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Assessment of Wedge and Flare Designs of Shoes on Basketball Movements

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Assessment of Wedge and Flare Designs of Shoes on Basketball Movements ASSESSMENT OF WEDGE AND FLARE DESIGNS OF SHOES ON BASKETBALL MOVEMENTS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Dale Sang Hyun Kim In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master in Industrial Design in the College of Architecture Georgia Institute of Technology December 2010 COPYRIGHT 2010 BY DALE KIM ASSESSMENT OF WEDGE AND FLARE DESIGNS OF SHOES ON BASKETBALL MOVEMENTS Approved by: Dr. Stephen Sprigle, Advisor School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Géza Kogler School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Randy Bernard School of Industrial Design Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: August 27, 2010 “Don’t measure yourself by what you have accomplished, but what you should have accomplished with your ability.” – John Wooden ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to graciously thank my entire thesis committee – Dr. Stephen Sprigle, Dr. Geza Kogler, Randy Bernard and Craig Nelson. Thank you for taking time to help me understand the science behind shoes, conducting research and keeping me on task. I appreciate Dr. Kogler’s invitations to his hands-on lectures to help me better understand orthotics and its construction techniques. I am especially thankful to Craig, who had generously donated many shoes and related materials to me so I could complete this thesis. I would like to also extend a big thank you to Dr. Boris Prilutsky and Brad Farrell for answering many questions concerning motion analysis equipment and granting me access to the biomechanics laboratory. Thank you to Rob MacDonald for providing me shoe construction materials. Finally, I would like to thank the entire crew at the IMAGINE Lab – Tolek Lesniewski, Racel Williams, Jonathan Shaw and Matt Swarts for a myriad of technical support and my GRA. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM .................................................................................................. 1 SPECIFIC AIMS OF THE STUDY ....................................................................... 3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY........................................................................ 4 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND RESEARCH ................................................................... 6 ETIOLOGY OF ANKLE SPRAINS ...................................................................... 6 BIOMECHANICS OF LIGAMENTS .................................................................... 8 PRIOR ART ............................................................................................................ 9 PATENT SEARCH .............................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 3: FLARE AND WEDGE ............................................................................. 17 THEORY .............................................................................................................. 17 DESIGN CRITERIA OVERVIEW ...................................................................... 19 WHICH FOOT MOVEMENTS CAUSE THE MOST INJURIES? .............. 19 WHICH ATHLETIC TASKS AND SKILLS ARE MOST CRITICAL IN TERMS OF SUCCESSFUL PLAY OR INJURY? ........................................ 20 WHAT MUST THE SHOE DO TO MINIMIZE STRESS, AND HOW DOES IT ACHIEVE IT WITHOUT PERTURBING OTHER MOVEMENTS? ..... 22 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................ 23 HYPOTHESES ..................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 26 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ................................................................................ 26 v INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA .............................................. 26 DESCRIPTION OF BASKETBALL MOVEMENTS ................................... 26 EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................................... 28 SHOE CONDITIONS AND MATERIALS ................................................... 28 MOTION CAPTURE SYSTEM..................................................................... 32 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 34 KINEMATIC AND PERFORMANCE METRICS ....................................... 35 RUNNING ...................................................................................................... 36 CUTTING ....................................................................................................... 36 JUMP TAKEOFF ........................................................................................... 36 JUMP LANDING ........................................................................................... 37 QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS .................................................................................................. 39 SUBJECTS ........................................................................................................... 39 PILOT STUDY ..................................................................................................... 39 OBJECTIVE PARAMETERS .............................................................................. 42 SUBJECTIVE PARAMETERS............................................................................ 48 IMPAIRMENT, STABILITY AND COMFORT........................................... 49 RUNNING, CUTTING, JUMP TAKEOFF AND JUMP LANDING ........... 51 RESULTS OF THE HYPOTHESES .................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 56 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY........................................................................ 56 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 56 RUNNING AND TIME TO SPRINT................................................................... 58 CUTTING ............................................................................................................. 60 JUMP TAKEOFF AND JUMP HEIGHT ............................................................. 60 JUMP LANDING AND STABILITY .................................................................. 64 vi CHAPTER 7: NEXT ITERATION OF DESIGN ............................................................ 67 DESIGN GOALS.................................................................................................. 67 DESIGN CRITERIA OF FLARE IN RELATION TO SHOE CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 67 NEW DESIGN CONCEPTS ................................................................................ 74 CONCEPT 1 RENDERING ........................................................................... 78 TESTING PROCEDURES ................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX A: CONSENT FORM .................................................................................. 82 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 86 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Mechanical Properties of the ATF and CFL [65] ................................................. 9 Table 2. Athletic Tasks and Maneuvers in Basketball ...................................................... 21 Table 3. Frontal Plane Kinematics of Sports Movements [172] ....................................... 21 Table 4. Description of Shoe Conditions .......................................................................... 29 Table 5. Mass (g) of Men’s Size 9, 10 and 11 Shoe Conditions....................................... 31 Table 6. Reflective Marker Locations .............................................................................. 32 Table 7. Kinematic Metrics ............................................................................................... 35 Table 8. Performance Metrics ........................................................................................... 36 Table 9. Anthropometric Data of the Subjects (n = 9, all males) ..................................... 39 Table 10. Pilot Study – Inversion Rate at Cutting ............................................................ 40 Table 11. Pilot Study - Rearfoot Angle at Impact at Jump Landing ................................. 41 Table 12. Pilot Study – Eversion Rate at Jump Landing .................................................. 41 Table 13. Running – Max Inversion Rate (p = 0.105) ...................................................... 46 Table 14. Running – Time to Run (p = 0.232) ................................................................. 46 Table 15. Jump Takeoff – Inversion Rate (p = 0.001) .....................................................
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