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Fourth Amendment--Requiring Probable Cause for Searches and Seizures Under the Plain View Doctrine Elsie Romero
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 78 Article 3 Issue 4 Winter Winter 1988 Fourth Amendment--Requiring Probable Cause for Searches and Seizures under the Plain View Doctrine Elsie Romero Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Elsie Romero, Fourth Amendment--Requiring Probable Cause for Searches and Seizures under the Plain View Doctrine, 78 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 763 (1987-1988) This Supreme Court Review is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/88/7804-763 THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAw & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 78, No. 4 Copyright @ 1988 by Northwestern University, School of Law Printed in U.S.A. FOURTH AMENDMENT-REQUIRING PROBABLE CAUSE FOR SEARCHES AND SEIZURES UNDER THE PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE Arizona v. Hicks, 107 S. Ct. 1149 (1987). I. INTRODUCTION The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution pro- tects individuals against arbitrary and unreasonable searches and seizures. 1 Fourth amendment protection has repeatedly been found to include a general requirement of a warrant based on probable cause for any search or seizure by a law enforcement agent.2 How- ever, there exist a limited number of "specifically established and -
Drawing a Line Between Terry and Miranda: the Degree and Duration of Restraint Katherine M
Drawing a Line between Terry and Miranda: The Degree and Duration of Restraint Katherine M. Swifit INTRODUCTION A felon answered the door in his underwear. Three police officers and three parole officers were there to search his apartment for a gun on the basis of a tip from his mother.! The police handcuffed him in the hallway outside his apartment, but told him he was not under ar- rest; the handcuffs were for his safety and the safety of the officers. Then they took him inside and asked about the gun, which he told them was in a shoebox on the table. The police never read the suspect his Miranda warnings. Was he "in custody"? Or was this merely a tem- porary detention? Mirandav Arizona' held that police may not interrogate a suspect who has been taken into custody without first issuing the familiar warnings Investigative stops, valid under Terry v Ohio,' are not sub- ject to Miranda's notice requirements.! Courts have not settled on a workable rule for determining custody in Terry stop cases. Part of the problem is that custody cases involve so many factors.! But more im- portant, coercive police behavior that would have required Miranda warnings in 1966 often is deemed reasonable under Terry today. This has led to a circuit split over whether coercive Terry stops constitute Miranda custody. The First, Fourth, and Eighth circuits hold t B.A., BJ. 1998, University of Missouri-Columbia; J.D. 2006, The University of Chicago. I The facts used in this example are drawn from United States v Newton, 369 F3d 659, 663 (2d Cir 2004). -
Daily Hansard 08 March 2017
DAILY YOUR VOICE IN PARLIAMENT THE SECOND MEETING OF THE THIRD SESSION OF THE ELEVENTH PARLIAMENT WEDNESDAY 08 MARCH 2017 MIXED VERSION HANSARD NO. 187 DISCLAIMER Unocial Hansard This transcript of Parliamentary proceedings is an unocial version of the Hansard and may contain inaccuracies. It is hereby published for general purposes only. The nal edited version of the Hansard will be published when available and can be obtained from the Assistant Clerk (Editorial). THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SPEAKER The Hon. Gladys K. T. Kokorwe MP. DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Kagiso P. Molatlhegi, MP Gaborone South Clerk of the National Assembly - Ms B. N. Dithapo Deputy Clerk of the National Assembly - Ms T. Tsiang Learned Parliamentary Counsel - Mr S. Chikanda Assistant Clerk (E) - Mr R. Josiah CABINET His Excellency Lt. Gen. Dr. S. K. I. Khama PH, FOM, - President DCO, DSM, MP. His Honour M. E. K. Masisi, MP. (Moshupa- Vice President Manyana) - Hon. Dr. P. Venson-Moitoi, MP. (Serowe South) - Minister of International Affairs and Cooperation Hon. S. Tsogwane, MP. (Boteti North) - Minister of Local Government and Rural Development Hon. N. E. Molefhi, MP. (Selebi Phikwe East) - Minister of Infrastructure and Housing Development Hon. S. Kgathi, MP. (Bobirwa) - Minister of Defence, Justice and Security Hon. O. K. Mokaila, MP. (Specially Elected) - Minister of Transport and Communications Hon. P. M. Maele, MP. (Lerala - Maunatlala) - Minister of Land Management, Water and Sanitation Services Hon. E. J. Batshu, MP. (Nkange) - Minister of Nationality, Immigration and Gender Affairs Hon. D. K. Makgato, MP. (Sefhare - Ramokgonami) - Minister of Health and Wellness Minister of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation and Hon. -
11 GEO VI 1947 No 16 Magistrates' Courts
