures. In recent years we’ve offered visi- Occasional Bulletin series, I come away G. Adams, we concentrated on publiciz- tors and readers a varied menu of topics, with the impression that we’ve neglect- ing our greatest area of collecting from the War of 1812 to education, ed the trans-Mississippi West in telling strength, manuscripts relating to the era sports to “friends in fur and feathers,” the world about the Library. In 1946 we of the American Revolution. Our scope the Civil War to the West Indies. The published Fifty Texas Rarities, a catalog gradually expanded to other concentra- result, as our Clements Library prede- of an exhibition of books and pamphlets tions in our holdings, with 1940s and cessors and current staff have hoped, has from the remarkable collection of ’50s exhibits and bulletins on Michigan been that friends and supporters of the Everett D. Graff of Chicago, no doubt history, religion in early America, Library have been able to sample the in an attempt to persuade Mr. Graff to Canadiana, Ohio rarities, maritime histo- extraordinary range of primary sources donate his library to the Clements (the ry, colonial Mexico, and early American available here on American history from Graff Collection, alas, went to his law.
    [Show full text]
  • Migrant Culture Maintenance: the Welsh Experience in Poultney, Rutland County, 1900-1940
    Migrant Culture Maintenance: The Welsh Experience in Poultney, Rutland County, 1900-1940 The Welsh comprised a highly visible ethno-linguistic community in Poultney, based on religion, language, culture, family ties, and participation in the area’s slate industry. BY Robert Llewellyn Tyler he old slate-quarrying town of Poultney is situated on the western border of Rutland County in Vermont. It was chartered by Benning Wentworth on September 21, 1761, and the town was organized on March 8, 1775.1 Poultney had few industries prior to 1800, and the town’s population grew slowly: numbering 1,121 in 1791; 1,950 in 1810; 1,909 in 1830; and 2,329 by 1850. In 1851, Daniel and S. E. Hooker opened the first slate quarry about three miles north of Poultney village and the industry grew rapidly, assisted by the arrival of the railroad in the same year. By 1860, Poultney could boast 16 slate companies employing some 450 workers and, in the words of contem- porary observers, by 1886 the prospects of the town were good: “Since 1875, it is said, the slate business of Poultney has more than doubled in volume, and has also greatly increased in profits. It is comparatively in its infancy yet, however, and if properly developed, will be a source of great wealth to the town.”2 The town drew migrants from across the Atlantic, initially from the countries of the United Kingdom and later from central, southern, and . Robert Llewellyn Tyler is a visiting professor at the University of Wales, New- port. He is the author of The Welsh in an Australian Gold Town (2011) and is pres- ently researching Welsh communities in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Yn Eu Hiaith Eu Hunain' / 'In Their Own Language'
    ‘YN EU HIAITH EU HUNAIN’ / ‘IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE’: THE SETTLEMENT AND ASSIMILATION OF THE WELSH IN IOWA COUNTY, WISCONSIN, 1840-1920 Robert Humphries Submitted to the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter 2012 i ABSTRACT Attracted by opportunities in lead mining and agriculture, the Welsh established a small but influential ethnic community in Iowa County, Wisconsin, in the mid-nineteenth century. However, it is a community that has so far escaped detailed historical study. This dissertation examines the settlement and assimilation of the Welsh between their arrival in the 1840s and the ethnic community’s effective dissipation in the early twentieth century. As Calvinistic Protestants from Britain, they were culturally similar to native- born Americans and other British immigrants. More than any other factor, it was the Welsh language that distinguished them from their neighbours and compelled them to settle close to each other and worship in their own congregations. Therefore this dissertation not only traces the development of the Welsh ethnic community, but also examines the role of language in shaping this process as well as how the immigrants’ perception of their native tongue changed. Although the Welsh went through a process of ‘ethnicization’ that reinforced their distinctive cultural identity, they also embraced mainstream American political and economic values. Indeed, the Welsh projected a public image of themselves as obedient citizens and were eager to assimilate. Rooted in beliefs they brought with them from Wales, these attitudes, as well as demographic change, contributed to the decline of Welsh linguistic and cultural identity in Iowa County in the early twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstream" American Culture
