DOCSLIB.ORG

The Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association THE FRASER VALLEY MILK PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION: SUCCESSFUL COOPERATIVE by Morag Elizabeth Maclachlan B.Ed, (sec), The University of British Columbia, 1964 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ••' April , 1972; In presenting this thesis in partial fuIfilment,of . the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada FRASER VALLEY MILK PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION SUCCESSFUL COOPERATIVE In 1913 thirty dairy farmers formed the Fraser Valley Milk Producers Association, an organization which began operation in 1917 and became one of the most successful cooperatives in North America. The compact nature of the Fraser Valley was a geographic advantage which laid the basis for the success of the Association. The river itself, the railway and the roads which were built slowly and at great cost, provided transportation which unified the Valley. The insatiable Cariboo markets enabled pioneer farmers to become well established. The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway opened wider markets which dairymen were able to.take advantage of after the creameries became established. The phenomenal growth of Vancouver in the first decade of.the twentieth century provided a fluid market which was more lucrative.. This market became accessible to farmers as far away as the Chilliwack Valley when the B.C. Electric Railway line was completed in 19/10. Intense competition on the fluid market and some of the practices of milk dealers forced the farmers to unite in order to achieve orderly marketing. The thirty men who initiated the organization in 1913 were, on the whole, prosperous, ambitious men in the prime of life, who believed that the fertile land of the Fraser Valley could provide wealth just as the river had given- up gold to the first comers. Most of them had been engaged in farmers' associations or cooperative ventures and it was on the solid foundation of these groups that the i V - Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association began.- It was a merging of established cooperatives rather than a newly created organization. The Association began operation during a period of war-time prosperity. Its outstanding initial success convinced many in the Valley of the value of the Cooperative. This laid the basis for the strong loyalty of the membership which, along with firm and able leadership, contributed to the success of the F.V.M.P.A. When orderly marketing could not be achieved through voluntary action, the Cooperative members attempted to gain marketing legislation which would equalize the returns from the fluid market. The Dairy Products Sales Adjustment Act was in effect throughout 1930. During this time Cooperative members received better returns than previously. This strengthened the loyalty of the membership as the struggle to gain legislation continued. Geographic advantage, the high quality of the leadership and the strong loyalty of the membership help to explain the success of the Cooperative, but the effect of that success is also worth consideration. The Association controlled production of the milk shipped by its members, preventing a surplus on the fluid market through the establishment of manufacturing plants. The many bitter battles fought in the Valley were between the Cooperative, which struggled to'retain for its members the advantages of the stable market their joint action had created, and those who sought to gain control of the fluid market, but who, in the name of free enterprise, refused to share the cost of stabilizing it. The dramatic struggle culminated with the passage of the Milk Industry Act in 1956, but the fact that the Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association had survived, prevented complete disruption of the milk market through the long, difficult years and made the impact, of the V ; depression, severe though it was, less disastrous than it might otherwise have been. Though it'protected some.who were running' uneconomic farms, the Cooperative enabled many to adapt to the constant demands for steadily increasing efficiency as agriculture developed rapidly from bush farming to a complex agro-industry. The cooperative nature of the Association and the structure of the organization with its locals, and its central directorate elected by the membership, gave a grass roots.control which involved every member in decision making (but did not prevent control over the membership by skilful leaders) and thus absorbed some of the unrest created by adverse economic conditions and prevented alienation to a considerable extent. Many in the Valley had reason to be proud of the success of the Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association: many more to be grateful for it. