Effect of the Rhubarb Anthraquinone Rhein on Cardiac Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition

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Effect of the Rhubarb Anthraquinone Rhein on Cardiac Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition Effect of the rhubarb anthraquinone Rhein on cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast transition Inaugural‐Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von David Monteiro Barbosa aus Heinsberg Düsseldorf, Mai 2019 aus dem Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie des Deutschen Diabetes‐Zentrums Leibniz‐Zentrum für Diabetesforschung an der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Berichterstatter: 1. Prof. Dr. Hadi Al‐Hasani 2. Prof. Dr. Ulrich Rüther Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 02.07.2019 Zusammenfassung Die manifestierte Fortschreitung myokardialer Fibrose in verschiedenen Formen der Kardiomyopathie, resultiert in der Versteifung des Herzgewebes und führt langfristig zur Dysfunktion des linken Herzventrikels. Die Persistenz dieses pathologischen Zustands beeinflusst dramatisch die Überlebensrate nach Herz-Kreislauf-Ereignissen und führt letztendlich zum Tod. Das Myokard besteht zu ca. 70-80% aus Herzfibroblasten, welche maßgeblich der Erhaltung der extrazellulären Matrix dienen. Fibroblasten sind in der Lage ihren Phänotypen hin zu Matrix akkumulierenden und aktiveren Myofibroblasten zu verändern, die die fibrotische Reaktion auf eine pathologische Umgebung ausführt. Obwohl Fibrosierung einen Heilungsvorgang darstellt, führt eine Maladaption durch exzessive extrazelluläre Matrixakkumulation zur Beschleunigung der kardialen Dysfunktion. Die Synthese und Freisetzung löslicher Mediatoren durch persistierende und hochaktive Myofibroblasten begünstigt die Verbreitung der Fibrosierung über das Myokard und verstärkt das maladaptive kardiale Remodeling. Die Erforschung einer antifibrotischen medikamentösen Behandlungsstrategie zur Reduktion der Fibroblast-zu-Myofibroblast Differenzierung und Unterbindung profibrotischer interzellulärer Kommunikation, zeugt demnach von dringender Notwendigkeit. Das Rhabarber-Anthraquinon Rhein, ein Wirkstoff, der bereits in der Behandlung von Osteoarthritis verwendet wird, wurde kürzlich mit heilsamen Eigenschaften im Kontext fibrotischer Krankheiten anderer Organe in Verbindung gebracht. Die Relevanz der potenziellen Behandlung im Bezug zur kardialen Fibrose und der genaue Wirkmechanismus wurden jedoch bislang nicht aufgeklärt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand demnach darin zu prüfen ob die Verabreichung von Rhein die Fibroblast-zu-Myofibroblast Differenzierung beeinträchtigen und die Verbreitung von fibrotischen Signalen in der pathophysiologischen Umgebung der chronischen Hypoxie unterbinden kann. Die Charakterisierung der Sekretome von humanen primären Herzventrikelfibroblasten, die chronischer Hypoxie ausgesetzt wurden, zeigte eine moduläre Verschiebung der sekretorischen Produkte auf, die mit der differenziellen Regulation pro- fibrotischer Signalwege assoziierte. Rheinbehandlung milderte diese Hypoxie-vermittelte moduläre Verschiebung und mittels umfassender bioinformatischer Untersuchungen konnte die Auswirkung von Rhein auf die Modulation von Fibrose-assoziierten Signalwegen zurückgeführt werden. Darüber hinaus konnte die Einflussnahme von Rhein auf Veränderungen des Transkriptoms, die den kardialen Fibroblastenphänotypen determinieren, gezeigt und dessen Zusammenhang mit der Verschiebung des sekretorischen Profils umfangreich dargestellt werden. In einem holistischen Ansatz, durch die Kombination aus Sekretom- und Transkriptomsignalweganalysen, wurden die drei statistisch robusten, in der Determinierung des Herzfibroblastphänotyps beteiligten Upstreamregulatoren TGFβ1, p53 and p21 identifiziert. i Die detaillierte Untersuchung dieser Regulatoren zeigte die Rhein-vermittelte Minderung der Bioverfügbarkeit von TGFβ1 durch Herabsenkung dessen Sekretion. Funktional, erhöhte Rhein die Abundanz von p53 und p21, welche mit einer Verlängerung der G2/M Zellzyklusphase und im Einklang mit verminderter Proliferation einherging. Des Weiteren setzte Rhein die zelluläre Sensitivität zu exogenem TGFβ1 herab und hemmte auf intrazellulärem Wege den TGFβ/SMAD-Signalweg. Mechanistisch konnten die Rhein- vermittelten Effekte auf eine HDAC-abhängige Erhöhung der Abundanz von p53 und SMAD7 zurückgeführt werden. Schließlich konnte die antifibrotische Wirkung von Rhein durch eine Inhibition der Kollagenkontraktion als Antwort auf TGFβ1 und die damit verbundene gehemmte Fibroblastendifferenzierung funktional nachgewiesen werden. Zusammenfassend, konnte anhand dieser Arbeit Rhein als neuer potenter HDAC- Inhibitor