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Geography 15 Overview Geography 15 Overview “If some countries have too much history, Canadians continue to gravitate toward we have too much geography,” said former urban areas. From 1996 to 2006, the urban Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie population grew 9%, from 23 to nearly 25 King in a speech to the House of Commons million people. Together, census metropolitan in 1936. Canada’s total area measures areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations 9,984,670 square kilometres, of which contain 80% of Canada’s total population, 9,093,507 are land and 891,163 are although they cover only 4% of the land area. freshwater. Canada’s coastline, which Canada now has 33 CMAs, up from 27 CMAs includes the Arctic coast, is the longest in the in 2001 and 25 CMAs in 1996. world, measuring 243,042 kilometres. Canada stretches 5,500 kilometres from Cape Physical geography Spear, Newfoundland and Labrador, to the Yukon–Alaska border. From Middle Island One of the fundamental aspects of physical in Lake Erie to Cape Columbia on Ellesmere geography is land cover—the observed Island, it measures 4,600 kilometres. The physical and biological cover of the land, southwesternmost point of Canada is at the such as vegetation or man-made features. same latitude as northern California. (See the full-colour map of Canada’s land cover on the inside front cover of this book.) If we indeed have too much geography, most The most pervasive types of land cover are Canadians see relatively little of it in their evergreen needleleaf forest, which covers daily lives. Much of Canada’s population lives 26% of Canada, and barren and sparsely relatively close to the U.S. border, as shown vegetated land, which covers 29%. on the population density map below. Map 15.1 Population density, 2006 Population density (persons per km²) >= 256 64 to < 256 10 to < 64 0.4 to < 10 1:58,000,000 Sparsely populated 0 250 500 kilometres Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2006. Canada Year Book 2008 • www.statcan.gc.ca 1 8 3 Geography Facets of climate change Table 15.a Coldest day of the year, 30-year average, Much of the low vegetation and barren selected cities, 1971 to 2000 land is found in the Arctic, which makes up degrees Celsius 39% of Canada’s total surface area—about Whitehorse -52.2 3.9 million square kilometres. Regina -50.0 Edmonton -48.3 Climate change in the Arctic is raising the Iqaluit -45.6 possibility that the Northwest Passage may Winnipeg -45.0 Saint John -36.7 become easily navigable. The effect of Québec -36.1 climate change on Arctic ice is shown in the Ottawa -36.1 map accompanying the first Focus article of Toronto -32.8 Halifax -28.5 this chapter. St. John’s -23.8 Victoria -15.6 Another facet of climate change that may affect other parts of Canada is the possibility Source: Environment Canada, Canadian Climate Normals or Averages, 1971 to 2000. of changing precipitation patterns. Mapping data showing such shifts, if they are earthquakes or an underwater disturbance. occurring, are not yet available; a map of The second Focus article features a reference precipitation patterns that have occured in map showing recent significant seismic the recent past is shown on the third page of events on the west coast, the edges of the this chapter. area’s major tectonic plates, and the degrees One type of event that is not associated of risk along the coastline in the event of with climate change is tsunamis; these long another tsunami. high sea waves are usually the result of Map 15.2 Climate regions Whitehorse Yellowknife Iqaluit Edmonton St. John's Victoria Regina Winnipeg Charlottetown Arctic mountains and fjords Northwestern forest Québec Arctic tundra Pacific coast Ottawa Halifax Atlantic Canada Prairies Fredericton Great Lakes and St. Lawrence South British Columbia mountains 1:58,000,000 Toronto Mackenzie district Yukon and north British Columbia mountains 0 250 500 kilometres Northeastern forest Source: Statistics Canada, Environment Canada. 1 8 4 Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-402-X Normal precipitation, 1971 to 2000 Map 15.3 Source: Canada Year Book 2008 • www.statcan.gc.ca EnvironmentCanada. Whitehorse Yellowknife Iqaluit Edmonton St. John's Victoria Regina Winnipeg Charlottetown Millimetres per year Québec > 3,000 750 < 1,000 Ottawa Halifax 2,500 < 3,000 500 < 750 2,000 < 2,500 250 < 500 Fredericton 1,500 < 2,000 0 < 250 Toronto 1 : 37,000,000 0 250 500 kilometres 1,000 < 1,500 Chapter 15 1 8 5 Focus Northwest Passage opening or not Climate change has sparked interest in the to 15% thinner overall, and 40% thinner in possibility of using the Northwest Passage for the central Arctic Ocean, according to the shipping and other commercial activity. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, a study commissioned by the Arctic Council, an This is making Arctic sovereignty a hot issue: intergovernmental forum made up of Canada some countries, including the United States, and other nations with Arctic territory. As acknowledge the Arctic islands as Canadian well, satellite measurements analysed by territory, but consider the passage to be the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Centre international waters. show that the ice might be melting even more According to the Canadian Coast Guard, quickly. 86 ships entered Canada’s Arctic waters In 2001, a U.S. Navy report predicted that in 2007, including research vessels from “within five to 10 years, the Northwest Denmark, Germany and Russia. There were Passage will be open to non-ice-strengthened 11 transits of the Northwest Passage, 5 of vessels for at least one month each summer.” them by cruise ships. However, the Canadian government Evidence is strong that sea ice is receding, has noted that ‘multi-year ice’, three or but the long-term consequences are less four metres thick and nearly as hard as clear. From 1974 to 2004, the average extent concrete, is being pushed into the Northwest of sea ice cover in summer declined by Passage, so passage may still be difficult. 15% to 20%. The remaining ice was 10% Map 15.4 Polar region ice extents Ice extent Sept. 10, 2007 100% occurrence Ice extents 1972 to 2004 1:76,000,000 1% to 99% occurrence 0 300 600 kilometres 100% occurrence Source: Environment Canada. 1 8 6 Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-402-X Chapter 15 On the lookout for the next tsunami Map 15.5 Canada’s long coastlines make it vulnerable West coast tsunami run-up risk zones to natural disasters. Tsunamis, for example, can be created by earthquakes, landslides underwater or on land, volcanic eruptions, or meteorite impacts. O! Alaska, 1964 If a tsunami occurs in the Pacific Ocean, the first warning will come from an Yukon internationally co-ordinated network of seismographs. The Geological Survey of Canada maintains over 30 seismic stations Whitehorse within 300 kilometres of British Columbia’s S u PACIFIC b d u coast. These stations feed real-time data to c Lituya Bay, 1958 t io PLATE n O! # Z O! authorities in areas vulnerable to tsunamis o n Lituya Bay, 1958 # e # so they can initiate contingency plans. # NORTH Canada has not seen, in recorded history, t e l t AMERICAN t u a o l F r an event on the scale of the tsunami that a m h r C PLATE o f n s swept from Indonesia across the Indian e n e a u r T Q British Ocean on December 26, 2004. However, Columbia on November 18, 1929, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred at the southern Kitimat, 1975 O! edge of the Grand Banks, 280 kilometres Troitsa Lake, 1998 O! south of Newfoundland. The earthquake NORTH triggered the largest underwater landslide in recorded Canadian history—a displacement AMERICAN ge of 200 cubic kilometres of sediment that PACIFIC id R er PLATE or travelled along the ocean floor. pl PLATE Ex S # o EXPLORER v F a PLATE # The resulting tsunami was the worst on a n u c o O! Comox, 1946 lt # O! Earthquake 1946 record for Canada: waves with heights of O! Port Alberni, 1964 # O! between 3 and 8 metres and a run-up of up ge id # R Cascadia, 1700 to 13 metres struck communities on the Burin ca Victoria Fu # de Peninsula—at peak tide. Twenty-eight people n ua JUAN J # DE FUCA perished; property damage was extensive. PLATE B # la n c Following the Indonesian crisis, Canada o F a # u lt implemented a tsunami warning system on Z o # n e the Atlantic coast. An extensive system was # O! Earthquake already in place on the Pacific coast—over e # g O! Tsunami id R # 70% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific a Exclusive economic zone rd o # G International GORDA Ocean. Now, the Atlantic Storm Prediction PLATE # M Run-up potential Center’s capability to issue surge and other end ocin # o F Low (less than 2 metres) aul weather-related warnings has been upgraded t Intermediate (1 to 5 metres) High (1 to 15 metres or more) to include tsunamis, at a cost of about $250,000. 1 : 20,000,000 0 125 250 kilometres Source: Natural Resources Canada. Canada Year Book 2008 • www.statcan.gc.ca 1 8 7 Tables Table 15.1 Weather conditions, selected urban centres Extreme maximum Extreme minimum Rainfall1 Snowfall1,2 Precipitation2,3 temperature temperature degrees year degrees year millimetres centimetres millimetres Celsius Celsius St. John’s 31.5 1983 -23.8 1986 1,191.0 322.3 1,513.7 Charlottetown 34.4 1944 -30.5 1982 880.4 311.9 1,173.3 Halifax 35.0 1995 -28.5 1993 1,238.9 230.5 1,452.2 Saint John 34.4 1976 -36.7 1948 1,147.9 256.9 1,390.3 Fredericton 37.2 1975 -37.2 1962 885.5 276.5 1,143.3 Québec 35.6 1953 -36.1 1962 923.8 315.9 1,230.3 Sherbrooke 33.7 1983 -40.0 1979 873.9 294.3 1,144.1 Trois-Rivières 36.1 1975 -41.1 1976 858.6 241.4 1,099.8 Montréal 35.6 1955 -37.2 1933 819.7 220.5 1,046.2 Ottawa 37.8 1944 -36.1 1943 732.0 235.7 943.5 Kingston 34.3 1983 -34.5 1981 794.6 181.0 968.4 Oshawa 36.5 1988 -30.5 1981 759.5 118.4 877.9 Toronto 38.3 1948 -31.3 1981 684.6 115.4 792.7 Hamilton 37.4 1988 -28.0 1994 764.8 161.8 910.1 St.
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