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My special thanks to my family who suffered without complaint, to Professor Robert Walton for suggesting that it's never too late to learn, to Professor Charles Humphries for making local h i story come a 1i ve to Professor Margaret Ormsby for her sound advice, for her willing help, but most of al1 for her lively interest, to Jim Vickers for the map, to Douglas MacPhail for copying and printing the photographs, to Rita Rosbergen for the typing, to al1 the Valley people who were wi111ng to share thei r experiences or to make available materials, but most of all to the members of the Cooperative to whom this work is respectfully dedicated. vi i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT . ... • . .. ... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................ vi L I ST OF I LLUSTRATI ONS. v i i i INTRODUCTION. ............ 1 Chapter I . MARKETS FOR MILK 7 II. THE BIRTH OF THE ASSOCIATION 30 III. THE FARMERS IN BUSINESS • . 50 IV. COOPERATION ....... 62 V. COMPULSION 75 VI . CONTROL . • 110 VII. THE FRASER VALLEY MILK PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION: SUCCESSFUL COOPERATIVE ... 141 APPENDICES A. The First Farms . 214 B. The First Charter. 219 C. The First Members 221 D. Background of the First Members . 1 . ' 278 E. The Directors 279 F. The Presidents and General Managers. 280 BIBLIOGRAPHY 290 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Map ... ix Crystal Dairy Pamphlet. ... ..... 120a E.D. Barrow • 281 John W. Berry. • . 282 Wi 11 iam J. Park . 283 The Mi lk Twins . '. 284 Edenbank Creamery Company Limited . ... 285 The Manufacturing Plants 286 The C ity Plants 287 The Rigs ........ • 288 The Trucks 289 X INTRODUCTION I High in the Rockies, tiny mountain creeks, born of melting snow and drizzly rain, merge with the mi 1ky streams dripping off glaciers to form rivers which drop in all directions searching for the sea. One of these -rivers, the Fraser, named after the first white man to explore ., *' it, rises in the central Rockies, and slips northwest for nearly two hundred miles until it changes direction, swinging in a wide arc. Joined by the Nechako, which spills down from coast mountains to the west, and sixty miles later, by the Quesnel which rises in the Cariboo Mountains to the east, the river flows south over plateau country forested with spruce and jack pine. The current is swift, but the river runs smoothly, muddying itself with soil cut from the defenseless banks. Ahead are the coast mountains, young, jagged giants which lie paralle to the northwest coast. The climate becomes much drier as the river moves into the rain shadow of the massive range. The spruce disappear, the jack pine become scraggly and thin out, giving way to grass and sage-brush and the country becomes more rugged as the mountains close in, savagely pinching the muddy flow, or as a sharp drop in the plateau sends the water tumbling and boiling in furious rapids. But there is still much open country. From the west flows the Chilcotin, twisting through the gently rolling hills on its way to the main stream. For eighty or ninety miles the river travels through open range land, part of an island in a sea of mountains. It passes the Camelsfoot Range to the west and Fountain Ridge to.the east. But it is not until after the clear waters of the Thompson are swallowed by the muddy Fraser that the southerly path of the river is blocked by the massive barrier of coast mountains lying in a jumbled heap across its path. The river, relentless, forces its way through the implacable rock, vengefully cutting a deep: canyon. The country is wild and forbidding. The pine appear again, taller and greener, but the mountains cast deep shadows and the sombre colors, gloomy in the rain, lighten and fade, but do not soften in the harsh summer sun. The steep cliffs, the sound of the angry water, the gloom and the glare, all accentuate the fierce struggle between the wounded rock and the turbulent, imprisoned river. Eventually the Fraser breaks through its mountain barrier, swings west to find-release in the coastal valley it has formed, and empties into the Strait of Georgia. The lower valley is lush and green, and in contrast to the wild canyon, almost gentle in appearance. Open to the west winds from the Pacific, it receives the heavy rainfall necessary to produce the dense jungle which covered the valley until the settler and the logger cleared the thick underbrush and felled the giant fir and cedar. The country was bare of trees only where the Fraser, laying down mud in annual flooding, or leaving its bed for anew course, had formed "prairies," or where the slackening current had released silt to form deltas.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physiography Geology
    BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES HON. W. K. KIERNAN, Minister P. J. MULCAHY, Deputy Minister NOTES ON PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF (Bli BRITISH COLUMBIA b OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENT VICTCRIA, B.C. 1961 PHYSIOGRAPHY Physiographic divisions and names are established by the Geographic Board of Canada. Recently H. S. Bostock, of the Geological Survey of Canada, studied the physiography of the northern Cordilleran region; his report and maps are published CI I c Fig. 1. Rglief map of British Columbia. in Memoir 247 of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa. The divisions shown on the accompanying sketch, Figure 2, and the nomenclature used in the text are those proposed by Bostock. Most of the Province of British Columbia lies within the region of mountains and plateaus, the Cordillera of Western Canada, that forms the western border of the North American Continent. The extreme northeastern comer of the Province, lying east of the Cordillera, is part of the Great Plains region. The Rocky Mountain Area extends along the eastern boundary of the Province for a distance of 400 miles, and continues northwestward for an additional 500 miles entirely within the Province. The high, rugged Rocky Mountains, averaging about 50 miles in width, are flanked on the west by a remarkably long and straight valley, known as the Rocky Mountain Trench, and occupied from south to north by the Kootenay, Columbia, Canoe, Fraser, Parsnip, Finlay, Fox, and Kechika Rivers. Of these, the first four flow into the Pacific Ocean and the second four join the Mackenzie River to flow ultimately into the Arctic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Likely, Wells Barkerville
    Wells/Barkerville to Likely Likely to wells/barkerville LIKELY, WELLS FROM BARKERVILLE... On Hwy.#26 between Wells and FROM likely... The Likely Road turning from Hwy.#97 at and Barkerville is the turn-off to Bowron Lakes Provincial Park that 150 Mile House ends at Likely after the Likely bridge, becom- includes the Matthew Valley 3100 Road to Likely. ing the Keithley Creek Road which turns to gravel at Poquette Site A 0km A right turn at Site A takes you to the brightly Pass. You will see a brightly coloured kiosk. coloured Wells kiosk where you stay on the 3100 Road to Likely. Site 1 0km The historic Lyne’s Cabin is at the first site that BARKERVILLE You will travel beside Pleasant Valley Creek in a lush meadow intersects with Spanish Lake Road. Continue on Keithley BC Canada and then stoney outwashes just before the next site. Road, passing Poquette Lake on your left. The road winds Site B 7.3km You will cross meandering creeks before the down into the Cariboo River Valley, passing two old log 3100 Road travels through Cunningham Pass. Whiskey Flats Rec homes before climbing a series of small hills. A side trip to the Site will appear in a grassy meadow on your right. Cariboo River Falls is available 2 km’s past Kangaroo Creek Site C 13.6km The X Road, a narrow ATV trail over Yanks Road, (15 km marker), on a 2 km lane to your right. Peak to Keithley, intersects here. As you descend into Tinsdale Site 2 1km Turn right from Keithley Road onto the Creek Valley you pass an old sawmill, logging roads, and at the Cariboo Lake Road and cross the Cariboo River again.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Cariboo Gold Rush Is Kept Alive in a Town Called Barkerville
    Canada's Cariboo Gold Rush is kept alive in a town called Barkerville SOURCE: The Washington Post By Julia Duin Published July 16, 2019 Back in the 19th century, people were three years and 237 miles later at the Fraser crazy about hunting for gold. They traveled all River settlement of Quesnel. over North America — in “gold rushes” toward the latest find. Ordinary people quickly Communities sprang up along the way. became miners, and their desire for the There are still towns named for the distance precious metal was so strong, it had a name: they are from Lillooet: “70 Mile House,” “100 gold rush fever. Mile House” and “150 Mile House.” The “house” was a roadhouse where travelers The most famous gold rushes were in could get lodging and food. At 150 Mile House, California (1848) and the Klondike region in one can stop at a restored 1896 schoolhouse northwestern Canada near Alaska (1896). But that was cutting edge for its time with a cloak there was also the Cariboo Gold Rush (1858) room, a barrel stove and separate outhouses, along the Fraser River Valley, just north of or outdoor bathrooms, for boys and girls. present-day Vancouver, British Columbia. The biggest stash of gold was in the An estimated 30,000 Americans left wilderness east of Quesnel at a spot called California’s Gold Rush to chase their fortune in Barkerville (named after British prospector the area. As miners and settlers made their Billy Barker), some 4,300 feet up on the way up the Fraser River looking for more gold western edge of the Cariboo Mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archive of Place 00Front.Qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page Ii