identifiziert werden und die Eignung von Rhein als Antifibrotikum in der Behandlung von kardialer Fibrose nachgewiesen werden. Die Verfügbarkeit von Rhein als bereits genehmigtes und auf Sicherheit geprüftes Medikament, lässt somit auf eine potenzielle Behandlung in der ergänzenden und protektiven Intervention von kardialer Fibrose schließen. Als mögliche unterstützende Maßnahme könnte somit die Verbreitung der kardialen Fibrose in Hochrisikopatienten unterbunden und langfristig die Erhaltung der Herzfunktion begünstigt werden. ii Abstract Myocardial fibrosis manifests progressively in several forms of cardiomyopathies leading to cardiac stiffness and left ventricle dysfunction. Persistence of this pathologic state dramatically affects the survival rate after cardiovascular events and ultimately leads to death. In the heart, cardiac fibroblasts account to approx. 70-80% of the resident cells, functioning as mediators of extracellular matrix maintenance. Fibroblasts are able to switch to the extracellular matrix-accumulating and more active myofibroblast phenotype, which drives the fibrotic response to pathologic environmental changes. Although fibrosis depicts a reparative mechanism, maladaptation of the heart due to excessive production of extracellular matrix accelerates cardiac dysfunction. Soluble signals generated by persistent and highly synthetic myofibroblasts exacerbate the progression of fibrosis throughout the myocardium, favoring maladaptive cardiac remodeling. Hence, an anti-fibrotic therapeutic approach leading to reduced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and abrogation of profibrotic intercellular communication is of urgent interest. The rhubarb anthraquinone Rhein, a drug already used as treatment for osteoarthritis, has been reported to display beneficial properties in the setting of fibrotic pathologies of other organs. However, its relevance for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis and the exact mechanism have not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study, was to prove whether Rhein administration could interfere with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and dissemination of fibrotic signals in the pathophysiological environment of chronic hypoxia. Compositional characterization of primary human ventricular cardiac fibroblast secretomes subjected to chronic hypoxia revealed a modulatory shift of secretory products in association to differential regulation of profibrotic pathways. Rhein administration mitigated this hypoxia-mediated modulatory shift and via comprehensive bioinformatic examination the implication of Rhein in the modulation of fibrosis-associated pathways was identified. Further, the influence of Rhein on the alteration of the transcriptome linked to the cardiac fibroblast phenotype was elaborately demonstrated to associate to changes in the secretory profile. In a holistic approach, the combination of secretomic and transcriptomic pathway analyses, robustly identified the three upstream regulators TGFβ1, p53 and p21 to be involved in the determination of cardiac fibroblast phenotypes. Detailed investigation of these regulators demonstrated the involvement of Rhein in the decrease of active TGFβ1 bioavailability via mitigation of its secretion. Functionally, Rhein increased p53 and p21 associated to a prolongation of the G2/M cell cycle phase and in line with decreased proliferation. Furthermore, Rhein was shown to reduce cellular sensitivity to exogenous TGFβ1 and to intracellularly abrogate TGFβ/SMAD-signaling. Mechanistically, Rhein-mediated effects were linked to the HDAC-dependent increase of p53 and SMAD7 abundance. Finally, Rhein was demonstrated to abolish collagen contraction in response to iii TGFβ1 associated to inhibited cardiac fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, thus functionally proving its anti-fibrotic property. In conclusion, this study identifies Rhein as a novel potent HDAC inhibitor and provides evidence that Rhein may contribute to the treatment of cardiac fibrosis as anti-fibrotic agent. As readily available drug with approved safety, Rhein constitutes a promising potential therapeutic approach in the supplemental and protective intervention of cardiac fibrosis. As complementary therapy, thus Rhein could prevent cardiac fibrosis propagation in high risk patients and aid in the preservation of cardiac function. iv Table of contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. III LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. XI LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................... XIII 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................
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