122 1947, No. 16] Magistrates' Courts [11 GEO. VI NEW ZEALAND ANALYSIS Title. MisceZlaneous Provisi0n8 as to 1. Short Title. Commencement. Officers 2. Interpretation. 18. Penalty for assaulting officers. 19. Misconduct of officers. 20. Officers of Court not to act as PART I solicitors therein. CONSTITUTION AND ADMINISTRATION Sittings Magistrates' Coorls 21. Place of sittings. 3. Courts constituted. 22. Times of sittings. 4. Exercise of civil or criminal 23. Adjourned sittings. jurisdiction in Courts appointed. Magistrartes PART II 5. Appointment and qualifications. CRIMINAL JURISDICTION 6. Salaries and allowances. 24. Criminal jurisdiction. 7. 'fenure of office. 25. J u r i sdi c t ion as to fugitive 8. E(1! officio functions of Magis offenders. trates. 26. Informations and complaints 9. Magisterial districts. to be filed in nearest Court. 10. Acting Magistrates. 27. Place of hearing of informa 11. Provision as to Magistrate in tions and complaints. Chatham Islwnds. 28. Criminal Record Book. Registrars 12. Appointment of Registrar. 13. Record of proceedings to be PART III kept by Registrar. 14. D"puty R,egistrars. CIVIL JURISDICTION AND TRANSFER OF PROCEEDINGS Bailiffs Aoti01l8 of Contraot and Tort 15. Appointment of bailiffs. 29. General jurisdiction in actions 16. Deputy bailiffs. on contract and tort. 17. Powers and duties of bailiffs. 30. Money recoverable by statute. 11 GEO. VI] Ma.gistra:tes' 001ll/'ts [1947, No. 16 123 31. J u r i sdi c t ion in actions for 55. Examination of wit n e s s e s recovery of land. abroad. 32. Landlord's right where ~ent 56. Persons who may take affidaVIts, is in arrear or prelIU8eS &c. -
Reasonable Suspicion and Mere Hunches
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 59 Issue 2 Article 3 3-2006 Reasonable Suspicion and Mere Hunches Craig S. Lerner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Craig S. Lerner, Reasonable Suspicion and Mere Hunches, 59 Vanderbilt Law Review 407 (2019) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol59/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reasonable Suspicion and Mere Hunches Craig S. Lerner 59 Vand. L. Rev. 407 (2006) In Terry v. Ohio, Earl Warren held that police officers could temporarily detain a suspect, provided that they relied upon "specific, reasonable inferences," and not simply upon an "inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch."' Since Terry, courts have strained to distinguish "reasonablesuspicion," which is said to arise from the cool analysis of objective and particularized facts, from "mere hunches," which are said to be subjective, generalized, unreasoned and therefore unreliable. Yet this dichotomy between facts and intuitions is built on sand. Emotions and intuitions are not obstacles to reason, but indispensable heuristic devices that allow people to process diffuse, complex information about their environment and make sense of the world. The legal rules governing police conduct are thus premised on a mistaken assumption about human cognition. This Article argues that the legal system can defer, to some extent, to police officers' intuitions without undermining meaningful protections against law enforcement overreaching. -
Doing Talmud: an Ethnographic Study in a Religious High School in Israel
Doing Talmud: An Ethnographic Study in a Religious High School in Israel Thesis submitted for the degree of “Doctor of Philosophy” by Aliza Segal Submitted to the Senate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem May 2011 Iyyar 5771 This work was carried out under the supervision of: Prof. Marc Hirshman Dr. Zvi Bekerman Acknowledgements If an apt metaphor for the completion of a dissertation is the birthing of a child, then indeed it takes a village to write a dissertation. I am fortunate that my village is populated with insightful, supportive and sometimes even heroic people, who have made the experience not only possible but also enriching and enjoyable. My debt of gratitude to these villagers looms large, and I would like to offer a few small words of thanks. To my advisors, Dr. Zvi Bekerman and Professor Menachem (Marc) Hirshman, for their generosity with time, insight, expertise, and caring. I have been working with Zvi since my MA thesis, and he has shaped my world view not only as a researcher but also as an individual. His astute and lightening-speed comments on everything I have ever sent him to read have pushed me forwards at every stage of my work, and it is with great joy that I note that I have never left his office without something new to read. Menachem has brought his keen eye and sharp wit to the project, and from the beginning has been able to see the end. His attention to the relationship between structure and content has informed my work as both a writer and a reader. -
Guide to the Civil Justice Statistics Quarterly