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 128 284 SO 009 411 AUTHOR Krug, Mark TITLE The Melting of the Ethnics: Education of the Immigrants, 1880-1914. Perspectives in American Education. INSTITUTION Phi Delta Kappa, Bloomington, Ind. PUB DAin 76 NOTE 128p.; For related documents, see SO 009 410-414 AVAILABLE FROMPhi Delta Kappa, P.O. Box 789, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 ($5.00 paperback, $4.00 for PDK members) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; *neerican Culture; Biculturalism; Bilingual Education; Cultural Background; *Cultural Pluralism; Educational Philosophy; Elementary Secondary Education; *Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; *Immigrants; Italian Americans; Jews; Minority Groups; Polish Americans; *Public Education; Sociocultural Patterns; Subculture ABSTRACT This book, one in a five-volume series dealing with perspectives in American education, discusses the education of ethnic groups in the United States. The purpose of the series is to create a better understanding of the education process and the relation of education to human welfare. Chapter one discusses multicultural education, examining the concept of the melting pot, the "Americanization" idea, and the theory of cultural pluralism. Chapter two relates the story of three major immigrant groups: Italians, Jews, and Poles. In chapter three ethnic loyalties and affiliations are investigated. Chapter four examines the educational philosophy of Jane Addams, founder of Chicago's Hull House. Public schools and the upward mobility of immigrant children through them is the theme of chapter five. Specifically examined are bilingual edncation programs, curriculum materials dealing with ethnic cultures, how public education did or did not meet the needs of ethnic groups, and the "mainstream" American culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the U.S. Population
    The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities ANTHONY DANIEL PEREZ CHARLES HIRSCHMAN THE RACIAL AND ETHNIC makeup of the American people is in flux. New im- migrants from Asia and Latin America have added a large measure of cultural and phenotypic diversity to the American population in recent decades, just as waves of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe did a century ago (Bean and Stevens 2003; Higham 1988; Lieberson and Waters 1988: Ch. 2; Thompson and Whelpton 1933: Ch. 2). Moreover, the boundaries between ra- cial and ethnic groups are becoming blurred by high rates of intermarriage and the growing number of persons with mixed ancestry (Lee and Bean 2004). Descriptions and projections of the racial and ethnic composition of the American people appear kaleidoscopic, with varied accounts and interpreta- tions. Some commentators anticipate a new melting pot, often labeled as the “browning of America,” characterized by continued blurring of once-distinct racial and ethnic divisions (Rodriguez 2003). This interpretation is consistent with the thesis of the declining significance of race and ethnicity in American society. Others see new racial divisions arising as some immigrant groups are allowed to integrate with an expanded and privileged white population, while other groups are “racialized” as disadvantaged brown and black minorities (Bonilla-Silva and Glover 2004; Golash-Boza 2006). These conflicting ac- counts arise, in part, because of differing ideological presuppositions, but also because racial and ethnic identities are not mutually exclusive or immutable (Barth 1969; Alba 1999). The US Census Bureau recently released population projections showing that non-Hispanic whites will no longer be the majority of the population in 2042 (US Census Bureau 2008b; Roberts 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • America As Idea and Reality in the Context of Welsh Settlement *
    American Studies in Scandinavia, Vol. 19, 1987: 85-91 America as Idea and Reality in the Context of Welsh Settlement * By Elizabeth Rokkan University of Bergen The outbreak of the short-lived Falklands War in 1982, and the sub- sequent involvement of the Welsh Guards regiment in British-Argentine hostilities, reminded the British of a group of settlers in Argentina whose origin is closely related to the history of Welsh settlement in the United States. Considerable disquiet was expressed in the Welsh media at the prospect of a "cousins' war": the possibility that Welshmen from Britain would have to fight Argentinians of Welsh descent. The Welsh National- ist Party (Plaid Cymru) went further: a letter was sent to the Prime Minister (by the Member of Parliament for Caernarfon, Dafydd Wigley), asking her not to send the Welsh Guards to defend