    00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page i The Archive of Place 00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page ii The Nature | History | Society series is devoted to the publication of high-quality scholarship in environmental history and allied fields. Its broad compass is signalled by its title: nature because it takes the natural world seriously; history because it aims to foster work that has temporal depth; and society because its essential concern is with the interface between nature and society, broadly conceived. The series is avowedly interdisciplinary and is open to the work of anthropologists, ecologists, historians, geographers, literary scholars, political scientists, sociologists, and others whose interests resonate with its mandate. It offers a timely outlet for lively, innovative, and well-written work on the interaction of people and nature through time in North America. General Editor: Graeme Wynn, University of British Columbia Claire Elizabeth Campbell, Shaped by the West Wind: Nature and History Tina Loo, States of Nature: Conserving Canada’s Wildlife in the Twentieth Century Jamie Benidickson, The Culture of Flushing: A Social and Legal History of Sewage John Sandlos, Hunters at the Margin: Native People and Wildlife Conservation in the Northwest Territories James Murton, Creating a Modern Countryside: Liberalism and Land Resettlement in British Columbia 00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page iii The Archive of Place Unearthing the Pasts of the Chilcotin Plateau . UBC Press • Vancouver • Toronto 00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page iv © UBC Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), www.accesscopyright.ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Change in the Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Canada (1952–2005)” by M
    The Cryosphere Discuss., 8, C2043–C2049, 2014 Open Access www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/8/C2043/2014/ The Cryosphere TCD © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under Discussions the Creative Commons Attribute 3.0 License. 8, C2043–C2049, 2014 Interactive Comment Interactive comment on “Glacier change in the Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Canada (1952–2005)” by M. J. Beedle et al. C. DeBeer (Referee) [email protected] Received and published: 11 October 2014 General Comments This manuscript presents an analysis of changes in area for a subset of 33 glaciers Full Screen / Esc within the Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, over the period 1952–2005 and sev- eral shorter sub-periods within (1952–1985 and 1985–2005, as well as the additional Printer-friendly Version sub-periods of 1952–1970 and 1970–1985 for 26 of these glaciers). The analysis is based on a comparison of glacier extents derived manually from digital aerial photos, Interactive Discussion providing higher confidence in the assessment of changes in comparison to changes derived from lower resolution satellite imagery. Photogrammetric techniques are used Discussion Paper to measure the surface elevation changes for a subset of seven of these glaciers over the periods 1952–1985, 1985–2005, and 1952–2005. A rigorous assessment of the er- C2043 ror associated with both area and surface elevation changes is provided. Net changes are then scaled up to the entire population of Cariboo Mountains glaciers based on TCD 2005 glacier inventory characteristics from the study by Bolch et al. (2010). An assess- 8, C2043–C2049, 2014 ment of regional climatic variations over the entire period is provided and insights are drawn on how these variations may relate to the observed patterns of glacier changes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cariboo and Monashee Ranges of British Columbia: an Alpinist’S Guide
    1 THE CARIBOO AND MONASHEE RANGES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: AN ALPINIST’S GUIDE by EARLE R. WHIPPLE Even today, British Columbia is still a wilderness of mountains, valleys, glaciers, forest and plateau. The Columbia Mountains (Interior Ranges; which include the Cariboo and Monashee Ranges) lie within British Columbia, west of the Canadian Rockies and the southern Alberta-British Columbia border. This guide describes the access and mountaineering in these two ranges. Aside from parts of the Coast Range and the northern Rockies, the Cariboo and Monashee Ranges are the most isolated in B.C. However, if one listens to the helicopters from the lodges in these ranges, when camped there, one may question this. Large, active glaciers (now in retreat) with spectacular icefalls exist in the mountains of the western part of the Halvorson Group, the northern Wells Gray Group, the Premier Ranges, the Dominion Group and northern Scrip Range; there is climbing on rock, snow and ice, and routes for those climbers wishing easy, relaxing climbing in beautiful scenery. Good rock climbing on gneiss is in the southern Gold Range and Mt. Begbie in the north. There are also locales offering fine hiking on trails or alpine meadows (Halvorson Group, southern Wells Gray Group, southern Scrip Range, and the Shuswap Group), and backpacking traverses have been worked out through the Halvorson and Dominion Groups, the Scrip Range and the Gold Range. Beautiful lake districts exist in the northern Cariboos, and the Monashees. The area covered by this book starts northwest of the town of McBride, on Highway 16, southeast of Prince George, and extends south to near the border with the U.S.A., staying within the great bend of the Fraser River, and then west of Canoe Reach (lake; formerly Canoe River) and just west of the lower Columbia River south of its great bend.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies
    Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF CANADA GLACIERS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES By C. SIMON L. OMMANNEY SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–1 The Rocky Mountains of Canada include four distinct ranges from the U.S. border to northern British Columbia: Border, Continental, Hart, and Muskwa Ranges. They cover about 170,000 km2, are about 150 km wide, and have an estimated glacierized area of 38,613 km2. Mount Robson, at 3,954 m, is the highest peak. Glaciers range in size from ice fields, with major outlet glaciers, to glacierets. Small mountain-type glaciers in cirques, niches, and ice aprons are scattered throughout the ranges. Ice-cored moraines and rock glaciers are also common CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J199 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 FIGURE 1. Mountain ranges of the southern Rocky Mountains------------ 201 2. Mountain ranges of the northern Rocky Mountains ------------ 202 3. Oblique aerial photograph of Mount Assiniboine, Banff National Park, Rocky Mountains----------------------------- 203 4. Sketch map showing glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains -------------------------------------------- 204 5. Photograph of the Victoria Glacier, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, in August 1973 -------------------------------------- 209 TABLE 1. Named glaciers of the Rocky Mountains cited in the chapter
    [Show full text]
  • Xwísten COMMUNITY PROFILE
    XWÍSTEN COMMUNITY PROFILE MAY 2013 ISSUE #1 • FEBRUARY 2013 Xwísten The smiling people NXwísten The foamy waters after the rapids II Contents INTRODUCTION . 1. What is Xwísten’s Community Profile? 1 What is the Xwísten Comprehensive Community Plan? 2 OUR PEOPLE AND CULTURE . 5. History 5 Culture and Language 7 Population and Demographics 8 OUR COMMUNITY . 11. Education 11 Health and Wellness 14 Housing 17 Safety and Security 21 Social Development and Elders 23 GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATION . .25 Elected Leadership 25 Band Administration 25 Xwísten Organization 26 OUR ECONOMY . .29 . Employment and Jobs 29 Economic Development Initiatives 30 OUR LAND AND RESOURCES . .33 . Our Lands 33 Land and Resource Management 34 APPENDIX. 37 Additional Details on Educational Programming 37 Xwísten Community Profile III IV Introduction Introduction What is Xwísten’s Community Profile? This Community Profile provides a ‘snap shot’ of current conditions in our community. It is meant to provide a starting point for preparing the Xwísten Comprehensive Community Plan. In addition to looking at what is happening now in our community, this profile provides some direction on areas that we may need to pay special attention to in our Comprehensive Community Plan. Most of all, it is meant to share information with members on how we are doing and to help get discussions going about where we want to go as a community and how. The profile has been organized into five sections: Our People and Culture – History, Culture and Language, Population and Demographics Our Community – Education, Health and Wellness, Housing, Safety and Security, Social Development Our Government – Leadership and Governance, Band Administration, Band Financial Health Our Economy – Employment and Jobs, Economic Development Initiatives Our Land – Our Land and Resources, Land Use Planning In each of these sections, we looked for trends so we can start thinking about how we can build on our strengths (the positive trends) and address our weaknesses (the negative trends).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cariboo Alpine Mesonet: Sub-Hourly Hydrometeorological Observations of British Columbia's Cariboo Mountains and Surroundin
    Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1655–1672, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1655-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The Cariboo Alpine Mesonet: sub-hourly hydrometeorological observations of British Columbia’s Cariboo Mountains and surrounding area since 2006 Marco A. Hernández-Henríquez1, Aseem R. Sharma2, Mark Taylor1, Hadleigh D. Thompson2, and Stephen J. Déry1 1Environmental Science and Engineering Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada 2Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada Correspondence: Stephen J. Déry ([email protected]) Received: 27 March 2018 – Discussion started: 12 April 2018 Revised: 14 August 2018 – Accepted: 23 August 2018 – Published: 11 September 2018 Abstract. This article presents the development of a sub-hourly database of hydrometeorological conditions collected in British Columbia’s (BC’s) Cariboo Mountains and surrounding area extending from 2006 to present. The Cariboo Alpine Mesonet (CAMnet) forms a network of 11 active hydrometeorological stations positioned at strategic locations across mid- to high elevations of the Cariboo Mountains. This mountain region spans 44 150 km2, forming the northern extension of the Columbia Mountains. Deep fjord lakes along with old-growth western redcedar and hemlock forests reside in the lower valleys, montane forests of Engelmann spruce, lodge- pole pine and subalpine fir permeate the mid-elevations, while alpine tundra, glaciers and several large ice fields cover the higher elevations. The automatic weather stations typically measure air and soil temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, rainfall and snow depth at 15 min intervals.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in BRITISH COLUMBIA