Guide to Civil Justice Statistics Quarterly Published: June 2017 1 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 3 2. Background Court Information ........................................................... 4 Civil (non-family) County Court System .................................................................. 4 Judicial Reviews at Administrative Court ................................................................ 9 3. Data Sources and Data Quality ....................................................... 11 Revisions ................................................................................................................ 13 4. Civil Court level data (CSV) Information .......................................... 14 5. Case Level Judicial Review Data (CSV) Information ....................... 24 6. Glossary .......................................................................................... 26 7. Useful Publications .......................................................................... 29 8. Contact details ................................................................................. 30 2 1. Introduction This document provides a guide to the Civil Justice Statistics Quarterly bulletin, focusing on concepts and definitions given in the publication and information relating to the revision policies, data sources, quality and dissemination. The Civil Justice statistical bulletin covers three key areas of civil and administrative justice: County court -
The Republic of Botswana Second and Third Report To
THE REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA SECOND AND THIRD REPORT TO THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS (ACHPR) IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS 2015 1 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PART I. a. Abbreviations b. Introduction c. Methodology and Consultation Process II. PART II. A. General Information - B. Laws, policies and (institutional) mechanisms for human rights C. Follow-up to the 2010 Concluding observations D. Obstacles to the exercise and enjoyment of the rights and liberties enshrined in the African Charter: III. PART III A. Areas where Botswana has made significant progress in the realization of the rights and liberties enshrined in the African Charter a. Article 2, 3 and 19 (Non-discrimination and Equality) b. Article 7 & 26 (Fair trial, Independence of the Judiciary) c. Article 10 (Right to association) d. Article 14 (Property) e. Article 16 (Health) f. Article 17 (Education) g. Article 24 (Environment) B. Areas where some progress has been made by Botswana in the realization of the rights and liberties enshrined in the African Charter a. Article 1er (implementation of the provisions of the African Charter) b. Article 4 (Life and Integrity of the person) c. Article 5 (Human dignity/Torture) d. Article 9 (Freedom of Information) e. Article 11 (Freedom of Assembly) f. Article 12 (Freedom of movement) g. Article 13 (participation to public affairs) h. Article 15 (Work) i. Article 18 (Family) j. Article 20 (Right to existence) k. Article 21 (Right to freely dispose of wealth and natural resources) 2 | P a g e C. -
San Marcos Police Department
SAN MARCOS POLICE DEPARTMENT Policy 7.1 Constitutional Safeguards Effective Date: September 6, 2019 Replaces: GO 206, 207, 208 Approved: ______________________________________ Chief of Police Reference: TBP: 7.04 I. POLICY The federal and state constitutions guarantee every person certain safeguards from unreasonable government intrusion into their lives. These safeguards have become the cornerstone for the application of criminal justice in America. The department expects officers to observe constitutional safeguards. The department further expects that officers understand the limits and prerogatives of their authority to act. Respect for the civil liberties of all persons shall be the paramount concern in all enforcement matters. II. PURPOSE The purpose of this policy is to define the legally mandated authority for the enforcement of laws; to establish procedures for ensuring compliance with constitutional requirements during criminal investigations; to set forth guidelines concerning the use of discretion by officers; and to define the authority, guidelines, and the circumstances under which officers should exercise alternatives to arrests and pretrial confinement. III. THREE LEVELS OF ENCOUNTERS There are only three levels of encounters between civilians and police officers: consensual encounters, temporary detentions, and arrests. Detentions and arrests are considered seizures of the person for purposes of constitutional analysis. In order to be lawful a consensual encounter must be voluntary as seen through the eyes of a reasonable person. In other words, if a reasonable person would not believe he or she could simply walk away from the encounter, then the encounter shall be considered a seizure by the courts. In order to be lawful a temporary detention must be based upon reasonable suspicion, i.e. -
Warrant of Committal to Prison in The