the Falklands; and women members of the party appealed to the Argentine government, requesting that Patagonians, whether Spanish- or Welsh-speaking, be , excused from taking part in the hostilities.' The Guards were sent, many of them were killed in action, and in April 1983 their relatives planted hundreds of daffodils, the symbol of Wales, at the memorial cairn on the Falklands.' Later that summer, the prestigious bardic crown was won at the Welsh National Eisteddfod by a woman whose poem was written on the tragedy of Celt fighting Celt in spite of the common bond of their culture and ancestry. The presence of a Welsh colony in Argentina is an interesting, and possibly unique offshoot of the history of 19th century immigration into the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania Magazine of HISTORY and BIOGRAPHY VOLUME CXXXIII
    THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY VOLUME CXXXIII 1300 LOCUST STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 2009 CONTENTS ARTICLES Page The Lancaster County Cholera Epidemic of 1854 and the Challenge to the Miasma Theory of Disease John B. Osborne 5 Reconstructing Philadelphia: African Americans and Politics in the Post–Civil War North Andrew Diemer 29 The Assimilation of German Immigrants into a Pennsylvania German Township, 1840–1900 Robert F. Hueston 59 Pennsylvania, the Militia, and the Second Amendment Nathan R. Kozuskanich 119 Federalist Decline and Despair on the Pennsylvanian Frontier: Hugh Henry Brackenridge’s Modern Chivalry Robert Battistini 149 “I shall speak in Philadelphia”: Emma Goldman and theFree Speech League Bill Lynskey 167 Anxious Hospitality: Indian “Loitering” at Fort Allen, 1756–1761 Daniel Ingram 221 A Common Law of Membership: Expulsion, Regulation, and Civil Society in the Early Republic Kevin Butterfield 255 A Looking-Glass for Presbyterians: Recasting a Prejudice in Late Colonial Pennsylvania Benjamin Bankhurst 317 EXHIBIT REVIEW A Common Canvas Eliza Jane Reilly 277 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS Newly Available and Processed Collections at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Eric Klinek and HSP Archives Staff 89 Political Influence in Philadelphia Judicial Appointments: Abraham L. Freedman’s Account Isador Kranzel, with Eric Klinek 349 Elizabeth Kirkbride Gurney’s Correspondence with Abraham Lincoln: The Quaker Dilemma Max L. Carter 389 REVIEW ESSAYS A Roundtable Discussion of Gary Nash’s The Urban Crucible John M. Murrin, Benjamin L. Carp, Billy G. Smith, Simon Middleton, Richard S. Newman, and Gary B. Nash 397 BOOK REVIEWS 97, 203, 285, 441 INDEX 457 THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA OFFICERS Chair SARAH D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prophetic Burden for Philadelphia’S Catholic Puerto Ricans, 1950-1980
    THE PROPHETIC BURDEN FOR PHILADELPHIA’S CATHOLIC PUERTO RICANS, 1950-1980 ______________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to The Temple University Graduate Board ______________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILSOPHY ______________________________________________________________________ by Adán E. Stevens-Díaz May 2018 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Terry Rey, Advisory Chair, Department of Religion Dr. Nyasha Junior, Department of Religion Dr. Zain Abdullah, Department of Religion Dr. Pablo Vila, Department of Sociology, Temple University © Copyright 2018 by Adán E. Stevens-Díaz All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on lay Catholic ministry to Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia when Frank Rizzo was mayor. Gramsci’s concept of “organic intellectuals” is employed to explain the praxis of the Philadelphia Young Lords, an organization formed in a Puerto Rican neighborhood during the confrontational politics of the 1970s. The dissertation advances previous scholarship on the Young Lords by offering reasons to consider these youthful leaders as lay Catholic advocates of social justice in Philadelphia and describes the role of faith convictions as they pursued social justice in the style of the biblical prophetic burden. Through interviews and textual analysis, the dissertation traces the evolution of lay volunteerism before the Second Vatican Council as foundational to the Young Lords’ application of liberation theology. The Young Lords in Philadelphia also followed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party’s definition of the people’s multiracial identity and the Nationalists’ defense of Catholic principles. Their experiences are inserted into the general history of Philadelphia, a city which Quakers had founded as a cluster of urban villages, producing a distinctive pattern of ethnic enclaves of Philadelphia’s row house neighborhoods.
    [Show full text]