    THE EARLY HISTORY OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by David J. Spalding Wildlife Bulletin No. B-100 March 2000 THE EARLY HISTORY OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA by David J. Spalding Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Wildlife Branch Victoria BC Wildlife Bulletin No. B-100 March 2000 “Wildlife Bulletins frequently contain preliminary data, so conclusions based on these may be sub- ject to change. Bulletins receive some review and may be cited in publications. Copies may be obtained, depending upon supply, from the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, P.O. Box 9374 Stn Prov Gov, Victoria, BC V8W 9M4.” © Province of British Columbia 2000 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Spalding, D. J. The early history of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia (Wildlife bulletin ; no. B-100) Includes bibliographical references : p. 60 ISBN 0-7726-4167-6 1. Woodland caribou - British Columbia. 2. Woodland caribou - Habitat - British Columbia. I. British Columbia. Wildlife Branch. II. Title. III. Series: Wildlife bulletin (British Columbia. Wildlife Branch) ; no. B-100 QL737.U55S62 2000 333.95’9658’09711 C00-960085-X Citation: Spalding, D.J. 2000. The Early History of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch, Victoria, BC. Wildl. Bull. No. 100. 61pp. ii DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. In cases where a Wildlife Bulletin is also a species’ status report, it may contain a recommended status for the species by the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Order in Council 780/1998
    • PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ORDER OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL Order in Council , Approved and Ordered 07 80 JUN 2 • Lieutenant Governor Executive Council in Chambers, Victoria On the recommendation of the undersigned, the Lieutenant Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, orders that B.C. Reg. 180/90, the Park and Recreation Area Regulation, is amended by repealing Schedule B and substituting the attached Schedule B (Park and Recreation Area Regulation) . Presiding Member of the Executive Council (This part is for administrative purposes only and is not part of the Order.) MELP tracking # Authority under which Order is made: Act and section: Park Act, Section 35 .2 9 Other (specify): O.C. 867/90 (QP 40371 10 l6/980 • ■rn SCHEDULE B (Park and Recreation Area Regulation) USE OF HUNTING WEAPONS IN PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS Akamina-Kishinena Park Flores Island Park Arrowstone Protected Area Gibson Marine Park Atlin Park Gilnockie Park Atlin Recreation Area Gitnadoix River Recreation Area Babine Mountains Recreation Area Gladstone Park Banana Island Park Goat Range Park Bedard Aspen Park God's Pocket Marine Park Big Creek Park Gold Muchalat Park Birkenhead Lake Park Granby Park Bishop River Park Hakai Recreation Area Bligh Island Marine Park Hamber Park Blue Earth Lake Park Harbour-Dudgeon Lakes Park Blue River Black Spruce Park Harry Lake Aspen Park Blue River Pine Park Height of the Rockies Bonaparte Park Hesquiat Lake Park Boya Lake Park Hesquiat Peninsula Park Brooks Peninsula Park High Lakes
    [Show full text]
  • Geography 15 Overview
    Geography 15 Overview “If some countries have too much history, Canadians continue to gravitate toward we have too much geography,” said former urban areas. From 1996 to 2006, the urban Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie population grew 9%, from 23 to nearly 25 King in a speech to the House of Commons million people. Together, census metropolitan in 1936. Canada’s total area measures areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations 9,984,670 square kilometres, of which contain 80% of Canada’s total population, 9,093,507 are land and 891,163 are although they cover only 4% of the land area. freshwater. Canada’s coastline, which Canada now has 33 CMAs, up from 27 CMAs includes the Arctic coast, is the longest in the in 2001 and 25 CMAs in 1996. world, measuring 243,042 kilometres. Canada stretches 5,500 kilometres from Cape Physical geography Spear, Newfoundland and Labrador, to the Yukon–Alaska border. From Middle Island One of the fundamental aspects of physical in Lake Erie to Cape Columbia on Ellesmere geography is land cover—the observed Island, it measures 4,600 kilometres. The physical and biological cover of the land, southwesternmost point of Canada is at the such as vegetation or man-made features. same latitude as northern California. (See the full-colour map of Canada’s land cover on the inside front cover of this book.) If we indeed have too much geography, most The most pervasive types of land cover are Canadians see relatively little of it in their evergreen needleleaf forest, which covers daily lives.
    [Show full text]