Warrant of Committal to prison In the Between County Court Applicant Claim No. Petitioner and Warrant No. Respondent Defendant Seal To GGG the District Judge and Bailiffs of the Court GGG every constable within his jurisdiction (1) (1) Name of Prison GGG the Governor (of Her Majesty’s Prison at) (2) Name and On the day of [19 ][20 ] , (3) address of person to be (enter name of judge) has ordered that (2) committed. of (3) (4) (4) Where the should be committed to Prison (detained under Section 9(1) Criminal Justice Act 1982) for person to be committed is a period of (5) aged less than 21 years and at least 18 delete all references to prison You the District Judge and Bailiff are therefore required forthwith to arrest and deliver otherwise (2) delete reference to Sec 9(1)CJA to (Her Majesty’s Prison at) (1) And you, the Governor, are required to receive and keep (2) (5) State term of imprisonment safely (in prison) from the arrest under this warrant for a period of (5) or until lawfully discharged, if sooner. (6) Add if so (6) [ And, as the court by order dated dispensed with service of the notice of ordered otherwise delete application for a committal order, It is ordered that you, the Governor, bring (2) before a judge of this court at such time and place as the court shall specify and afterwards, return him to the prison unless the court orders his discharge.] Date I arrested the person named in this warrant on (date) and delivered him into the custody of the Governor (of Her Majesty’s Prison) at (1) on (date) Bailiff of the County Court The Court Office is open from 10am to 4pm Monday to Friday Address all communications to the Court Manager and quote the above claim number. -
Judging the Epidemic: a Judicial Handbook on HIV, Human Rights
Judging the epidemic A judicial handbook on HIV, human rights and the law UNAIDS / JC2497E (English original, May 2013) ISBN 978-92-9253-025-9 Copyright © 2013. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Information Production Unit. Reproduction of graphs, charts, maps and partial text is granted for educational, not-for-profit and commercial purposes as long as proper credit is granted to UNAIDS: UNAIDS + year. For photos, credit must appear as: UNAIDS/name of photographer + year. Reproduction permission or translation-related requests—whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution—should be addressed to the Information Production Unit by e-mail at: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNAIDS does not warrant that the information published in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Unless otherwise indicated photographs used in this document are used for illustrative purposes only. Unless indicated, any person depicted in the document is a “model”, and use of the photograph does not indicate endorsement by the model of the content of this document nor is there any relation between the model and any of the topics covered in this document. -
IN the HIGH COURT of BOTSWANA HELD at LOBATSE Misca. No. 52
IN THE HIGH COURT OF BOTSWANA HELD AT LOBATSE Misca. No. 52 of 2002 In the matter between: ROY SESANA 1st Applicant KEIWA SETLHOBOGWA AND OTHERS 2nd & further Applicants and THE ATTORNEY GENERAL (in his Respondent capacity as Recognized agent of the Government of the Republic of Botswana) Mr. G. Bennett for the Applicants Mr. S. T. Pilane with him Mr. L. D. Molodi for the Respondent J U D G M E N T CORAM: Hon. Mr. Justice M. Dibotelo Hon. Justice U. Dow Hon. Mr. Justice M. P. Phumaphi M. DIBOTELO, J.: 1. On the 19 February 2002, the Applicants filed an urgent application on notice of motion seeking at paragraphs 2 and 3 thereof an order declaring, inter alia, that: “2 (a) The termination by the Government with effect from 31 January 2002 of the following basic and essential services to the Applicants in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) (namely) – i. the provision of drinking water on a weekly basis; ii. the maintenance of the supply of borehole water; iii. the provision of rations to registered destitutes; iv. the provision of rations for registered orphans; v. the provision of transport for the Applicants’ children to and from school; vi. the provision of healthcare to the Applicants through mobile clinics and ambulance services is unlawful and unconstitutional; 2. the Government is obliged to: (i) restore to the Applicants the basic and essential services that it terminated with effect from 31 January 2002; and (ii) continue to provide to the Applicants the basic and essential services that it had been providing to them immediately prior to the termination of the provision of these services; (c) those Applicants, whom the Government forcibly removed from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) after the termination of the provision to them of the basic and essential services referred to above, have been unlawfully despoiled of their possession of the land which they lawfully occupied in their settlements in the CKGR, and should immediately be restored to their possession of that land.