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Guidelines and Best Practices for the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Sustainable Trails for All Ontarians

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Guidelines and Best Practices for the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Sustainable Trails for All Ontarians Guidelines and Best Practices for the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Sustainable Trails for All Ontarians Trails for All Ontarians Collaborative 2006 Acknowledgement The construction and maintenance “best practices” for trails in Ontario were developed by the Trails for All Ontarians Collaborative. The Trails for All Ontarians Collaborative is a joint partnership of local, regional and provincial organizations involved in trails or representing people with disabilities. These “best practices” were made possible through the support received from the Ontario Trillium Foundation. The Ontario Trillium Foundation, an agency of the Ministry of Culture, receives annually $100 million of government funding generated through Ontario’s charity casino initiative. Guidelines and Best Practices for the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Sustainable Trails for All Ontarians Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Why have trails? .............................................................................................................. 1 Why have guidelines and best practices?........................................................................ 2 A Trail is a Trail is a Trail . NOT in Ontario .................................................................. 5 Hudson Bay Lowlands ................................................................................................. 5 Boreal Forest................................................................................................................ 6 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest ................................................................................ 7 Deciduous Forest ......................................................................................................... 8 Ontario Soils................................................................................................................. 9 Which trails should follow these guidelines and best practices?.................................... 12 Why were these guidelines and best practices developed? .......................................... 13 Who was involved in developing these guidelines and best practices?......................... 14 What if parts of my trail cannot meet these recommendations? .................................... 15 Will following these guidelines make a trail accessible to everyone?......................... 17 Safety and Best Practices for Trails............................................................................... 18 Cost of Best Practice Trails ........................................................................................... 20 What about backcountry or wilderness trails? ............................................................... 21 What is NOT in these Guidelines?................................................................................. 22 Sustainable and Universal Design................................................................................. 23 Universal Design ........................................................................................................... 25 What is universal design? .......................................................................................... 25 What are the benefits of universally designed trails? ................................................. 27 How does universal design apply to trails? ................................................................ 28 How do universal design trails differ? ..................................................................... 30 Sustainability ................................................................................................................. 31 What is sustainability?................................................................................................ 31 How does sustainability apply to trails?...................................................................... 32 What are the benefits of trail sustainability?............................................................... 33 Modification of Existing Trails ........................................................................................ 35 Guidelines for Trail Design............................................................................................. 37 Understanding the Trail ................................................................................................. 38 Trail Layout....................................................................................................................41 Tread ............................................................................................................................. 48 Slope ............................................................................................................................. 52 Changes in Level ....................................................................................................... 55 Clear Corridor ................................................................................................................ 56 User Amenities and Facilities..................................................................................... 59 Access Points............................................................................................................. 62 Designing Trail Signs and Information Sources............................................................. 65 Designing for Year-Round Use...................................................................................... 71 Changing from Other Standards to these Guidelines .................................................... 72 Guidelines for Trail Construction .................................................................................. 73 Trail Safety ....................................................................................................................73 Environmental Protection............................................................................................... 74 Construct a Sustainable Tread ...................................................................................... 76 Constructing with Wood................................................................................................. 79 Construct the Trail Information System ......................................................................... 80 Best Practices for Trail Construction............................................................................ 81 Minimizing Environmental Damage ............................................................................... 82 Clearing the Trail Corridor ............................................................................................. 85 Clearing Limits ........................................................................................................... 90 Tools Used for Clearing ............................................................................................. 91 Clearing Weeds and Dense Vegetation.................................................................. 91 Cutting Small Saplings and Twigs .......................................................................... 92 Cutting Large Branches and Tree Trunks............................................................... 92 Digging and Rock Moving Tools............................................................................. 93 Trail Drainage Structures............................................................................................... 94 Culverts...................................................................................................................... 95 Drainage Lenses ........................................................................................................ 98 Open Drainage Structures........................................................................................ 100 Constructing Trail Tread Structures............................................................................. 101 Tread Structures Above the Surrounding Terrain..................................................... 105 Installation of Anchor Sills .................................................................................... 107 Installation of Anchor Posts .................................................................................. 109 Construction of Abutments ................................................................................... 110 Ensuring Adjacent Anchors are Level................................................................... 111 Attaching Stringers to Anchors ............................................................................. 113 Attaching Decking to Stringers ............................................................................. 115 Constructing the Approach ................................................................................... 117 Attaching Handrails .............................................................................................. 120 Attaching Deck Edging ......................................................................................... 121 Constructing Docks .............................................................................................. 122 Elevated Tread Structures in Constant Contact with the Terrain.............................. 123 Causeway and Turnpike....................................................................................... 124 Corduroy..............................................................................................................
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